GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, OCTOBER 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
doi: 10.1515/geoca-2018-0025
www.geologicacarpathica.com
Hydrothermal-to-metasomatic overprint of the neovolcanic
rocks evidenced by composite apatite crystals: a case study
from the Maglovec Hill, Slanské vrchy Mountains, Slovakia
NOEMI MÉSZÁROSOVÁ
1, 2,
, ROMAN SKÁLA
1, 2
, ŠÁRKA MATOUŠKOVÁ
1
,
PETR MIKYSEK
1, 3
, JAKUB PLÁŠIL
4
and IVANA CÍSAŘOVÁ
5
1
Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 165 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic;
meszarosova@gli.cas.cz
2
Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
3
Institute of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
4
Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic
5
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 6, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
(Manuscript received November 1, 2017; accepted in revised form October 4, 2018)
Abstract: The apatite assemblage from Maglovec hill (Slanské vrchy Mountains near the city of Prešov) from fissures
of hydrothermally altered neovolcanic rocks (andesites and related lithologies) was studied. The assemblage consists of
two different morphological apatite types (apatite in cores of prismatic crystals and fibrous apatite mantling these cores).
The assemblage was investigated by a multi‑analytical approach to reveal its unique chemical composition and structure.
Both types of apatite display zoning visible in back‑scattered electron (BSE) images. Core apatite is relatively homo‑
genous with porous rims appearing darker in the BSE images at the contact with fibrous apatite, and occasionally with
darker regions along fractures. These parts are depleted in trace elements, mostly in LREE. Fibrous apatites display
concentric and/or patchy zoning. Dark regions in fibrous apatite occasionally display a porous structure. In part of fibrous
crystals, substitution of (CO
3
)
2−
for phosphorus is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy by the presence of a band at
~ 1071 cm
−1
. This method also confirmed the presence of OH in different populations in the structure of all apatite types.
The three most important observed peaks are caused by vibrations of hydroxyls influenced by different adjacent anions:
hydroxyl (band at ~ 3575 cm
−1
); fluorine (band at ~ 3535–3540 cm
−1
); chlorine (band at ~ 3494 cm
−1
). In REE‑depleted
parts of both apatite types, fine inclusions of monazite and rarely Th‑rich silicate are observed. The acquired data suggest
a hydrothermal origin of this assemblage and indicate a formation sequence of distinct apatite types. Moreover, minerals
from the epidote group were identified, which have not been described from this locality before as well as vanadium‑rich
magnetites that form exsolution lamellae in ilmenite grains.
Keywords: hydrothermal alteration, crystal chemistry, apatite, REE, SCXRD, PXRD, EPMA, SEM, LA–ICP–MS,
Raman spectroscopy.
Introduction
An apatite assemblage occurring on the southern slopes of
Maglovec hill near the city of Prešov is unique due to its un-
usual chemical composition caused by multiple dissolution
and recrystallization metasomatic events. No other similar
locality with such a complex apatite assemblage has been
known to date.
Apatite group minerals (expressed by the general formula as
Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
X where X = F, Cl, OH) are a major object of study
due to their variable composition at the locality. In general,
the symmetry of minerals of the apatite group (further referred
to as apatite) is consistent with the space group P6
3
/m; how-
ever, ordering of ions in the structure may result in departures
from an ideal structure reducing the symmetry to the mono-
clinic space group P2
1
/b. Hydroxylapatite‑M and chlorapa-
tite‑M represent such monoclinic apatite group minerals
(Pasero et al. 2010). A large amount of chemical substitutions
may take place for calcium and phosphorus but also for anions
at position X of the apatite structure (Pan & Fleet 2002).
Possibly the best investigated is the Ca, REE substitution, as it
may generate intense luminescence (Gaft et al. 2001;
Waychunas 2002; MacRae & Wilson 2008; Lenz et al. 2015).
Another important substituent is the (CO
3
)
2−
group which may
substitute for either phosphorus in tetrahedra or anions at
position X (Penel et al. 1998; Antonakos et al. 2007; Awonusi
et al. 2007).
