GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, DECEMBER 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
doi: 10.2478/geoca-2019-0029
www.geologicacarpathica.com
Th–U–total Pb monazite geochronology records
Ordovician (444 Ma) metamorphism/partial melting and
Silurian (419 Ma) thrusting in the Kåfjord Nappe,
Norwegian Arctic Caledonides
GRZEGORZ ZIEMNIAK
1,
, KAROLINA KOŚMIŃSKA
1
, IGOR PETRÍK
2
, MARIAN JANÁK
2
,
KATARZYNA WALCZAK
1
, MACIEJ MANECKI
1
and JAROSŁAW MAJKA
1,3
1
Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH — University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30,
30-059 Kraków, Poland;
ziemniak.grzegorz@gmail.com
2
Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, P.O. Box 106, 840 45 Bratislava 45, Slovakia
3
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752-36 Uppsala, Sweden
(Manuscript received March 11, 2019; accepted in revised form November 14, 2019)
Abstract: The northern extent of the Scandinavian Caledonides includes the Skibotn Nappe Complex of still debated
structural position. This paper is focused on part of this complex and presents new U–Th–total Pb monazite dating results
for the migmatitic gneiss of the Kåfjord Nappe. The rocks show mineral assemblage of garnet + plagioclase + biotite +
white mica + kyanite + rutile ± K-feldspar ± sillimanite. Thermodynamic modelling suggests that garnet was stable at P–T
conditions of ca. 680–720 °C and 8–10 kbars in the stability field of kyanite and the rocks underwent partial melting
during exhumation following a clockwise P–T path. This episode is dated to 444 ± 12 Ma using chemical Th–U–total Pb
dating of the Y-depleted monazite core. Second episode highlighted by growth of secondary white mica resulted from
subsequent overprint in amphibolite and greenschist facies. Fluid assisted growth of the Y-enriched monazite rim at
419 ± 8 Ma marks the timing of the nappe emplacement. Age of migmatization and thrusting in the Kåfjord Nappe is
similar to the Kalak Nappe Complex, and other units of the Middle Allochthon to the south. Nevertheless, the obtained
results do not allow for unambiguous definition of the tectonostratigraphic position of the Skibotn Nappe Complex.
Keywords: Scandinavian Caledonides, Skibotn Nappe Complex, migmatite, geochronology.
Introduction
The Caledonides in Scandinavia were formed as a result of
closure of the Iapetus Ocean during the Ordovician, and the
subsequent Silurian–Devonian collision between Laurentia
and Baltica. The collision involved deep subduction of the
Baltic margin beneath Laurentia (e.g., Gee 1975) and was
followed by hinterland uplift, collapse of the orogen and
emplacement of the allochthons onto the Baltoscandian plat-
form (e.g., Gee et al. 2008).
Eastward translational movement of the succeeding nappes
during the Caledonian Orogeny, up to several hundreds of
kilometres, resulted in a distinctive tectonostratigraphy and
formation of the Lower, Middle, Upper and the Uppermost
allochthons (Roberts & Gee 1985). These allochthons were
thrust onto the autochthonous sediments covering the crys-
talline Precambrian basement of the Baltic Shield, i.e., the
Autochthon. The Lower and Middle allochthons comprise
mostly parautochtonous basement and the Baltic margin sedi-
ments. The Upper Allochthon consists of Iapetus Ocean sedi-
ments, island arc and ophiolitic sequences. The Uppermost
Allochthon is composed of rock units of Laurentian origin
(e.g., Stephens & Gee 1989; Pedersen et al. 1992; Gee et
al. 2008).
The main objective of this study was to investigate the
metamorphism of the kyanite–garnet gneisses of the Kåfjord
Nappe, a poorly characterized tectonic unit located in
the Norwegian Arctic Caledonides (Figs. 1 and 2). We are
presen ting new geochronological constraints obtained using
Th–U–total Pb dating of monazite. This work contributes to
the existing geochronological database for the northernmost
extent of the Scandinavian Caledonides.
Geological background
The Kåfjord Nappe is traditionally ascribed to the Upper
Allochthon of the Norwegian Arctic Caledonides. This thrust
sheet together with the overlying Nordmannvik Nappe and
the underlying Vaddas Nappe, belong to the Skibotn Nappe
Complex (Binns 1978) or Reisa Nappe Complex (Zwaan
1978; Fig. 2). In this region, the Middle Allochthon is repre-
sented by the Kalak Nappe Complex, of which the upper units
are considered to be an equivalent to the Seve Nappe Complex
farther south (Gayer et al. 1985; Ramsay & Sturt 1986;
Andréasson et al. 1998; Siedlecka et al. 2004; Kirkland et al.
2007). The Kalak Nappe Complex underwent migmatization
event dated to 702 ± 5 Ma by the U–Pb zircon method, whereas
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, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
monazite reveal a scatter of U–Pb dates between 800 Ma to
600 Ma (Gasser et al. 2015). Chemical dating of monazite
from granitic veins within the Helmsøy Shear Zone in
the Kalak Nappe Complex yielded ages of 448 ± 7 Ma and
421 ± 7 Ma. U–Pb dating of zircon from the same locality gave
a spread of dates from 470 Ma to 430 Ma (Kirkland et al.
2009). The Kalak Nappe Complex was intruded by the Halti
Igneous Complex comprising ophiolitic rock assemblages at
434 ± 5 Ma (Vaasjoki & Sipila 2001) or between 445 and
435 Ma (Andréasson et al. 2003).
The Skibotn Nappe Complex consists of nappes of uncer-
tain origin (Andresen 1988; Lindstrøm & Andresen 1992) that
Fig. 1. Tectonostratigraphic map of the Scandinavian Caledonides modified after Gee et al. (2013).
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, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
may be affiliated to the Baltican margin (Lindahl et al. 2005).
The coherent tectonometamorphic evolution of these nappes
has been proposed based on lithological similarities and
upward increase of metamorphic grade (Bergh & Andresen
1985; Andresen & Steltenpohl 1994).
The lowermost unit of the Skibotn Nappe Complex is the
Vaddas Nappe composed of two subunits differing in origin,
namely the Kvænangen Group and the overlying Oksfjord
Group. The Kvænangen Group is interpreted as continental
shallow water sequence consisting of marbles, quartzites
and schists with amphibolite lenses and granites. This group
varies in thickness, composition and metamorphic grade
along the strike (Lindahl et al. 2005). Granitic gneisses of
the Kvænangen Group were dated to 602 ± 5 Ma (Corfu et
al. 2007). The Oksfjord Group lies unconformably on the
Kvænangen Group (Ramsay et al. 1985) and is interpreted as
a short-lived, transtentional basin associated with late Ordo-
vician–early Silurian magmatism (Sturt & Roberts 1991;
Lindahl et al. 2005). It consists of metasediments intercalated
with amphibolites considered to be basaltic pillow lavas and
gabbros. The Vaddas Nappe rocks were metamorphosed
mostly under low amphibolite facies conditions, reaching
kyanite stability field. In Arnøya, the pressure–temperature
(P–T) conditions of metamorphism related to shearing
were estimated to 11.7–13.0 kbar at 630–640°C (Faber et
al. 2019).
The Kåfjord Nappe has not been well studied so far. It is
separated from the underlying Vaddas Nappe by the Cappis
Thrust (Andresen 1988). The Kåfjord Nappe is characterized
by high strain, extensive mylonitization and internal thrust
faults dividing it into several sub-units. It is dominated by
marbles, metapsammites and garnet-mica schists reaching
high amphibolite facies metamorphic grade (Dallmeyer &
Andresen 1992). In the upper level of the Kåfjord Nappe,
mylonitic gneisses with boudinaged amphibolite layers and
granite bodies are exposed (Andresen 1988).
87
Rb/
86
Sr dating
of the Trollvik granite yielded an age of 452 ± 13 Ma (Dangla
et al. 1978). Geochronological data for metapelites are limited
to whole rock
87
Rb/
86
Sr ages of 439 ± 5 Ma for non-migmatitic
gneisses and 414 ± 3 Ma for migmatitic gneisses (Dangla et al.
1978). In Arnøya the P–T conditions for the peak of prograde
metamorphism were constrained to 5.8–7.1 kbar at 590–610
°C, while subsequent amphibolite facies shearing reached
9.2–10.1 kbar at 580–605 °C (Faber et al. 2019).
The Kåfjord Nappe is overlain by the uppermost unit of
the Skibotn Nappe Complex, namely the Nordmannvik
Nappe. This nappe consists of polymetamorphic rocks which
include mylonitic micaceous gneisses with garnet amphibo-
lites, marbles, calc-silicates and ultramafic lenses (Andresen
1988). These rocks have undergone metamorphism in upper
amphibolite facies, but relict granulite facies mineral assem-
blages are present as well (Bergh & Andresen 1985; Andresen
1988). P–T metamorphic conditions of ca. 9.2 kbar and 715 °C
were estimated for the granulite assemblage at the Heia loca-
lity (Elvevold 1988). In Arnøya the peak metamorphic con-
ditions were constrained to 9.4–11 kbar at 760–790 °C.
The mig matization was dated to 441 ± 2 Ma and 439 ± 2 Ma
using SIMS U–Pb dating on zircon from melanosome and leu-
cosome, respectively (Faber et al. 2019).
87
Rb/
86
Sr dating per-
formed on metadiorites in the Heia locality yielded an age of
492 ± 5 Ma (Lindstrøm & Andresen 1992), while the emplace-
ment of the Heia gabbro was dated to 435 ± 1 Ma using U–Pb
ID-TIMS technique (Augland et al. 2014). Subsequent shea-
ring was dated to 420 ± 4 Ma (Augland et al. 2014). Although
the Nordmannvik Nappe is traditionally ascribed to the Upper
Allochthon (Andresen 1988), some authors allow or even
favour the possibility of its correlation with the Seve nappes of
the Middle Allochthon, which would have to involve an out-
of-sequence thrusting (Lindstrøm & Andresen 1992). Mafic
and felsic intrusions emplaced at ca. 440–430 Ma within
Fig. 2. Tectonostratigraphic map of the Tromsø area, modified after Janák et al. (2012) and marked sampling points. GPS coordinates of
the samples JM13-5A (69°22’29.50”N, 20°13’42.05”E); JM13-6A and SKI-1/13 (69°26’33.64”N, 20°17’59.55”E).
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the Skibotn Nappe Complex and the Kalak Nappe Complex led
to the conclusion that both units at that time belonged to the
same extensional basin developed along Baltoscandian margin
(Andréasson et al. 2003). An alternative model for the exten-
sional basin including the Skibotn Nappe Complex and part of
the Kalak Nappe Complex, but developed along Laurentian
margin was also proposed (Slagstad & Kirkland 2017).
The highest tectonic unit within the Upper Allochthon of
the Troms area is the Lyngen Nappe Complex comprising
the Koppangen Formation, the Lyngen Magmatic Complex
and the Balsfjord Group. Tonalites of the Lyngen Magmatic
Complex have been dated to 469 ± 5 Ma (Oliver & Krogh
1995) and 481 ± 6 Ma (Augland et al. 2014) using the U–Pb
zircon system.
143
Nd/
144
Nd isotope whole-rock analyses yiel-
ded composite back-arc-fore-arc affinity signatures of the
Lyngen Magmatic Complex and suggest that it is either a lower
crustal level of an incipient arc or an outer arc high (Kvassnes
et al. 2004).
The Uppermost Allochthon comprises the Nakkedal Nappe
Complex overlain by the Tromsø Nappe Complex of possible
Laurentian origin (e.g., Stephens & Gee 1985). The Nakkedal
Nappe Complex consists of metapelites and orthogneisses fol-
lowed upwards by an amphibolitic and mafic–ultramafic mag-
matic complex and the Skattøra Migmatite Complex dated
to 456 ± 4 Ma (U–Pb on titanite; Selbekk et al. 2000) and
449.5 ± 0.9 (U–Pb on zircon; ID-TIMS; Augland et al. 2014).
The Tromsø Nappe Complex comprises various metasedimen-
tary, metaigneous and metamorphic rocks including ultra-
high-pressure eclogites and diamond-bearing gneisses (Ravna
& Roux 2006; Janák et al. 2012, 2013). The eclogites were
dated using the U–Pb method on zircon to 452.1 ± 1.7 Ma and
their exhumation was inferred to have taken place between
ca. 452 and 449 Ma (Corfu et al. 2003; Ravna & Rough 2006).
An age of primary magmatic zircon from gneisses interlaye-
ring the eclogites was estimated to ca. 493 Ma (Corfu et al.