The uniqueness of this locality has been noticed before and,
among others, it was subject to a detailed mineralogical study
by Povondra et al. (2007). Their investigation revealed three
types of apatite with very complex chemical compositions and
suggested that Cl‑rich varieties were monoclinic. The presence
of extremely fine fibrous carbonate–hydroxylapatite was also
pointed out. In the mineral association of the apatite assem-
blage, opal located at the centers of prismatic apatite crystals
and tremolite‑asbestos were reported. The study, however, left
some questions opened, in particular the apatite crystal struc-
ture and chemistry. The goal of this study is to expand know‑
ledge on the chemical and structural data on minerals of this
assemblage, and specifically to test the presence of monoclinic
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GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
apatite and explain the origin of such a complex apatite assem-
blage. Therefore, multi‑analytical approach and detailed tex-
tural study were used: scanning electron microscopy, electron
probe microanalysis, laser ablation inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, and powder
and single‑crystal X‑ray diffraction. Characteristics of pre‑
viously reported phases is supplemented by chemical charac-
teristics of several new minerals for the locality.
Locality description
Maglovec Hill is located in the northern part of the Slanské
vrchy Mountains 8 km ENE of the city of Prešov near
the village of Vyšná Šebastová (Fig. 1; 49°01’13” N,
21°20’31” E). Local rock was characterized by Kuthan (1948)
as porphyric augite andesite. In some parts of the rock,
pyroxenes are transformed to amphiboles and the rock can be
described as porphyric amphibole andesite. Marcinčáková &
Košuth (2011) classified the rock as diorite porphyrite formed
by over 50 % plagioclase microlites. The diorite porphyrite
contains xenoliths including rock types ranging from volcani-
clastics to sediments or xenoliths with Ca‑skarn
mineralization.
The studied mineral assemblage forms fracture fillings in
tectonic zones of hydrothermally altered host rock (Černý et
al. 1973; Povondra et al. 2007). The mineral association from
magmatic to supergene stage was described in detail by Ďuďa
et al. (1981). According to these authors, the apatite mineral
assemblage includes two types of apatite (one produced during
post‑magmatic stage while the other originated during a super-
gene stage), calcic amphibole displaying higher than stoichio-
metric content of water, chabazite, ilmenite, calcite, hematite,
kaolinite, limonite and a mixture of Ti‑oxides.
Analytical methods
The apatite assemblage and its host rock were characterized
in three polished sections prepared as grain mounts from 14
samples. All samples were taken from the material studied by
Povondra et al. (2007).
Seven samples include apatite assemblage; three of them
were oriented cuts (Fig. 2; either parallel or perpendicular to
c axis) and others represented general cuts (though one of
them was almost perpendicular to c axis). Five samples
included asbestos associated with solitary small grains of
apatite and with surrounding host rock. Two samples repre-
sented the host rock.
Zoning of all minerals was investigated by a scanning elec-
tron microscope (SEM). Back‑scattered electron (BSE) images
and element distribution maps were obtained by a Tescan Vega
3XMU scanning electron microscope equipped with a Bruker
X’Flash 5010 energy dispersive X‑ray spectrometer housed at
the Department of Analytical Methods, Czech Academy of
Sciences, Institute of Geology, Prague.