2003).
Analytical methods
Whole rock chemistry
The bulk composition of the samples was obtained by XRF
following fusion of sample powders and LiBO
2
/Li2B
4
O
7
at the
Bureau Veritas Mineral Laboratories in Canada. The analytical
results are presented in Table 1.
Mineral chemistry and element maps
For microprobe analysis of sample JM13-5A a JEOL Super
Probe JXA-8230 Electron Probe Microanalyzer at Critical
Elements Laboratory of the Department of Geology,
Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH — University
of Science and Technology in Kraków was used. A CAMECA
SX-100 electron probe microanalyzer at the State Geological
Institute of Dionýz Štúr in Bratislava was used for microprobe
analysis of sample JM13-6A. Operating conditions were as
follows: 15 kV accelerating voltage, 20 nA beam current,
counting time 20 s on peaks and beam diameter of 5 µm.
The following standards were used for calibration of all
detected silicates: orthoclase (Si Kα, K Kα), TiO
2
(Ti Kα),
metallic Cr (Cr Kα), Al
2
O
3
(Al Kα), fayalite (Fe Kα), rhodo-
nite (Mn Kα), forsterite (Mg Kα), wollastonite (Ca Kα), albite
(Na Kα). PAP corrections were applied for the matrix effects.
X-ray maps of garnet and monazite were acquired using
the JEOL Super Probe at AGH in Kraków. The measurement
conditions for garnet chemical maps were 15 kV and 100 nA.
A fixed-step stage scan was used with step width of 5 µm and
step counting times of 100 ms. Chemical maps were collected
for Mg Kα, Ca Kα, Y Lα, and Mn Lα. The monazite chemical
maps were acquired at 25 kV and 200 nA with fixed-step stage
scan resolution of 0.2 µm and counting times of 100 ms per
step for Y Lα, Th Mα and Ce Lα.
Element ratios were determined from the cation distribution
scans using XMapTools 2.4.3 (Lanari et al. 2014, 2019).
Cut-off limits were selected to correspond with the spread of
the values.
Mineral abbreviations in this article are according to
Whitney & Evans (2010); WM — white mica. Analytical
results are presented in Tables 2–4.
Th–U–total Pb monazite dating
The CAMECA SX-100 electron probe microanalyzer at
the State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr in Bratislava was
used for chemical dating of monazite. For the analysis of
monazite counting times were increased to 80 s for U and
300 s for Pb to meet the requirements for trace element analy-
sis. The beam current was adjusted to 180 nA and spots were
measured with 3 μm beam diameter. The following standards
were used for calibration: barite (S Kα), apatite (P Kα), GaAs
(As Lα), ThO
2
(Th Mα), UO
2
(U Mβ), Al
2
O
3
(Al Kα), YPO
4
(Y Lα), LaPO
4
(La Lα), CePO
4
(Ce Lα), PrPO
4
(Pr Lβ), NdPO
4
(Nd Lβ), SmPO
4
(Sm Lβ), EuPO
4
(Eu Lβ), GdPO
4
(Gd Lα),
TbPO
4
(Tb Lα), DyPO
4
(Dy Lβ), HoPO
4
(Ho Lβ), ErPO
4
JM13-5A
JM13-6A
SiO
2
75.16
71.19
TiO
2
0.88
1.02
Al
2
O
3
11.50
12.93
Fe
2
O
3
4.47
5.70
MnO
0.02
0.09
MgO
1.72
2.61
CaO
0.97
0.97
Na
2
O
0.76
1.26
K
2
O
2.74
2.55
P
2
O
5
0.08
0.18
LOI
1.50
1.30
Sum
99.78
99.71
*CaO/Al
2
O
3
15.80
18.70
CaO/Al
2
O
3*
ratio corrected for apatite.
Table 1: Bulk chemical composition of analyzed samples.
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(Er Lβ), TmPO
4
(Tm Lα), YbPO
4
(Yb Lα), LuPO
4
(Lu Lβ),
SrTiO
3
(Sr Lα), fayalite (Fe Kα), wollastonite (Ca Kα, Si Kα),
PbCO
3
(Pb Mα). Empirically determined correction factors
were applied to the following line overlaps: NdLα overlapped
by CeLβ, CeLβ
4
; GdLα by CeLγ, LaLγ
2
, NdLβ
2
; LuLβ by
DyLγ
3
, DyLγ
2
, HoLγ, YbLβ
2
; EuLβ by DyLα; ErLβ by EuLγ
3
,
EuLγ
2
, GdLγ, LuLν; SmLα by CeLβ
2
; TmLα by SmLγ; AsLα
by NdM2N4, SmMγ, SmM3N4, TbMβ and DyMα (Konečný
et al. 2018). Spot analyses of monazite were corrected for
mutual interferences and then the weighted average of appa-
rent ages were calculated following the statistical method of
Montel et al. (1996). Matrix effects were corrected using
the PAP procedure.
Results
Petrography and textures
Three samples of migmatitic gneiss from the two localities
within the Kåfjord unit were studied: JM13-5A (69°22’29.50” N,
20°13’42.05” E); JM13-6A and SKI-1/13 (69°26’33.64” N,
20°17’59.55” E). They are medium to fine grained, multiple
leucocratic veins and pods, often with pale blue kyanite
(Fig. 3), surrounded by distinctly darker layers dominated by
macroscopically apparent streaks of reddish garnet and brown
to black biotite. The gneisses are interbedded with
amphibolites and cut by later veins composed mainly of chlo-
rite and epidote.
The M1 assemblage in the studied samples consists of
garnet + plagioclase + biotite + quartz + kyanite ± sillima-
nite ± rutile ± K-feldspar (Fig. 4a, b, c). This assemblage is
locally found in the parts of the rock, which still show migma-
titic structure, and as microlithons surrounded by the later
S2 foliation. Leucocratic domains consist of quartz + plagio-
clase + garnet ± kyanite ± sillimanite and minor K-feldspar and
ilmenite. The melanosome is dominated by the assemblage
garnet + biotite + plagioclase + quartz + ilmenite ± rutile.
The M2 assemblage in sample JM13-5A comprises
quartz + white mica + biotite + plagioclase + rutile ± clinozoisite
and is variably altering migmatitic texture (Fig. 4d, e, f).
The accompanying S2 foliation is defined by biotite, musco-
vite and quartz (Fig. 4d, f).
The M2 overprint in sample JM13-6A is manifested
diffe rently, being mainly characterized by growth of secon-
dary transversal biotite and white mica replacing alumino-
silicates. Chlorite, titanite and K-feldspar are growing in
expense of biotite and garnet (Fig. 4g, h), while titanite is also
replacing ilmenite and rutile. In sample SKI-1/13 rock-
forming minerals are mostly fresh without alteration, however
the rock is mode rately sheared with mica deformation (mica
fish).
Garnet porphyroblasts in all samples are subhedral to
anhedral and vary from 0.4 to 3 mm in diameter. (Fig. 4c, d).
Table 2: Representative chemical analysis of garnet. Structural formulae recalculated on the basis of 12 oxygens.
Sample ID
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-6A
JM13-6A
JM13-6A
JM13-6A
Analysis
Grt 22
Grt 23
Grt 22
Grt 23
Grt 21
Grt 21
Grt 11
Grt B1
Grt 11
Grt B1
Text. pos.
Grt core
Grt core
Grt rim
Grt rim
Grt core
Grt rim
Grt core
Grt II
core
Grt II
rim
Grt II
rim
SiO
2
38.13
38.10
38.04
38.45
38.78
39.10
38.05
38.19
38.12
37.77
TiO
2
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
Al
2
O
3
21.21
21.30
21.50
21.60
21.50
21.58
21.26
21.04
21.21
21.15
Cr
2
O
3
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.00
FeO
28.67
27.87
30.72
31.34
31.60
30.62
32.07
32.52
33.10
33.24
MnO
2.68
3.01
1.21
0.96
0.71
0.29
2.51
2.76
2.29
1.99
MgO
2.82
2.59
4.18
4.29
4.20
4.17
5.14
4.58
4.71
4.39
CaO
6.18
6.21
3.58
3.59
3.82
4.88
2.11
2.38
1.73
2.36
Na
2
O
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.00
K
2
O
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total
99.83
99.13
99.29
100.25
100.63
100.65
101.22
101.52
101.49
100.92
Si
3.029
3.041
3.024
3.028
3.042
3.053
2.992
3.004
3.003
2.992
Ti
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
Al
1.987
2.005
2.015
2.006
1.988
1.987
1.971
1.951
1.970
1.975
Cr
0.003
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.000
Fe
1.905
1.861
2.042
2.064
2.073
2.000
2.109
2.139
2.181
2.202
Mn
0.180
0.204
0.081
0.064
0.047
0.019
0.167
0.184
0.153
0.134
Mg
0.334
0.308
0.495
0.504
0.491
0.485
0.603
0.537
0.553
0.518
Ca
0.526
0.531
0.305
0.303
0.321
0.408
0.178
0.201
0.146
0.200
Na
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.003
0.000
0.005
0.003
0.008
0.000
K
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Total
7.971
7.953
7.966
7.971
7.966
7.953
8.025
8.021
8.015
8.021
X
Alm
0.647
0.641
0.698
0.703
0.707
0.687
0.690
0.699
0.719
0.721
X
Prp
0.113
0.106
0.169
0.172
0.167
0.167
0.197
0.175
0.182
0.170
X
Grs
0.179
0.183
0.104
0.103
0.109
0.140
0.058
0.066
0.048
0.066
X
Sps
0.061
0.070
0.028
0.022
0.016
0.007
0.055
0.060
0.050
0.044
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The core contains numerous monomineral and polymineral
inclusions composed mostly of quartz with minor plagioclase,
chlorite, rutile and apatite. The inclusion trails highlight the S1
foliation and are aligned on planes within an angle towards to
the S2 foliation planes (Fig. 4d). The rim contains fewer
inclusions, which are mostly monomineralic and represented
by rutile, ilmenite and apatite. Garnet porphyroblasts are
rotated and truncated by the S2 foliation.
Garnet in sample JM13-6A shows homogenous composi-
tion from core to rim: Alm
69–72
Prp
17–20
Grs
5–6
Sps
4–6
and constant
Table 3: Representative chemical analysis of biotite. Structural formulae recalculated on the basis of 11 oxygens.
Sample ID
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-5A
JM13-6A
JM13-6A
Analysis
b1
b4
m5
b3
b2
b10
M5
M13
Text. pos.
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
SiO
2
38.92
39.08
39.31
39.60
39.57
37.51
37.22
36.82
TiO
2
1.77
1.97
2.38
1.75
1.73
2.01
1.93
1.65
Al
2
O
3
19.66
18.41
18.12
18.53
18.76
18.88
17.94
18.67
Cr
2
O
3
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.03
FeO
14.08
14.57
15.05
15.06
15.38
15.66
17.10
17.08
MnO
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.05
MgO
12.16
11.65
11.80
12.22
12.14
12.30
11.93
12.50
CaO
0.09
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.03
Na
2
O
0.38
0.34
0.30
0.26
0.28
0.32
0.27
0.28
K
2
O
8.83
8.73
8.85
8.73
8.86
8.88
9.09
9.13
Total
94.58
94.77
95.83
96.16
96.74
95.62
95.62
96.26
Si
2.874
2.882
2.875
2.880
2.867
2.770
2.779
2.732
Ti
0.098
0.109
0.131
0.096
0.094
0.111
0.109
0.092
Al(VI)
1.116
1.118
1.125
1.120
1.133
1.230
1.221
1.268
Al(IV)
0.471
0.482
0.438
0.468
0.469
0.415
0.359
0.365
Cr
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.002
0.003
0.002
Fe
0.870
0.898
0.921
0.916
0.932
0.967
1.068
1.060
Mn
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.003
Mg
1.338
1.281
1.286
1.325
1.311
1.355
1.329
1.382
Ca
0.007
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.002
Na
0.054
0.048
0.042
0.037
0.040
0.045
0.039
0.040
K
0.832
0.821
0.826
0.810
0.819
0.837
0.866
0.864
Total
7.671
7.642
7.645
7.653
7.667
7.735
7.773
7.811
X
Fe
0.394
0.412
0.417
0.409
0.416
0.417
0.446
0.434
Table 4: Representative chemical analysis of white mica and plagioclase. Structural formulae recalculated on the basis of 11 and 8 oxygens,
respectively.
Sample ID
JM13-5A JM13-5A JM13-5A JM13-5A JM13-5A JM13-6A JM13-6A JM13-5A JM13-5A JM13-6A JM13-6A
Analysis
f13
m6
p10
m7
m2
M3
M16
m3
f11
M4
M19
Text. pos.
Incl Ky
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
mx
SiO
2
45.79
49.20
46.75
49.39
50.04
46.66
47.19
58.00
57.61
62.90
64.37
TiO
2
0.96
1.04
1.05
0.90
0.96
0.77
0.67
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
Al
2
O
3
33.73
34.20
34.29
34.33
34.49
33.78
35.06
26.70
26.78
23.17
23.14
Cr
2
O
3
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
FeO
1.32
1.24
1.20
1.30
1.01
2.95
2.67
0.04
0.02
0.16
0.05
MnO
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
MgO
1.20
1.11
1.05
1.08
1.03
0.94
0.87
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
CaO
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
8.45
8.69
4.64
4.59
Na
2
O
1.10
0.98
0.92
1.00
1.02
1.30
1.34
7.15
6.90
8.98
9.02
K
2
O
9.67
9.72
9.85
9.65
9.35
8.74
8.95
0.07
0.09
0.06
0.08
Total
93.86
97.53
95.15
97.71
97.95
95.25
96.80
100.41
100.10
99.98
101.34
Si
3.092
3.177
3.107
3.182
3.202
3.110
3.090
2.577
2.572
2.788
2.818
Ti
0.049
0.051
0.052
0.044
0.046
0.039
0.033
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Al
2.685
2.604
2.687
2.608
2.602
2.655
2.707
1.399
1.409
1.211
1.195
Cr
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Fe
0.075
0.067
0.067
0.070
0.054
0.164
0.146
0.002
0.001
0.006
0.002
Mn
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Mg
0.121
0.106
0.104
0.103
0.098
0.093
0.084
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Ca
0.003
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.402
0.416
0.220
0.215
Na
0.144
0.123
0.118
0.124
0.127
0.169
0.170
0.616
0.597
0.772
0.765
K
0.833
0.801
0.835
0.793
0.764
0.744
0.748
0.004
0.005
0.000
0.000
Total
7.004
6.931
6.973
6.929
6.895
6.978
6.981
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
X
Ab
0.605
0.589
0.778
0.781
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X
Fe
(Fe/(Fe + Mg)) of 0.78–0.80 (Fig. 5a, b). In sample
JM13-5A the composition of garnet core varies with size of
the garnet. Relatively large garnet cores (>1.5 mm in diame-
ter) have the composition Alm
64–68
Prp
11–16
Grs
13–18
Sps
2–8
with
X
Fe
decreasing from 0.86 to 0.80 from core to rim (Fig. 5c, d).
Compositional profiles and chemical maps in single grains of
large garnet show increase of almandine and pyrope associa-
ted with decrease of spessartine and grossular from core to rim
(Fig. 6a, b, c). The composition of the rim, starting at the cha-
racteristic Y annulus (Fig. 6d) is homogenous (Alm
69–70
Prp
17–18
Grs
10–12
Sps
0–2
)
and has constant X
Fe
of 0.80–0.81
(Fig. 5e, f). The composition of smaller garnet grains, with
cores <1.5 mm in diameter, is homogeneous with no distinc-
tion between the core and the rim (Fig. 5c, d), and does not
differ from the composition of the bigger garnet rims.
Biotite occurs as flakes parallel to both S1 and S2 foliation
and as rare transversal blasts. X
Fe
in biotite varies from 0.39 to
0.42 in the sample JM13-5A and from 0.43 to 0.45 in the sam-
ple JM13-6A. The lowest X
Fe
values were recorded for biotite
blasts in contact with garnet grains. The Ti content ranges
from 0.09 to 0.13 a.p.f.u, while Al (IV) is 0.36–0.48 a.p.f.u in
both samples.
White mica can be found in several textural positions: (i) as
inclusions in garnet and kyanite, (ii) as sparse grains transver-
sal to S1 foliation (Fig. 4c), (iii) as grains parallel to S2 folia-
tion (Fig. 4d, e, f) and (iv) as grains transversal to S2 foliation
(Fig. 4e). The textural position (iii) is the most common one.
WM commonly replaces sillimanite, kyanite and/or biotite in
various configurations. Silicon in white mica varies from 3.09
to 3.12 a.p.f.u for grains occupying most textural positions
(i, ii, iii) and is slightly higher, from 3.18 to 3.20 a.p.f.u, for
grains transversal to the S2 foliation (iv). For all samples,
white mica shows a minor paragonite component with Na in
the range from 0.12 to 0.17 a.p.f.u in all samples.
Kyanite forms subhedral to anhedral porphyroblasts with
inclusion-rich cores and inclusion-poor rims. The inclusions
are monomineralic and composed mainly of quartz with minor
white mica (i), biotite and allanite. Kyanite is commonly trun-
cated by the S2 foliation (Fig. 4f) and partly replaced by white
mica (iii, iv) or sillimanite (Fig. 4h).
Sillimanite forms fibrolitic aggregates well dispersed in
the matrix (Fig. 4a, b). Some of the aggregates locally replace
garnet and kyanite.
Plagioclase occurs in the matrix and as intergrowths with
quartz or K-feldspar. The composition of plagioclase differs
between analyzed samples. X
Ab
(Na/(Ca + Na + K)) for plagio-
clase in the sample JM13-5A varies from 0.59 to 0.61, in the
sample SKI-1/13 the X
Ab
= 0.72, while in the sample JM13-6A
X
Ab
is higher and ranges from 0.78 to 0.80. Plagioclase in
intergrowths with K-feldspar is strongly albitic (X
Ab
= 0.93–
0.94) with minor X
Or
= 0.04–0.05 (X
Or
=K/(Ca + Na + K)).
K-feldspar forms small (<0.5 mm) grains spread in leuco-
some and as intergrowths with albite. K-feldspar in leucosome
shows X
Ab
= 0.17 and minor X
An
= 0.02.
Chlorite occurs in all samples in cracks parallel to the S2
foliation, mainly replacing biotite and garnet (Fig. 4g, h).
Titanite is present only in sample JM13-6A as tiny (<0.1mm)
aggregates of irregular shape associated with chlorite (Fig. 3G)
and as coronas overgrowing ilmenite and rutile.
Other accessory minerals include clinozoisite, zircon,
apatite, monazite, allanite, and tourmaline and pyrrhotite.
A rare xenotime was also identified in sample SKI-1/13.
Noteworthy, allanite and monazite occur together only in
sample SKI-1/13.
Monazite is found in the matrix in samples JM13-6A and
SKI-1/13 mostly enclosed in muscovite, quartz, biotite and
plagioclase. In one case, in sample SKI-1/13, it was found
within pyrrhotite, allanite and within garnet at the outer
boundary of the inclusion-rich core. Monazite in sample
JM13-6A is subhedral to euhedral and vary in size from 40
to 120 μm. In sample SKI-1/13 monazite is smaller, commonly
rounded, isometric 5–15 μm in size. Larger grains (20–30 μm)
may be elongated and irregular. Two samples of kyanite–
garnet migmatitic gneiss (JM13-6A and SKI-1/13) from
the same locality (Fig. 2) were chosen for monazite dating.
Chemical characteristics of monazite
BSE images of monazite grains in the sample JM13-6A
reveal core to rim (Fig. 7a) or patchy zoning with irregular
domains of various brightness (Fig. 7e). Monazite typically
shows an irregular core to rim chemical variation that is
expressed by the occurrence of two domains: (1) Y–depleted,
Ce-enriched core, and (2) Y–enriched, Ce-depleted rim
(Fig. 7b, c, f, g). Thorium displays irregular or (pseudo)oscilla-
tory zoning (Fig. 7d, h), which does not correspond to the Y
and Ce distribution. Thorium varies from 2.8 to 4.5 wt. % and
U content is almost uniform (0.4–0.65 wt. %) in both core and
rim. The patchy zoning does not comply with the Y, Th or Ce
zoning (Fig. 7f–h).
The core and rim compositions are characterized by oppo-
site trends on the Ca vs Y + HREE diagram (Fig. 8a) with rims
enriched in Y + HREE. The Ca + P versus Si + Y + REE diagram
(Fig. 8b) shows uniform trend for both groups, however
the analyses performed within single monazite grains show
Fig. 3. Photograph of Kåfjord migmatitic gneiss with segregations of
kyanite, sample SKI-1/13.
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Fig. 4. Microphotographs of sample JM13-5A: A — assemblage M1 composed of quartz, garnet, plagioclase, biotite, sillimanite and ilmenite.
White mica is replacing sillimanite; B — sillimanite fibrolite with plagioclase and quartz in leucosome; C — Garnet porphyroclast with pla-
gioclase and biotite in melanocratic domain. White mica is growing transversal to S1 foliation; D — partially consumed garnet porphyroclast
with multiple quartz inclusions in the core and only single inclusions of ilmenite and rutile in the rim; E — assemblage M2 composed of quartz,
garnet, plagioclase, biotite, sillimanite and white mica. Kyanite is being replaced by sillimanite; F — pre-kinematic grain of kyanite truncated
by S2 foliation defined by white mica and biotite; Microphotographs of sample JM13-6A: G — chlorite and biotite replacing garnet; biotite
decomposing to chlorite, titanite and K-feldspar; H — chlorite and K-feldspar replacing biotite, white mica replacing kyanite.
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enrichment in Ca + P from the core to the rim. Content of
Monazite end member varies between 88–82 mol. %, cheralite
between 7–12 mol. %, xenotime 2–6 mol. % and huttonite is
about 1 mol. %. The REE patterns are steeper for the core than
the rim with similarly pronounced negative Eu anomalies —
Eu/Eu* from 0.76 down to 0.48 (Y is used as a proxy for Ho,
heavier REEs are ignored due to their high scatter (Fig. 8c).
Monazite from the sample SKI-1/13 is characterised by
complete analyses (Supplement) with low Th (2–5.5 wt. %
ThO2), low U (0.2–1.5 wt. % UO2). Monazite end member
varies between 91–80 mol. %, cheralite between 5–12 mol. %,
xenotime 5–7.5 mol. % and huttonite is about 1 mol. %.
The REE patterns are steep with pronounced negative Eu
anomalies (Eu/Eu* from 0.4 down to 0.12) and Y
N
between
1000–2000 (Fig. 8c). The LREE from La to Sm are homoge-
neous. In general the variation of monazite composition is not
distinctly related to textural features and position of analysed
point within grain.
Fig. 5. Chemical composition of garnets in profiles. All garnets are characterized by inclusion rich cores and rims with only few inclusions.
Sample JM13-6A: A — BSE image and B — compositional profile across garnet showing no chemical variations from core to rim. Sample
JM13-5A: C — BSE image and D — compositional profile across garnet with larger core showing progressive zonation in the core, defined
by decreasing X
Sps
and X
Fe
content towards the rim E — BSE image and F — Compositional profile across garnet with smaller core showing
no chemical variations along the chemical profile. All garnets are characterized by inclusion rich cores and rims with only few inclusions.
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Results of dating
Sample JM13-6A: Electron microprobe single spot model
dates (n = 21) and chemical analysis for eight monazite grains
are presented in the Table 5 and the Supplement. Calculation
of all model dates yielded weighted average of 426 ± 6 Ma
(n = 21, MSWD = 1.03, probability p = 0.42; Fig. 9a). However,
based on chemical maps of Ce and Y (Fig. 7b, c, f, g) two popu-
lations of monazite domains have been distinguished. A rela-
tionship between model dates of monazite domains and their
Ce/Y relations are presented in Figure 9b. Monazite cores
characterized by elevated Ce/Y ratio (14–27) with yttrium
ranging from 0.9 to 1.75 wt. % yielded an average age of
444 ± 12 Ma (n = 6, MSWD = 0.89, p = 0.49). Rims with lower
Ce/Y (9–15) and higher Y content (1.6–2.5 wt. %) yielded an
average age of 419 ± 8 Ma (n = 14, MSWD = 0.35, p = 0.98).
Based on chemical maps, one calculated date has been inter-
preted as mixed result and was omitted in the calculations of
average ages.
Sample SKI-1/13: The sample is moderately rich in
monazite: 18 crystals were dated by 41 points. Weighted ave-
rage of all points give 430 ± 3.5 Ma with high MSWD = 2.74
suggesting inhomogeneous monazite population. Therefore,
deconvolution of the data was applied using Isoplot, which
produced two ages 416 ± 6.9 (46 %, MSWD = 1.3) and 442 ± 6.5
(54 %, MSWD = 0.72). The age groups obtained from both
samples are thus identical within errors. Monazite composi-
tions divided according to deconvolution show that the youn-
ger population is relatively more homogeneous in terms of Y,
Ce, U and Th compared to the older group (Fig. 9c, d).