Major element composition
Major element concentrations were obtained by a CAMECA
SX‑100 electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) equipped with
four wavelength‑dispersive X‑ray spectrometers, housed at
the Department of Analytical Methods, Czech Academy of
Sciences, Institute of Geology, Prague. For analyses of apatites,
the accelerating voltage of 15 kV, the sample current of 10 nA,
and an electron beam of 2 μm diameter were applied; focused
beam was used for the measurement of grains too small to use
the 2 µm beam spot. In such grains, the same voltage and cur-
rent were applied as for defocused beam. The analyzed ele-
ments included (used spectral line, spectrometer crystal,
standard, average detection limit in ppm, respectively, are
given in parentheses): F (Kα, PC0, fluorite, 1322), Na (Kα,
TAP, jadeite, 782), Mg (Kα, TAP, periclase, 295), Al (Kα, TAP,
jadeite, 352), Si (Kα, TAP, quartz, 358), P (Kα, LPET, apatite,
553), S (Kα, LPET, barite, 110), Cl (Kα, LPET, tugtupite, 362),
Ca (Kα, LPET, apatite, 535), Fe (Kα, LLIF, hematite, 710), Sr
(Lα, LPET, celestite, 338), Y (Lα, LPET, Y‑Al garnet, 369), La
(Lα, LLIF, monazite, 954), Ce (Lα, LLIF, monazite, 1155), Pr
(Lβ, LLIF, REE glass, 2335), Nd (Lα, LLIF, monazite, 1044).
Analyses of apatites were recalculated based on 13 anions
(O
2−
, F
−
and OH
−
) per formula unit. The content of H
2
O was
calculated from stoichiometry assuming full occupancy of
X site. Analytical conditions and procedures taken to calculate
empirical formulae of other minerals are listed in the elec-
tronic supplement.
Trace element composition
Trace element concentrations were determined using laser
ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(LA–ICP–MS) housed at the Department of Geological
Processes, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology,
Prague. The operating conditions of the sector field ICP–MS
(Thermo‑Finnigan Element 2) were optimized using a multi‑
element tuning solution to comply with a high sensitivity
accompanied by the oxide ion percentage of less than 0.5 %.
Isotopes were measured either in low mass resolution
(m/Δm = 300) or in medium resolution (m/Δm = 4000).
The isotopes measured in low mass resolution included:
7
Li,
9
Be,
11
B,
23
Na,
43
Ca,
75
As,
85
Rb,
89
Y,
90
Zr,
93
Nb,
121
Sb,
133
Cs,
Fig. 1. A location map of Maglovec Hill marked with an asterisk.
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APATITE FROM NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS (SLANSKÉ VRCHY MOUNTAINS, SLOVAKIA)
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
139
La,
140
Ce,
141
Pr,
146
Nd,
147
Sm,
153
Eu,
157
Gd,
159
Tb,
163
Dy,
165
Ho,
166
Er,
169
Tm,
172
Yb,
175
Lu,
178
Hf,
181
Ta,
182
W,
185
Re,
208
Pb,
209
Bi,
232
Th,
238
U. The isotopes measured in medium mass resolution
included:
23
Na,
24
Mg,
27
Al,
29
Si,
31
P,
32
S,
43
Ca,
45
Sc,
47
Ti,
51
V,
52
Cr,
55
Mn,
59
Co,
60
Ni,
63
Cu,
66
Zn,
209
Bi.
A laser with beam diameter of 30 μm was rastered over lines
50 μm long. Two lines for both resolutions were measured in
each grain, if the apatite grain size allowed. All concentrations
were calibrated against the external standard reference mate‑
rials — synthetic silicate glass NIST SRM 612 (Jochum 2011)
and synthetic phosphate glass STDP3‑150 (Klemme et al.
2008). The isotope of
43
Ca was used as an internal standard for
both resolutions using chemical data (CaO content) obtained
previously by EPMA. The time‑resolved signal data were pro-
cessed using the Glitter software (van Achterbergh et al. 2001)
to select signal parts free of any other mineral/fluid inclusions
and inhomogeneities. Following elements were below their
detection limits or the results of measurements were unreliable
due to analytical artefacts; consequently they are not included
in results: Be, Na, Mg, Sc, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ta,
W, Re, Bi.
Raman spectroscopy
Raman spectra were obtained with an S&I MonoVista
CRS+ Raman microspectrometer (spectrometer SP2750i,
Princeton Instruments) equipped with a Peltier‑cooled
iDus‑416 detector (Andor, size 2000 × 256 pixels, pixel size
15 × 15µm) housed at the Department of Analytical Methods,
Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology, Prague.