Thermodynamic modelling
Phase diagram (P–T pseudosection) was calculated for
sample JM13-6A using the Perple_X software, version 6.8.6
(Connolly 1990, 2005) with the internally consistent thermo-
dynamic dataset of Holland & Powell (2011; hp11ver.dat).
The bulk rock composition (Table 1) was obtained from the
whole rock analysis. Calculations were performed in the
Na
2
O–CaO–K
2
O–FeO–MgO–Al
2
O
3
–SiO
2
–H
2
O–TiO
2
(NCKFMASHT) system assuming water-saturated conditions
and partial melting. Solution models of garnet, white mica,
biotite, cordierite (White et al. 2014), sanidine (Thompson &
Hovis 1979), plagioclase (Newton et al. 1980), and melt
(Holland & Powell 2001) were used as available from the
Perple_X datafile (solution_model.dat).
The calculated phase diagram (Fig. 10) shows that composi-
tional isopleths of garnet (X
Mg
Grt
, XCa
Grt
,XFe
Grt
) and biotite
(XFe
Bt
) corresponding to the measured ones (Tables 1 and 2,
Fig. 5B) intersect in the stability field of garnet + plagio-
clase + biotite + white mica + kyanite + rutile, constraining the
P–T conditions of garnet equilibration at 8–10 kbar and
680–720 °C. Garnet is unstable below ca. 8 kbars and 700 °C.
Partial melting likely occurred at water saturated conditions
during rock exhumation from the kyanite to the sillimanite
stability field following a clockwise P–T path (Fig. 10).
Discussion
Metamorphic evolution
In all samples inclusion-rich garnet core has irregular shape
suggesting that the garnet core was partly resorbed before
growth of the rim. Garnet resorption and regrowth in medium
pressure metapelites is associated with staurolite-in and stau-
rolite-out reactions that can be written as follows (Spear
1988):
Grt + Chl + WM => St + Bt + Qz + H
2
O (1)
St + Bt + Qz => Grt + WM + H
2
O (2)
Minor back-diffusion of Mn in the outermost part of the gar-
net core preceding Y-annulus in the rim (Fig. 6b, d) is charac-
teristic for two stage garnet growth in staurolite to kyanite zone
of amphibolite facies (Pyle & Spear 1999). In the medium-
pressure metapelites, kyanite growth might be responsible for
garnet consumption according to the reaction (Spear 1988):
Grt + Chl + WM => Ky + Bt + Qz (3)
Kyanite core contains multiple inclusions of quartz and
white mica involved in the reaction (3). Kyanite rim was
Fig. 6. Electron microprobe X-ray chemical maps of garnet in sample
JM 13-5A. Concentration of elements A — Ca, B — Mn, C — Mg,
D — Y, in not fully homogenized garnet showing progressive zoning
pattern in the core. Boundary between core and rim is marked by
a small Mn enrichment an Y-annulus (white arrows).
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produced on the prograde P–T path by muscovite dehydration
reaction, which can be written as one of the following (Indares
& Dunning 2001):
WM + Pl + Grt + Qz + H
2
O => Als + Bt + Kfs + Liq (4)
WM + Pl + Qz => Als + Kfs + Liq (5)
Reactions (4) and (5) are predicted by thermodynamic
modelling within the estimated P–T space of 8–10 kbar and
680–720 °C for peak metamorphic conditions. The rare
abundance of K-feldspar might be explained by reversed reac-
tion (5) on the retrograde path. Formation of white mica on the
early retrograde path and during M2 overprint might have led
to nearly complete exhaustion of K-feldspar (M1).
Elevated temperature resulted in homogenization of the gar-
net composition (Spear 1988). Nevertheless, preservation of
garnet zoning in migmatitic rocks mainly depends on the time
of high-T diffusion, but also the size of the garnet (e.g., Tracy
et al. 1976; Spear 1988; Caddick et al. 2010). For sample
JM13-5A the high temperature event caused homogenization
of the smaller garnet cores characterized by flat chemical pro-
files (Fig. 5b), whereas larger garnet cores (>1.5 mm) were
affected by diffusion (Figs. 4a, 5a–d), but retained some of
the information about chemical trends during primary growth.
These garnet cores are characterized by progressive garnet
zoning with decreasing X
Fe
and X
Sps
.
Retrogressive reactions observed in both samples resulting
in biotite + sillimanite overgrowths on garnet and white mica
replacing kyanite, sillimanite and feldspars indicate reversal
of the reaction (5). All generations of white mica occur only in
textural positions that suggest growth along the retrograde
path.
This early stage of nappe emplacement resulted in shear-
related foliation and minor retrogression affecting already
existing fabric. Garnet and kyanite porphyroblasts were rota-
ted and truncated by S2 foliation (Fig. 4d, f). Chloritization of
garnet and biotite as well as sericitization of plagioclase
occurred at the final stage of decompression, probably aided
by fluids.
Fig. 7. BSE images and chemical maps of monazites: A — BSE image of monazite 7 characterized by core to rim zoning. Chemical map of
B — Y, C — Ce, D — Th content in monazite 7. E — BSE image of monazite 13 characterized by patchy zoning with irregular domains of
various brightness. Chemical map of F — Y, G — Ce, H — Th content in monazite 13. Warmer colours correspond to higher concentration of
an element. Monazite core is Y-depleted, Ce-enriched in contrast to Y-enriched, Ce-depleted rim. Th displays irregular or (pseudo)oscillatory
zoning.
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MONAZITE GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE KÅFJORD NAPPE, NORWEGIAN ARCTIC CALEDONIDES
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Monazite geochronology
Nearly all monazites are located in the matrix, which makes
it hard to assess at which point along the rock’s evolutionary
path they were formed. Additionally, the monazite REE
patterns differ between the samples JM13-6A and SKI-1/13 in
terms Eu/Eu* anomaly and HREE content (Fig. 8c). This dif-
ference suggests, that the chemical composition of the mona-
zite in the rock is strongly related to overall REE budget of
the rock, or the chemical composition of monazite precursor
(e.g., Janots et al. 2008). Monazite in sample SKI-1/13 is
chemically less homogenous than in sample JM13-6A and
does not show any correlation of chemical composition and
obtained ages. In the sample JM13-6A monazite shows dis-
tinct zonation between cores and rims, which allows for poten-
tial interpretation of the obtained monazite ages. Main
difference between the cores and rims is related to Y content
that is governed by the stability of garnet, i.e., the main Y sink
in metapelites of high amphibolite facies (e.g., Pan 1997; Pyle
& Spear 1999). The cores characterized by higher Ce and
lower Y were formed probably along the prograde part of
the P–T path, in the presence of garnet. Therefore, the timing
of prograde metamorphism/partial melting is constrained to
444 ± 12 Ma based on Y-poor monazite domains.
The monazite rims are characterized by lower Ce and higher
Y and were probably formed under P–T conditions allowing
for garnet decomposition and, in turn, a release of Y to
the system. This is supported by thermodynamic modelling
which predicts that garnet was unstable at P–T conditions
below 8 kbars and 700 °C (Fig. 10).
The high-Y monazite rim formation ca. 419 Ma might be
tied to low-pressure overprint and formation of S2 foliation
during the Scandian event. Chemical characteristics of sample
JM13-6A shows relatively high Al
2
O
3
/CaO ratio of 18.7
(Table 1.), which can stabilize monazite in greenschist
facies (see e.g., Spear 2010), thus a greenschist facies over-
print would not necessarily result in monazite reacting to
allanite.
Garnet decomposition to biotite and chlorite under green-
schist facies conditions may cause release of Y, which subse-
quently is incorporated in monazite in xenotime-absent rocks.
Greenschist facies monazite has been noted before (e.g., Franz
et al. 1996; Pyle et al. 2001) including even idioblastic crystals
associated with shear zones (Lanzirotti & Hanson 1996).
Furthermore, shearing might be responsible for producing
internal fluid through recrystallization of biotite according to
the reaction such as proposed by Dumond et al. (2008):
Strain + Bt
1
+ Pl
1
+ Kfs
1
+ Mnz (core) + Ap −>
Fluid + Bt
2
+ Pl
2
+
Kfs
2
+ Mnz (rim) (6)
Introducing garnet into the reaction (6) that produces fluid
required for chlorite formation would result in the following
reaction:
Strain + Grt + Bt
1
+ Pl
1
+ Kfs
1
+ Mnz(core) + Ap −>
Fluid + Chl + Q + Bt
2
+ Pl
2
+
Kfs
2
+ Mnz(rim) (7)
Monazite rim formed according to this garnet consuming
reaction would be enriched in Y+HREE (Fig. 8a, c). Enrichment
in Ca + P from core to rim as observed in single monazite
grains (Fig. 8b) supports apatite dissolution with Ca + P and
Fig. 8. A — Monazite Y + HREE content versus Ca content presenting
opposite trends for monazite core and rim in sample JM13-6A;
B — Ca + P versus Si + Y + REE diagram, arrows highlight the chemi-
cal variation between the core and the rim within single grains in
sample JM13-6A; C — Normalized REE patterns for monazite in
samples JM13-6A and SKI-1/13. In sample JM13-6A steeper REE
patterns in monazite core compared to less steep patterns in the rim.
Dashed lines represent the average REE pattern for core and rim.
506
ZIEMNIAK, KOŚMIŃSKA, PETRÍK, JANÁK, WALCZAK, MANECKI and MAJKA
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
Table 5: Measured and corrected Th, U, Pb concentrations, Th* values and ages for dated monazites from samples JM13-6A (1–21) and
SKI-1/13 (22–49 thin section 1, 50–62 thin section 2)
No
Analysis
Th
(wt. %)
Th 2σ
U
(wt. %)
U 2σ
Pb
(wt. %)
Pb 2σ
Y
(wt. %)
Ce
(wt. %)
Th*
Th/U
Ce/Y
Age
(Ma)
Error
(Ma)
1
mnz1/1
3.7653
0.0358
0.5003
0.0131
0.1013
0.0057
2.41
22.86
5.40
6.92
9.49
419
28
2
mnz1/2
3.6824
0.0354
0.5855
0.0135
0.1030
0.0057
2.35
23.06
5.60
5.86
9.81
412
27
3
mnz4/2
3.0995
0.0319
0.4360
0.0128
0.0916
0.0057
1.50
23.76
4.53
6.57
15.81
452
33
4
mnz7/1
3.6126
0.0349
0.4429
0.0130
0.1025
0.0057
1.28
24.31
5.07
7.45
18.93
452
30
5
mnz7/2
3.9228
0.0367
0.4015
0.0128
0.1026
0.0057
1.09
24.09
5.24
8.78
22.16
438
29
6
mnz7/3
4.2391
0.0387
0.5868
0.0136
0.1169
0.0058
2.34
22.71
6.16
6.67
9.72
424
25
7
mnz13/1
4.4156
0.0396
0.5456
0.0133
0.1214
0.0058
0.91
23.57
6.20
7.40
26.04
438
25
8
mnz13/2
3.8236
0.0361
0.4357
0.0129
0.1002
0.0057
1.27
23.45
5.25
7.96
18.52
427
29
9
mnz13/3
3.9365
0.0369
0.5827
0.0135
0.1096
0.0058
2.37
22.72
5.84
6.26
9.60
420
26
10
mnz13/4
3.6535
0.0352
0.5289
0.0132
0.0997
0.0057
2.14
22.90
5.38
6.40
10.71
414
28
11
mnz14/1
3.3493
0.0334
0.4990
0.0131
0.0959
0.0057
1.92
23.31
4.98
6.23
12.12
431
30
12
mnz14/2
3.4442
0.0339
0.3776
0.0127
0.0887
0.0057
0.96
24.12
4.68
8.25
25.18
424
32
13
mnz15/1
2.8660
0.0305
0.4775
0.0130
0.0927
0.0057
1.73
24.54
4.43
5.61
14.22
468
34
14
mnz16/1
3.1886
0.0324
0.5730
0.0133
0.0912
0.0057
1.77
23.82
5.06
5.23
13.46
404
30
15
mnz16/2
3.9535
0.0369
0.5243
0.0132
0.1060
0.0057
1.62
23.67
5.67
6.93
14.59
419
27
16
mnz16/3
3.0521
0.0315
0.4410
0.0128
0.0839
0.0057
1.68
23.17
4.50
6.41
13.82
417
33
17
mnz16/4
3.3681
0.0335
0.5956
0.0135
0.1021
0.0057
1.81
23.50
5.32
5.31
13.01
430
29
18
mnz18/1
3.5382
0.0345
0.4134
0.0128
0.0952
0.0057
1.84
23.01
4.89
7.79
12.48
435
31
19
mnz18/2
3.4715
0.0341
0.3832
0.0126
0.0891
0.0057
1.75
23.24
4.73
8.20
13.31
422
32
20
mnz18/3
3.6388
0.0351
0.3792
0.0126
0.0906
0.0057
1.80
23.28
4.88
8.64
12.94
415
31
21
mnz18/4
3.5282
0.0345
0.5538
0.0133
0.0974
0.0057
1.86
22.99
5.34
5.93
12.33
408
28
22
mnz1/1
3.6892
0.0360
0.9735
0.0149
0.1346
0.0059
2.40
22.76
6.88
3.79
9.47
438
19
23
mnz1/2
3.1956
0.0330
1.0498
0.0151
0.1212
0.0058
1.93
23.26
6.63
3.04
12.05
410
19
24
mnz2/1
3.3362
0.0339
1.0451
0.0152
0.1286
0.0059
2.18
23.25
6.76
3.19
10.64
427
20
25
mnz3/1
2.4114
0.0281
0.3616
0.0127
0.0727
0.0057
1.95
24.50
3.60
6.67
12.58
452
35
26
mnz3/2
3.3659
0.0340
0.5499
0.0134
0.0924
0.0057
2.47
23.32
5.16
6.12
9.43
401
25
27
mnz4/1
2.9351
0.0315
0.4281
0.0128
0.0840
0.0053
1.57
21.35
4.34
6.86
13.62
433
27
28
mnz4/2
2.9985
0.0317
0.9568
0.0148
0.1207
0.0058
1.99
22.66
6.14
3.13
11.36
441
21
29
mnz4/3
1.2736
0.0211
0.2227
0.0122
0.0407
0.0055
1.93
24.74
2.00
5.72
12.81
454
61
30
mnz5/1
4.0937
0.0385
1.4564
0.0166
0.1663
0.0061
1.84
22.61
8.86
2.81
12.30
421
15
31
mnz6/1
3.5413
0.0351
0.7819
0.0143
0.1150
0.0059
2.54
22.79
6.10
4.53
8.98
422
21
32
mnz6/2
3.5188
0.0349
0.7838
0.0143
0.1164
0.0059
2.51
22.96
6.09
4.49
9.14
428
21
33
mnz6/3
3.7328
0.0363
0.6919
0.0140
0.1153
0.0059
2.23
23.10
6.00
5.40
10.36
430
22
34
mnz6/4
3.6830
0.0359
0.6704
0.0139
0.1120
0.0057
2.14
23.01
5.88
5.49
10.74
426
22
35
mnz7/1
3.2500
0.0333
0.8535
0.0145
0.1244
0.0059
2.08
23.44
6.05
3.81
11.30
460
22
36
mnz7/2
3.4745
0.0347
0.8571
0.0145
0.1174
0.0059
2.09
23.17
6.28
4.05
11.06
419
21
37
mnz8/1
3.0968
0.0324
0.6752
0.0139
0.1078
0.0059
2.08
23.84
5.31
4.59
11.47
454
25
38
mnz8/2
4.6593
0.0421
1.1358
0.0157
0.1677
0.0061
2.57
22.10
8.39
4.10
8.60
448
16
39
mnz8/3
4.5077
0.0411
1.1661
0.0157
0.1612
0.0061
2.41
22.12
8.33
3.87
9.20
433
16
40
mnz9/1
3.3129
0.0339
1.0904
0.0155
0.1301
0.0060
2.09
22.99
6.88
3.04
11.02
424
19
41
mnz9/2
2.3985
0.0283
0.5728
0.0135
0.0835
0.0057
3.34
22.36
4.28
4.19
6.70
437
30
42
mnz10/1
2.3052
0.0275
0.4534
0.0131
0.0769
0.0057
2.01
24.14
3.79
5.08
12.04
454
33
43
mnz11/1
2.0105
0.0257
0.8330
0.0144
0.0801
0.0058
2.37
23.96
4.73
2.41
10.09
380
27
44
mnz11/2
3.0303
0.0319
0.9767
0.0147
0.1218
0.0058
2.47
22.98
6.23
3.10
9.30
438
21
45
mnz12/1
4.1083
0.0385
0.9021
0.0146
0.1277
0.0059
2.62
22.68
7.06
4.55
8.66
405
19
46
mnz12/2
2.4195
0.0281
0.5465
0.0133
0.0849
0.0057
2.07
24.01
4.21
4.43
11.58
451
30
47
mnz12/3
3.4540
0.0344
0.6932
0.0138
0.1082
0.0057
2.25
23.27
5.72
4.98
10.32
423
22
48
mnz13/1
3.4458
0.0343
0.8367
0.0143
0.1151
0.0058
2.16
22.95
6.18
4.12
10.63
417
21
49
mnz13/2
3.3251
0.0338
1.0420
0.0152
0.1324
0.0060
2.90
22.33
6.74
3.19
7.70
440
20
50
mnz1/1
3.3423
0.0338
0.9188
0.0147
0.1222
0.0059
2.02
23.21
6.35
3.64
11.51
431
21
51
mnz1/2
3.4570
0.0346
0.9635
0.0149
0.1336
0.0059
2.03
22.89
6.62
3.59
11.30
452
20
52
mnz1/3
4.3886
0.0403
0.9400
0.0149
0.1385
0.0060
2.65
21.98
7.47
4.67
8.29
416
18
53
mnz1/4
3.0326
0.0322
0.6481
0.0139
0.0938
0.0059
2.05
23.41
5.15
4.68
11.42
408
25
54
mnz2/1
2.4376
0.0283
0.5302
0.0133
0.0775
0.0057
2.11
23.85
4.17
4.60
11.30
416
30
55
mnz2/2
3.5467
0.0353
0.6867
0.0141
0.1186
0.0059
1.96
22.73
5.80
5.16
11.58
457
23
56
mnz3/1
1.7362
0.0241
0.1910
0.0123
0.0443
0.0056
1.77
24.61
2.36
9.09
13.90
419
53
57
mnz3/2
2.3440
0.0277
0.4864
0.0132
0.0776
0.0057
1.87
23.78
3.94
4.82
12.73
441
32
58
mnz3/3
3.0169
0.0319
0.4827
0.0132
0.0882
0.0058
2.93
22.61
4.60
6.25
7.73
429
28
59
mnz4/1
3.5776
0.0352
0.6350
0.0137
0.0976
0.0057
2.54
23.14
5.65
5.63
9.11
387
23
60
mnz4/2
5.4159
0.0465
0.9448
0.0149
0.1713
0.0061
2.81
21.03
8.52
5.73
7.47
450
16
61
mnz5/1
2.5235
0.0288
0.4309
0.0129
0.0698
0.0057
2.09
23.50
3.93
5.86
11.27
398
32
62
mnz5/2
3.5615
0.0351
0.4859
0.0132
0.1050
0.0058
2.12
22.55
5.16
7.33
10.66
455
25
507
MONAZITE GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE KÅFJORD NAPPE, NORWEGIAN ARCTIC CALEDONIDES
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, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
Si + Y + REE exchange according to the strain induced reac-
tion (7) (Harlov et al. 2005). Overall, monazite chemistry and
textural observations support fluid assisted growth of the
419 ± 8 Ma monazite rim during greenschist facies overprint
related to the nappe emplacement.
Tectonic implications
The obtained monazite ages of ca. 444 Ma and ca. 419 Ma
are consistent within the errors with the previous whole rock
87
Rb/
86
Sr ages of Dangla et al. (1978). Timing of migmatiza-
tion event recorded by zircon in the Nordmannvik Nappe i.e.,
441 ± 1 Ma and 439 ± 2 Ma (Faber et al. 2019) is similar to
reported herein. Also, the age constrains on shearing from
the Heia locality of 420 ± 4 Ma (Augland et al. 2014) support
the uniform metamorphic evolution of the Skibotn Nappe
Complex. Comparable to the data presented here are the
results of monazite dating from the Helmsøy shear zone in
the Kalak Nappe Complex, where the ages of 448 ± 7 Ma and
421 ± 7 Ma (Kirkland et al. 2009) are reflecting the growth
of monazite from partial melt. Similar monazite ages of
438 ± 4 Ma and 424 ± 6 Ma are also recorded in sheared migma-
tite farther south in the Seve Nappe Complex of the Middle
Allochthon (Majka et al. 2012).
Concurrent ages of migmatization are insufficient to clearly
ascribe the Skibotn Nappe Complex to the Middle Allochthon.
The lack of constrains on the pre-migmatitic evolution of the
gneisses of the Kåfjord Nappe precludes any comparison with
earlier Caledonian events. Nevertheless, comparable timing of
high amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphic event across
the Kalak and the Skibotn Nappe Complexes suggest their
similar tectonic position at around 445–440 Ma. A lack of
a clear suture zone between these two complexes supports
their coherent tectonometamorphic evolution from the Late
Ordovician to the Early Silurian. Therefore, the similar evo-
lution of the Skibotn and the Kalak Nappe Complexes may
support the Baltican affinity of both units. This would be in
agreement with the development of the overlying Lyngen
Nappe Complex, in the lower part composed of fore-arc litho-
logies separated by the shear zone from the upper part which
is of back-arc origin (Kvassnes et al. 2004). The Lyngen Nappe
Complex would therefore represent a fragment of a suture
between the Tromsø Nappe Complex of Laurentian origin and
the Skibotn Nappe Complex of Baltic affinity. However, there
is no evidence of pre-Silurian high pressure metamorphism in
the Skibotn Nappe Complex, a feature characteristic for the
highest grade units of the Middle Allochthon. Pre-Caledonian
metamorphic and magmatic evolution of the Kalak Nappe Com-
plex is also somewhat different from that of other units of the
Middle Allochthon (Kirkland et al. 2008; Gasser et al. 2015).
Information about the pre-migmatitic evolution of the Skibotn
Nappe Complex is limited to the late Neoproterezoic mag-
matic age of the Rappesvare granite (Corfu et al. 2007) and
the late Cambrian age of a metadiorite in Heia, leaving a cer-
tain degree of uncertainty about its exotic origin with respect
to the Baltica-derived allochthons (Andresen 1988).
Fig. 9. A — Cummulative probability plot, with histogram, of monazite model dates; B — monazite model dates versus Ce/Y ratio. Monazite
core (444 Ma) is characterized by higher Ce/Y than monazite rim (419 Ma). C — Th vs U correlation of the two age monazite populations.
D — Ce vs Y correlation of the two age monazite populations.
508
ZIEMNIAK, KOŚMIŃSKA, PETRÍK, JANÁK, WALCZAK, MANECKI and MAJKA
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
Timing of partial melting in the Skibotn Nappe Complex
and the Kalak Nappe Complex predates the mafic intrusions
emplaced in both complexes (e.g., the Halti Igenous Complex
of 434 ± 5 Ma within the Kalak Nappe; Vaasjoki & Sipila 2001,
the Kågen Gabbro of 435 ± 1 Ma within the Vaddas Nappe;
Faber et al. 2019). An extension required for the formation of
mafic intrusions of such age is unlikely to occur in the sub-
ducted Baltican margin. However, it is a commonly observed
phenomenon in the Upper Allochthon in the southern and
central parts of the Scandinavian Caledonides (Stephens &
Gee 1985; Slagstad & Kirkland 2017). The proposal of
a non- Baltican affinity of the Skibotn Nappe Complex and
the Kalak Nappe Complex is therefore justified following the
general model for the Laurentia-Baltica collision presented by
Slagstad and Kirkland (2017). A simplified sketch applying
the model to the situation in the Norwegian Arctic Caledo-
nides is presented in Figure 11a. Oceanic crust and partly
continental– oceanic transition zone of the Baltoscandian mar-
gin is being subducted underneath Laurentia at ca. 450–440 Ma
with subsequent exhumation of the HP rocks and continuous
migmatization in the overriding plate including the Skibotn
Nappe and Upper Kalak Nappe Complexes. Exhumation of con-
tinental crust fragments leads to roll back of the subducting
Balto scandian slab, resulting in extension of the overriding
plate manifested by emplacement of mafic intrusions at
ca. 440–430 Ma. The Scandian collision between Baltica and
Laurentia occur red at ca. 430–415 Ma when the nappe
stack emplacement was documented in form of fluid assisted
growth of monazite in the Skibotn and the Kalak Nappe
Complexes and intrusion of synorogenic granites in the
Balsfjord Group.
The model would indicate that the Skibotn Nappe Complex
together with the Upper Kalak Nappe Complex was posi-
tioned in the overriding plate as the other rocks intruded by
Fig. 10. P–T section for the Kåfjord gneiss (sample JM13-6A) with compositional isopleths of garnet and biotite. Estimated P–T conditions
(ellipse) and exhumation P–T path (dashed arrow) of the rock are also shown. For more detail see the text.
509
MONAZITE GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE KÅFJORD NAPPE, NORWEGIAN ARCTIC CALEDONIDES
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
ca. 440–430 Ma mafic intrusions ascribed to the Upper
Allochthon to the south. It would also imply that the Trømso
Nappe Complex containing ca. 452 Ma UHP eclogites was
a part of the Balto scandian margin that was thrusted out-of-
sequence onto the Bal tican plate.
Alternative model including the Skibotn Nappe Complex as
a part of an extensional basin formed on Baltoscandian margin
was proposed by Andréasson et al. (2003). It provides other
possible explanation of the migmatization predating mafic
intrusives in the Skibotn-Kalak nappes (Fig. 11b). In this
model, Laurentian margin is being subducted underneath
Baltican margin and outboard terranes at ca. 450–440 Ma
causing migmatization in the overriding plate including
the Skibotn Nappe Complex and Upper Kalak Nappe
Complexes. Subsequent exhumation of the fragments of
subducting plate allows roll back of the Laurentian slab
resul ting in extension and emplacement of mafic intrusions
at ca. 440–430 Ma. As shown in Figure 11a, the Scandian
collision between Baltica and Laurentia occurred at
ca. 430–415 Ma.
The model presented in Figure 11b is placing both the
Skibotn and Kalak Nappe Complexes at ca. 435 Ma in the
extensional Baltoscandian margin, however, their affinity to
Baltica or Laurentia remains unclear due to inconclusive
information about their pre-Silurian evolution. In that scena-
rio, out-of-sequence thrusting is not required for the emplace-
ment of the Tromsø Nappe Complex.
Final remarks
Monazite chemical dating provides new data on the evo-
lution of the migmatitic gneisses of the Kåfjord Nappe.
Timing of the prograde phase of migmatization dated on two
samples from the same unit is 444 ± 12 Ma and 442 ± 6.5 Ma.
Calculated peak pressure–temperature conditions for this
event are 8–10 kbar and 680–720 °C. Late monazite growth at
419 ± 8 Ma and 416 ± 6.9 Ma is interpreted to be associated
with the final stages of nappe emplacement.
Obtained monazite ages are comparable with the results
from the Kalak Nappe Complex and suggest common evolu-
tion of these units from the late Ordovician to the late Silurian.
The position of the Kåfjord Nappe as a part of the Middle or
Upper Allochthon remains unclear in the light of the geolo-
gical record of surrounding units.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Kåre Kullerud
for his great help, discussions during the fieldwork, and con-
structive review of the manuscript. Patrik Konečný is thanked
for his assistance during monazite dating. Adam Włodek is
acknowledged for his assistance during microprobe analysis.
The work was supported by National Science Centre (Poland)
“CALSUB” research pro ject no. 2014/14/E/ST10/00321,
AGH research grant no. 16.16.140.315, the Slovak Research
and Development Agency under the Contract no. APVV-18-
0107 and Vega projects 0008/19, 0060/16.
Fig. 11. Schematic sketch of tectonic evolution of the Norwegian Arctic Caledonides at 450–415 Ma: A (after Slagstad & Kirkland 2018):
I — Baltoscandian margin subducted underneath Laurentia; exhumation of HP lithologies; II — slab roll back and formation of extensional
basin in the Laurentian margin; III — Scandian collision resulting in nappe emplacement and synorogenic intrusions; B (after Andréasson et
al. 2003): I — Laurentian margin subducted underneath Baltica; exhumation of HP lithologies; II — slab roll back and formation of extensional
basin in the Baltic margin; III — Scandian collision resulting in nappe emplacement and synorogenic intrusions.
510
ZIEMNIAK, KOŚMIŃSKA, PETRÍK, JANÁK, WALCZAK, MANECKI and MAJKA
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
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, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
Supplement
Table S1: Chemical analyses of monazite in wt. %. Al and As were analyzed and found below detection (b.d. = below detection, n.a. = not analysed).
Sample name Analysis No
Note
P
2
O
5
PbO ThO
2
UO
2
Y
2
O
3
La
2
O
3
Ce
2
O
3
Pr
2
O
3
Nd
2
O
3
Sm
2
O
3
Eu
2
O
3
Gd
2
O
3
Tb
2
O
3
Dy
2
O
3
Ho
2
O
3
Er
2
O
3
Tm
2
O
3
Yb
2
O
3
Lu
2
O
3
FeO
SO
3
CaO SiO
2
SrO
Total
JM-13-6A
mnz1/1
29.89
0.11
4.28
0.56
3.06
12.48
26.78
3.09
11.32
1.92
0.37
1.37
0.14
0.91
0.12
0.52
0.12
0.14
0.20
0.26
0.20
1.36
0.17
n.a.
99.38
JM-13-6A
mnz1/2
29.75
0.11
4.19
0.66
2.98
12.76
27.00
3.09
11.45
1.88
0.40
1.15
0.09
0.80
b.d.
0.37
0.11
0.17
0.09
0.47
0.18
1.28
0.23
n.a.
99.21
JM-13-6A
mnz4/2
29.55
0.10
3.53
0.49
1.91
13.12
27.83
3.23
12.08
2.03
0.33
1.32
0.09
0.71
b.d.
0.40
0.07
0.11
0.10
0.20
0.04
0.81
0.24
n.a.
98.29
JM-13-6A
mnz7/1
30.48
0.11
4.11
0.50
1.63
12.81
28.48
3.39
13.21
2.24
0.32
1.61
0.15
0.71
b.d.
0.38
0.11
0.08
0.11
b.d.
0.15
1.14
0.27
n.a.
101.99
JM-13-6A
mnz7/2
29.54
0.11
4.46
0.45
1.38
13.09
28.22
3.39
12.72
2.07
0.38
1.42
0.15
0.55
b.d.
0.35
0.17
0.13
b.d.
b.d.
0.17
1.19
0.24
n.a.
100.17
JM-13-6A
mnz7/3
29.96
0.12
4.82
0.66
2.97
12.25
26.60
3.22
12.07
2.22
0.31
1.61
0.16
0.89
b.d.
0.48
0.09
0.17
0.11
b.d.
0.16
1.36
0.23
n.a.
100.45
JM-13-6A
mnz13/1
29.47
0.13
5.02
0.61
1.15
12.85
27.61
3.27
12.67
2.22
0.31
1.38
0.09
0.52
b.d.
0.30
0.06
0.15
0.09
b.d.
0.20
1.43
0.27
n.a.
99.80
JM-13-6A
mnz13/2
29.99
0.11
4.35
0.49
1.61
12.67
27.47
3.26
12.39
2.21
0.34
1.41
0.09
0.59
b.d.
0.39
0.12
0.14
0.09
0.06
0.22
1.29
0.22
n.a.
99.51
JM-13-6A
mnz13/3
30.18
0.12
4.48
0.65
3.00
12.06
26.61
3.21
12.42
2.22
0.38
1.63
0.16
0.86
b.d.
0.44
0.09
0.19
0.11
0.03
0.19
1.33
0.20
n.a.
100.59
JM-13-6A
mnz13/4
29.99
0.11
4.16
0.59
2.72
12.23
26.82
3.21
12.29
2.26
0.33
1.54
0.12
0.90
b.d.
0.44
0.11
0.15
b.d.
0.19
0.15
1.20
0.22
n.a.
99.73
JM-13-6A
mnz14/1
30.07
0.10
3.81
0.56
2.44
12.48
27.30
3.23
12.51
2.24
0.40
1.46
0.13
0.77
b.d.
0.49
0.10
0.16
0.11
0.14
0.20
1.18
0.19
n.a.
100.09
JM-13-6A
mnz14/2
29.59
0.09
3.92
0.42
1.22
12.56
28.26
3.28
12.91
2.38
0.47
1.56
0.13
0.58
b.d.
0.31
0.09
0.12
0.06
0.41
0.09
1.09
0.29
n.a.
99.83
JM-13-6A
mnz15/1
29.32
0.10
3.26
0.54
2.19
13.33
28.74
3.15
11.98
1.87
0.26
1.09
0.09
0.71
b.d.
0.49
0.10
0.13
0.12
b.d.
0.03
0.79
0.22
n.a.
98.49
JM-13-6A
mnz16/1
29.13
0.10
3.63
0.64
2.25
12.87
27.90
3.23
12.14
1.96
0.33
1.12
0.12
0.77
b.d.
0.48
0.08
0.15
0.10
b.d.
0.04
0.88
0.22
n.a.
98.13
JM-13-6A
mnz16/2
29.24
0.11
4.50
0.59
2.06
12.83
27.72
3.18
12.13
1.87
0.35
1.15
0.14
0.72
b.d.
0.45
0.12
0.16
b.d.
b.d.
0.03
1.00
0.28
n.a.
98.64
JM-13-6A
mnz16/3
28.65
0.09
3.47
0.49
2.13
13.00
27.14
3.22
11.83
1.84
0.34
1.14
0.10
0.68
0.09
0.42
0.09
0.12
b.d.
b.d.
0.06
0.90
0.24
n.a.
96.07
JM-13-6A
mnz16/4
28.89
0.11
3.83
0.67
2.29
12.85
27.52
3.26
11.95
1.88
0.33
1.15
0.10
0.75
b.d.
0.41
0.09
0.16
0.09
b.d.
0.03
0.93
0.25
n.a.
97.54
JM-13-6A
mnz18/1
28.81
0.10
4.03
0.46
2.34
12.64
26.95
3.15
11.67
2.01
0.32
1.30
0.12
0.75
0.10
0.40
0.12
0.15
0.09
b.d.
0.06
1.01
0.25
n.a.
96.83
JM-13-6A
mnz18/2
28.51
0.09
3.95
0.43
2.22
12.89
27.22
3.12
11.66
1.91
0.30
1.20
0.10
0.73
b.d.
0.33
0.11
0.14
0.09
b.d.
0.05
0.98
0.27
n.a.
96.30
JM-13-6A
mnz18/3
29.09
0.10
4.14
0.42
2.29
12.71
27.27
3.19
12.04
1.95
0.33
1.27
0.14
0.77
0.12
0.45
0.11
0.14
0.12
b.d.
0.05
0.96
0.24
n.a.
97.89
JM-13-6A
mnz18/4
29.33
0.10
4.01
0.62
2.37
12.53
26.93
3.21
12.24
1.95
0.32
1.18
0.12
0.81
b.d.
0.50
0.13
0.16
0.08
b.d.
0.04
0.95
0.23
n.a.
97.81
SKI-1/13
m1/1
28.48
0.15
4.28
1.14
3.05
12.52
26.66
3.15
12.03
2.16
0.12
1.54
0.22
0.89
0.09
0.50
0.10
0.16
0.06
0.03
n.a.
1.18
0.90
0.01
99.41
SKI-1/13
m1/2
28.41
0.14
3.71
1.23
2.45
12.82
27.25
3.21
12.01
2.23
0.16
1.42
0.15
0.83
0.06
0.47
0.11
0.15
0.07
0.00
n.a.
0.99
0.63
0.02
98.51
SKI-1/13
m2/1
30.45
0.15
3.87
1.20
2.77
12.40
27.23
3.22
12.11
2.24
0.10
1.46
0.20
0.93
0.00
0.60
0.15
0.15
0.00
0.12
n.a.
1.15
0.54
0.01
101.04
SKI-1/13
m3/1
30.26
0.09
2.80
0.42
2.47
13.18
28.69
3.41
12.52
2.22
0.13
1.27
0.17
0.86
0.00
0.55
0.11
0.16
0.09
0.00
n.a.
0.66
0.69
0.01
100.78
SKI-1/13
m3/2
29.74
0.11
3.91
0.64
3.14
12.59
27.31
3.25
11.93
2.07
0.17
1.21
0.20
0.87
0.06
0.57
0.14
0.24
0.04
0.00
n.a.
0.94
0.94
0.00
100.06
SKI-1/13
m4/1
contam.
by Ms
21.70
0.10
3.41
0.46
1.99
11.43
25.00
3.08
10.84
1.70
0.19
0.89
0.12
0.58
0.07
0.37
0.11
0.17
0.19
0.37
n.a.
0.72
8.56
0.00
92.05
SKI-1/13
m4/2
29.11
0.14
3.48
1.11
2.53
12.04
26.54
3.27
12.55
2.54
0.12
1.55
0.25
0.94
0.08
0.47
0.12
0.18
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.93
0.30
0.00
98.24
SKI-1/13
m4/3
30.46
0.05
1.48
0.26
2.45
14.40
28.97
3.36
12.32
2.05
0.21
0.85
0.15
0.72
0.10
0.58
0.16
0.20
0.12
0.01
n.a.
0.56
0.17
0.02
99.63
SKI-1/13
m5/1
29.37
0.19
4.75
1.70
2.33
12.67
26.48
3.23
12.07
2.05
0.13
1.22
0.19
0.78
0.12
0.45
0.13
0.19
0.15
1.09
n.a.
1.18
0.58
0.03
101.07
SKI-1/13
m6/1
30.42
0.13
4.11
0.91
3.22
12.38
26.70
3.17
11.77
2.08
0.08
1.16
0.23
0.95
0.15
0.55
0.14
0.27
0.17
0.06
n.a.
0.97
0.36
0.01
100.01
SKI-1/13
m6/2
30.01
0.13
4.09
0.91
3.19
12.55
26.90
3.31
11.78
2.10
0.13
1.26
0.19
0.90
0.07
0.59
0.13
0.17
0.22
0.07
n.a.
0.96
0.35
0.00
99.99
SKI-1/13
m6/3
30.11
0.13
4.33
0.81
2.83
12.66
27.05
3.24
11.82
2.08
0.18
1.22
0.20
0.89
0.14
0.63
0.13
0.14
0.09
0.04
n.a.
0.96
0.35
0.01
100.03
SKI-1/13
m6/4
29.46
0.13
4.28
0.78
2.72
12.56
26.96
3.22
11.83
2.07
0.13
1.15
0.14
0.91
0.08
0.63
0.12
0.19
0.11
0.09
n.a.
1.00
0.35
0.00
98.92
ii
ZIEMNIAK, KOŚMIŃSKA, PETRÍK, JANÁK, WALCZAK, MANECKI and MAJKA
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
Sample name Analysis No
Note
P
2
O
5
PbO ThO
2
UO
2
Y
2
O
3
La
2
O
3
Ce
2
O
3
Pr
2
O
3
Nd
2
O
3
Sm
2
O
3
Eu
2
O
3
Gd
2
O
3
Tb
2
O
3
Dy
2
O
3
Ho
2
O
3
Er
2
O
3
Tm
2
O
3
Yb
2
O
3
Lu
2
O
3
FeO
SO
3
CaO SiO
2
SrO
Total
SKI-1/13
m7/1
30.66
0.14
3.77
1.00
2.64
12.86
27.45
3.25
12.06
2.26
0.16
1.33
0.22
0.99
0.11
0.51
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.96
n.a.
0.90
0.33
0.01
101.95
SKI-1/13
m7/2
30.34
0.13
4.03
1.00
2.66
12.55
27.13
3.27
12.10
2.26
0.20
1.37
0.23
0.93
0.07
0.57
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.81
n.a.
0.96
0.39
0.02
101.50
SKI-1/13
m8/1
31.22
0.12
3.60
0.78
2.64
13.99
27.92
3.20
11.44
1.81
0.14
0.87
0.09
0.69
0.10
0.60
0.18
0.20
0.17
0.04
n.a.
0.82
0.33
0.02
100.98
SKI-1/13
m8/2
30.49
0.19
5.41
1.32
3.27
12.92
25.89
3.07
10.90
1.83
0.10
0.95
0.15
0.83
0.09
0.73
0.15
0.24
0.16
0.01
n.a.
1.28
0.40
0.02
100.42
SKI-1/13
m8/3
29.54
0.18
5.23
1.35
3.05
13.23
25.91
2.97
10.62
1.74
0.11
0.84
0.18
0.81
0.12
0.67
0.15
0.18
0.13
0.00
n.a.
1.28
0.42
0.00
98.72
SKI-1/13
m9/1
30.85
0.15
3.85
1.27
2.65
12.47
26.92
3.21
11.79
2.20
0.07
1.27
0.19
0.99
0.05
0.55
0.08
0.14
0.03
0.00
n.a.
1.12
0.37
0.01
100.22
SKI-1/13
m9/2
30.31
0.10
2.79
0.67
4.24
12.57
26.19
3.13
11.45
2.15
0.13
1.22
0.18
1.14
0.18
0.86
0.12
0.32
0.07
0.00
n.a.
1.06
0.01
0.28
99.19
SKI-1/13
m10/1
30.82
0.09
2.68
0.52
2.55
13.40
28.27
3.33
12.29
2.16
0.09
1.14
0.19
0.85
0.00
0.45
0.07
0.19
0.08
0.00
n.a.
0.69
0.24
0.03
100.10
SKI-1/13
m11/1
31.90
0.10
2.33
0.95
3.01
13.48
28.07
3.31
11.98
2.00
0.15
1.04
0.14
0.67
0.12
0.56
0.12
0.24
0.15
0.01
n.a.
0.66
0.01
0.27
101.40
SKI-1/13
m11/2
29.62
0.14
3.52
1.13
3.14
12.72
26.92
3.16
11.80
2.06
0.09
1.23
0.22
0.84
0.03
0.60
0.13
0.18
0.13
0.02
n.a.
0.94
0.34
0.00
98.96
SKI-1/13
m12/1
30.10
0.15
4.77
1.05
3.33
12.28
26.57
3.25
11.91
2.07
0.18
1.32
0.18
0.92
0.05
0.60
0.11
0.23
0.12
0.00
n.a.
1.12
0.49
0.02
100.82
SKI-1/13
m12/2
29.98
0.10
2.81
0.64
2.63
13.43
28.12
3.29
11.89
1.97
0.10
1.17
0.21
0.75
0.14
0.56
0.14
0.12
0.09
0.01
n.a.
0.74
0.35
0.01
99.26
SKI-1/13
m12/3
29.69
0.12
4.01
0.81
2.86
12.74
27.26
3.23
11.82
2.07
0.12
1.13
0.16
0.90
0.03
0.51
0.18
0.15
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.94
0.45
0.01
99.20
SKI-1/13
m13/1
30.14
0.13
4.00
0.98
2.74
14.31
26.88
3.05
11.01
1.70
0.17
0.84
0.12
0.77
0.01
0.56
0.09
0.18
0.09
0.02
n.a.
0.99
0.34
0.00
99.12
SKI-1/13
m13/2
30.97
0.15
3.86
1.22
3.68
13.78
26.16
2.99
10.89
1.77
0.08
0.94
0.19
0.93
0.05
0.71
0.17
0.18
0.13
0.00
n.a.
1.10
0.27
0.00
100.25
SKI-1/13 A
m1/1
30.16
0.14
3.88
1.07
2.56
12.67
27.19
3.14
11.87
2.14
0.22
1.20
0.16
0.86
0.13
0.50
0.11
0.15
0.16
0.00
n.a.
0.97
0.30
0.00
99.57
SKI-1/13 A
m1/2
30.27
0.15
4.01
1.13
2.57
12.53
26.81
3.11
11.83
2.21
0.14
1.22
0.18
0.85
0.05
0.47
0.12
0.18
0.05
0.00
n.a.
1.12
0.29
0.01
99.31
SKI-1/13 A
m1/3
30.19
0.16
5.10
1.09
3.37
12.09
25.74
3.14
11.40
2.04
0.20
1.17
0.22
1.01
0.02
0.64
0.14
0.21
0.03
0.00
n.a.
1.17
0.37
0.01
99.51
SKI-1/13 A
m1/4
30.17
0.11
3.52
0.76
2.60
12.67
27.42
3.18
12.05
2.14
0.14
1.19
0.18
0.90
0.00
0.52
0.05
0.18
0.10
0.00
n.a.
0.91
0.28
0.00
99.07
SKI-1/13 A
m2/1
30.56
0.09
2.83
0.62
2.68
12.51
27.94
3.32
12.37
2.16
0.18
1.22
0.17
0.71
0.13
0.59
0.08
0.18
0.06
0.00
n.a.
0.66
0.27
0.01
99.34
SKI-1/13 A
m2/2
30.20
0.13
4.12
0.80
2.49
12.51
26.62
3.07
11.59
2.04
0.14
1.17
0.22
0.82
0.17
0.59
0.07
0.16
0.12
0.00
n.a.
0.92
0.39
0.03
98.40
SKI-1/13 A
m3/1
30.48
0.05
2.02
0.22
2.25
14.12
28.82
3.35
12.19
1.95
0.21
0.91
0.11
0.65
0.13
0.48
0.18
0.19
0.14
0.00
n.a.
0.46
0.22
0.00
99.14
SKI-1/13 A
m3/2
30.52
0.09
2.72
0.57
2.37
13.39
27.85
3.23
12.17
2.11
0.15
1.06
0.20
0.82
0.00
0.50
0.09
0.22
0.23
0.00
n.a.
0.75
0.22
0.02
99.28
SKI-1/13 A
m3/3
30.67
0.11
3.50
0.56
3.71
12.80
26.48
3.10
11.65
2.13
0.19
1.29
0.22
1.00
0.11
0.64
0.16
0.23
0.08
0.00
n.a.
1.05
0.23
0.02
99.94
SKI-1/13 A
m4/1
30.57
0.11
4.15
0.74
3.23
13.14
27.11
3.29
11.91
2.10
0.12
1.10
0.18
0.84
0.15
0.57
0.12
0.24
0.06
0.12
n.a.
1.08
0.26
0.01
101.21
SKI-1/13 A
m4/2
30.35
0.19
6.29
1.10
3.57
11.88
24.63
3.03
10.98
2.12
0.13
1.33
0.18
1.08
0.15
0.76
0.15
0.20
0.14
0.08
n.a.
1.37
0.44
0.00
100.19
SKI-1/13 A
m5/1
30.51
0.08
2.93
0.49
2.65
12.98
27.52
3.27
12.18
2.17
0.21
1.11
0.18
0.89
0.05
0.52
0.12
0.17
0.06
0.09
n.a.
0.69
0.27
0.00
99.14
SKI-1/13 A
m5/2
30.37
0.12
4.14
0.55
2.69
12.80
26.42
3.24
11.92
2.10
0.20
1.31
0.14
0.88
0.15
0.49
0.15
0.18
0.09
0.11
n.a.
0.92
0.36
0.02
99.33
Table S1 (continued)
iii
MONAZITE GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE KÅFJORD NAPPE, NORWEGIAN ARCTIC CALEDONIDES
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
Table S2: Chemical analyses of monazite with structural formulae recalculated on the basis of 16 oxygens.
Sample name Analysis No
P
Pb
Th
U
Y
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Fe
S
Ca
Si
Sr
Total X
mon
X
hutt
X
che
X
xno
Eu/Eu*
Y
N
JM-13-6A
mnz1/1
3.94
0.00
0.15
0.02
0.25
0.72
1.53
0.18
0.63
0.10
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.23
0.03
n.a.
8.03
0.84
0.01
0.09
0.06
0.67
19492
JM-13-6A
mnz1/2
3.93
0.00
0.15
0.02
0.25
0.73
1.54
0.18
0.64
0.10
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.02
0.21
0.04
n.a.
8.04
0.84
0.01
0.09
0.06
0.77
19001
JM-13-6A
mnz4/2
3.97
0.00
0.13
0.02
0.16
0.77
1.62
0.19
0.68
0.11
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.14
0.04
n.a.
8.01
0.88
0.01
0.07
0.04
0.57
12161
JM-13-6A
mnz7/1
3.95
0.00
0.14
0.02
0.13
0.72
1.59
0.19
0.72
0.12
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.19
0.04
n.a.
8.01
0.87
0.01
0.08
0.03
0.49
10386
JM-13-6A
mnz7/2
3.92
0.00
0.16
0.02
0.12
0.76
1.62
0.19
0.71
0.11
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.20
0.04
n.a.
8.03
0.87
0.01
0.09
0.03
0.64
8792
JM-13-6A
mnz7/3
3.93
0.01
0.17
0.02
0.24
0.70
1.51
0.18
0.67
0.12
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.23
0.04
n.a.
8.03
0.83
0.01
0.10
0.06
0.48
18889
JM-13-6A
mnz13/1
3.92
0.01
0.18
0.02
0.10
0.74
1.59
0.19
0.71
0.12
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.24
0.04
n.a.
8.03
0.86
0.01
0.11
0.02
0.49
7321
JM-13-6A
mnz13/2
3.96
0.00
0.15
0.02
0.13
0.73
1.57
0.19
0.69
0.12
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.22
0.03
n.a.
8.01
0.87
0.01
0.09
0.03
0.54
10242
JM-13-6A
mnz13/3
3.94
0.00
0.16
0.02
0.25
0.69
1.50
0.18
0.68
0.12
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.22
0.03
n.a.
8.02
0.84
0.01
0.09
0.06
0.58
19136
JM-13-6A
mnz13/4
3.95
0.00
0.15
0.02
0.22
0.70
1.53
0.18
0.68
0.12
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.20
0.03
n.a.
8.02
0.85
0.01
0.09
0.06
0.52
17301
JM-13-6A
mnz14/1
3.95
0.00
0.13
0.02
0.20
0.71
1.55
0.18
0.69
0.12
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.20
0.03
n.a.
8.02
0.86
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.64
15554
JM-13-6A
mnz14/2
3.93
0.00
0.14
0.01
0.10
0.73
1.62
0.19
0.72
0.13
0.03
0.08
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.18
0.05
n.a.
8.05
0.88
0.01
0.08
0.03
0.70
7751
JM-13-6A
mnz15/1
3.94
0.00
0.12
0.02
0.19
0.78
1.67
0.18
0.68
0.10
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.03
n.a.
8.01
0.88
0.01
0.06
0.05
0.52
13958
JM-13-6A
mnz16/1
3.94
0.00
0.13
0.02
0.19
0.76
1.63
0.19
0.69
0.11
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.04
n.a.
8.02
0.87
0.01
0.07
0.05
0.62
14312
JM-13-6A
mnz16/2
3.93
0.00
0.16
0.02
0.17
0.75
1.61
0.18
0.69
0.10
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.05
n.a.
8.02
0.86
0.01
0.08
0.04
0.67
13124
JM-13-6A
mnz16/3
3.94
0.00
0.13
0.02
0.18
0.78
1.62
0.19
0.69
0.10
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.16
0.04
n.a.
8.02
0.87
0.01
0.07
0.05
0.67
13560
JM-13-6A
mnz16/4
3.93
0.00
0.14
0.02
0.20
0.76
1.62
0.19
0.69
0.10
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.04
n.a.
8.03
0.87
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.63
14615
JM-13-6A
mnz18/1
3.94
0.00
0.15
0.02
0.20
0.75
1.59
0.19
0.67
0.11
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.17
0.04
n.a.
8.02
0.86
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.57
14918
JM-13-6A
mnz18/2
3.93
0.00
0.15
0.02
0.19
0.77
1.62
0.19
0.68
0.11
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.17
0.04
n.a.
8.03
0.86
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.57
14121
JM-13-6A
mnz18/3
3.94
0.00
0.15
0.02
0.19
0.75
1.60
0.19
0.69
0.11
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.16
0.04
n.a.
8.02
0.86
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.61
14557
JM-13-6A
mnz18/4
3.96
0.00
0.15
0.02
0.20
0.74
1.57
0.19
0.70
0.11
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.04
n.a.
8.00
0.86
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.60
15080
SKI-1/13
m1/1
3.82
0.01
0.15
0.04
0.26
0.73
1.55
0.18
0.68
0.12
0.01
0.08
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.20
0.14
0.00
8.08
0.84
0.00
0.10
0.06
0.19
15310
SKI-1/13
m1/2
3.86
0.01
0.14
0.04
0.21
0.76
1.60
0.19
0.69
0.12
0.01
0.08
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.17
0.10
0.00
8.06
0.86
0.00
0.08
0.05
0.25
12292
SKI-1/13
m2/1
3.95
0.01
0.14
0.04
0.23
0.70
1.53
0.18
0.66
0.12
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
n.a.
0.19
0.08
0.00
8.02
0.85
0.00
0.10
0.06
0.16
13911
SKI-1/13
m3/1
3.94
0.00
0.10
0.01
0.20
0.75
1.62
0.19
0.69
0.12
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.11
0.11
0.00
8.00
0.89
0.00
0.06
0.05
0.22
12400
SKI-1/13
m3/2
3.90
0.00
0.14
0.02
0.26
0.72
1.55
0.18
0.66
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.16
0.15
0.00
8.02
0.85
0.00
0.08
0.07
0.30
15741
SKI-1/13
m4/1
contaminated
SKI-1/13
m4/2
3.94
0.01
0.13
0.04
0.22
0.71
1.55
0.19
0.72
0.14
0.01
0.08
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.16
0.05
0.00
8.03
0.87
0.00
0.08
0.05
0.17
12703
SKI-1/13
m4/3
4.00
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.20
0.82
1.65
0.19
0.68
0.11
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.09
0.03
0.00
8.00
0.91
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.40
12295
SKI-1/13
m5/1
3.87
0.01
0.17
0.06
0.19
0.73
1.51
0.18
0.67
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.14
n.a.
0.20
0.09
0.00
8.10
0.84
0.01
0.10
0.05
0.24
11705
SKI-1/13
m6/1
3.98
0.01
0.14
0.03
0.27
0.71
1.51
0.18
0.65
0.11
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
n.a.
0.16
0.05
0.00
7.99
0.85
0.01
0.08
0.07
0.14
16169
SKI-1/13
m6/2
3.95
0.01
0.14
0.03
0.26
0.72
1.53
0.19
0.65
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
n.a.
0.16
0.05
0.00
8.01
0.85
0.01
0.08
0.07
0.22
16004
SKI-1/13
m6/3
3.96
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.23
0.73
1.54
0.18
0.66
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.16
0.05
0.00
8.00
0.85
0.01
0.08
0.06
0.31
14195
SKI-1/13
m6/4
3.94
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.23
0.73
1.56
0.19
0.67
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
n.a.
0.17
0.06
0.00
8.02
0.85
0.00
0.08
0.06
0.24
13652
SKI-1/13
m7/1
3.96
0.01
0.13
0.03
0.21
0.72
1.53
0.18
0.66
0.12
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.12
n.a.
0.15
0.05
0.00
8.05
0.86
0.01
0.07
0.05
0.25
13218
SKI-1/13
m7/2
3.94
0.01
0.14
0.03
0.22
0.71
1.52
0.18
0.66
0.12
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.10
n.a.
0.16
0.06
0.00
8.05
0.86
0.01
0.08
0.06
0.31
13337
SKI-1/13
m8/1
4.02
0.01
0.12
0.03
0.21
0.79
1.56
0.18
0.62
0.09
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.13
0.05
0.00
7.97
0.87
0.01
0.07
0.05
0.29
13236
iv
ZIEMNIAK, KOŚMIŃSKA, PETRÍK, JANÁK, WALCZAK, MANECKI and MAJKA
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2019, 70, 6, 494–511
Sample name Analysis No
P
Pb
Th
U
Y
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Fe
S
Ca
Si
Sr
Total X
mon
X
hutt
X
che
X
xno
Eu/Eu*
Y
N
SKI-1/13
m8/2
3.97
0.01
0.19
0.05
0.27
0.73
1.46
0.17
0.60
0.10
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.21
0.06
0.00
7.99
0.82
0.01
0.11
0.07
0.22
16379
SKI-1/13
m8/3
3.94
0.01
0.19
0.05
0.26
0.77
1.50
0.17
0.60
0.09
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.22
0.07
0.00
8.01
0.82
0.01
0.11
0.06
0.25
15321
SKI-1/13
m9/1
4.01
0.01
0.13
0.04
0.22
0.71
1.51
0.18
0.65
0.12
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.18
0.06
0.00
7.98
0.85
0.00
0.09
0.06
0.12
13282
SKI-1/13
m9/2
3.98
0.00
0.10
0.02
0.35
0.72
1.49
0.18
0.63
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.04
0.00
8.02
0.81
0.01
0.09
0.09
0.23
21256
SKI-1/13
m10/1
4.02
0.00
0.09
0.02
0.21
0.76
1.59
0.19
0.68
0.11
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.11
0.04
0.00
7.98
0.89
0.00
0.06
0.05
0.15
12771
SKI-1/13
m11/1
3.94
0.01
0.13
0.04
0.26
0.74
1.55
0.18
0.66
0.11
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.05
0.00
8.02
0.84
0.01
0.08
0.07
0.15
15121
SKI-1/13
m11/2
3.95
0.01
0.13
0.04
0.26
0.74
1.55
0.18
0.66
0.11
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.16
0.05
0.00
8.02
0.85
0.00
0.08
0.07
0.15
15735
SKI-1/13
m12/1
3.93
0.01
0.17
0.04
0.27
0.70
1.50
0.18
0.66
0.11
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.19
0.08
0.00
8.02
0.83
0.01
0.09
0.07
0.30
16686
SKI-1/13
m12/2
3.97
0.00
0.10
0.02
0.22
0.77
1.61
0.19
0.66
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.12
0.05
0.00
8.00
0.88
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.19
13201
SKI-1/13
m12/3
3.94
0.01
0.14
0.03
0.24
0.74
1.57
0.18
0.66
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.16
0.07
0.00
8.01
0.86
0.00
0.08
0.06
0.22
14362
SKI-1/13
m13/1
3.98
0.01
0.14
0.03
0.23
0.82
1.54
0.17
0.61
0.09
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.17
0.05
0.00
7.99
0.85
0.00
0.08
0.06
0.38
13757
SKI-1/13
m13/2
4.01
0.01
0.13
0.04
0.30
0.78
1.47
0.17
0.60
0.09
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.18
0.04
0.00
7.98
0.83
0.00
0.09
0.08
0.18
18468
SKI-1/13A
m1/1
3.98
0.01
0.14
0.04
0.21
0.73
1.55
0.18
0.66
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.16
0.05
0.00
7.99
0.86
0.00
0.08
0.05
0.38
12843
SKI-1/13A
m1/2
3.99
0.01
0.14
0.04
0.21
0.72
1.53
0.18
0.66
0.12
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.19
0.05
0.00
7.99
0.85
0.00
0.09
0.05
0.24
12904
SKI-1/13A
m1/3
3.97
0.01
0.18
0.04
0.28
0.69
1.47
0.18
0.63
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.19
0.06
0.00
7.99
0.82
0.01
0.10
0.07
0.36
16879
SKI-1/13A
m1/4
3.99
0.00
0.13
0.03
0.22
0.73
1.57
0.18
0.67
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.15
0.04
0.00
7.99
0.87
0.00
0.08
0.05
0.24
13054
SKI-1/13A
m2/1
4.01
0.00
0.10
0.02
0.22
0.72
1.59
0.19
0.69
0.12
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.11
0.04
0.00
7.97
0.88
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.30
13445
SKI-1/13A
m2/2
4.01
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.21
0.72
1.53
0.18
0.65
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.15
0.06
0.00
7.97
0.86
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.26
12502
SKI-1/13A
m3/1
4.02
0.00
0.07
0.01
0.19
0.81
1.64
0.19
0.68
0.10
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.08
0.03
0.00
7.98
0.91
0.00
0.04
0.05
0.41
11276
SKI-1/13A
m3/2
4.02
0.00
0.10
0.02
0.20
0.77
1.59
0.18
0.68
0.11
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
n.a.
0.12
0.03
0.00
7.98
0.89
0.00
0.06
0.05
0.26
11902
SKI-1/13A
m3/3
4.00
0.00
0.12
0.02
0.30
0.73
1.49
0.17
0.64
0.11
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
n.a.
0.17
0.04
0.00
8.00
0.84 -0.01 0.09
0.08
0.32
18631
SKI-1/13A
m4/1
3.97
0.00
0.14
0.03
0.26
0.74
1.52
0.18
0.65
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
n.a.
0.18
0.04
0.00
8.02
0.85
0.00
0.09
0.07
0.22
16185
SKI-1/13A
m 4/2
3.97
0.01
0.22
0.04
0.29
0.68
1.39
0.17
0.61
0.11
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
n.a.
0.23
0.07
0.00
8.00
0.80
0.01
0.11
0.07
0.23
17926
SKI-1/13A
m5/1
4.01
0.00
0.10
0.02
0.22
0.74
1.57
0.18
0.68
0.12
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
n.a.
0.12
0.04
0.00
7.98
0.88
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.37
13285
SKI-1/13A
m5/2
4.00
0.01
0.15
0.02
0.22
0.73
1.50
0.18
0.66
0.11
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
n.a.
0.15
0.06
0.00
7.99
0.86
0.00
0.08
0.06
0.34
13481
Table S2 (continued)