The accuracy of the wavenumber axis was calibrated with
Hg–Ne–Ar lamp (by Princeton Instruments) and before every
set of measurements spectra of standards (polystyrene and
silicon or quartz) were obtained as a reference. In all measure-
ments, a laser beam was focused on a sample surface with
a 50× magnifying long working distance objective attached to
an Olympus BX‑51WI microscope. Excitation lasers of 3 dif-
ferent wavelengths (488 nm, 532 nm, 785 nm) were used
to document laser‑induced photoluminescence (PL). Spectra
docu menting PL were obtained with 150 grooves/mm grating
resulting in ~ 100–7000 cm
−1
range with 488 nm excitation,
in ~ 100–6300 cm
−1
range with 532 nm excitation, and
~ 100–3500 cm
−1
range with 785 nm excitation. Spectra were
collected for 5 sec in 10 consecutive accumulations (488 nm
excitation) or for 10 sec in 10 consecutive accumulations (532
nm excitation and 785 nm excitation). For detailed study of
vibration modes of apatite structure including determination
of the presence of (CO
3
)
2−
, the Raman spectra were acquired
within ~ 120–1150 cm
−1
range with 488 nm excitation laser to
eliminate the most interfering PL signal. Spectra were collec‑
ted for 30 sec in 10 consecutive accumulations. For a detailed
study of vibration modes of populations of hydroxyl group,
the Raman spectra were collected within 3300–3700 cm
−1
range using the same condition of accumulations but with a
532 nm excitation laser which minimized the influence of PL
signals in this spectral region. Spectra for identification of host
rock minerals were recorded within ~ 100–1250 cm
−1
except
for those containing H
2
O in their structure; in the case of H
2
O/
OH‑bearing minerals, spectra were collected up to 4000 cm
−1
.
Spectra were recorded with 488 nm excitation laser for 10 sec
in 2 consecutive accumulations with exception of spectra of
ilmenite and magnetite which were obtained with 785 nm
excitation laser for 30 sec in 5 consecutive accumulations.
All Raman spectra were background‑corrected and spectral
bands were fitted by pseudo‑Voigt function in the Fityk 0.9.8.
program (Wojdyr 2010).
Powder X-ray diffraction
X‑ray powder diffraction investigation was carried out with
a Bruker D8 Discover diffractometer (housed at the Department
of Analytical Methods, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute
of Geology, Prague) equipped with a silicon‑strip linear
LynxEye detector and a focusing germanium primary
Fig. 2. Appearance of apatite assemblage. a — A macrograph of a prismatic crystal of apatite which is composed of clear yellowish inner part
of core apatite and rusty‑orange to white fibrous apatites mantling the core apatite. b — A photograph of a polished section of oriented cuts of
apatite assemblage illustrating the relationship of two apatite types.
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, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
monochromator of Johansson type providing CuKα
1
radiation
(λ = 1.54056 Å). Data for mineral identification were collected
in the 2θ range of 3–70° with a step size of 0.014° and a coun‑
ting time of 2.5 seconds at each step, and detector angular
opening of 1.507°. Data for apatite structure characterization
were collected in the 2θ range of 8–140° with a step size of
0.009° and a counting time of 3.5 second at each step, and
detector angular opening of 2.896°. Data for actinolite‑
asbestos structure characterization were collected in the 2θ
range of 4–140° with a step size of 0.009° and a counting time
of 3.5 second at each step, and detector angular opening of
1.996°. The phase identification was performed with
DIFFRAC.EVA software (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe,
Germany, 2016). The structure refinements of both apatites
and actinolite‑ asbestos were performed with DIFFRAC.
TOPAS software (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany,
2008) using crystal structures from Hughes et al. (1989) as
starting models for apatites. For actinolite‑asbestos, the fitting
was carried in monoclinic C2/m space group using the model
for actinolite provided by DIFFRAC.TOPAS software
distribution.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
Crystal structures of four crystals were refined from single‑
crystal X‑ray diffraction data. Two of the crystals corre-
sponded to apatite cores, the other two were sampled from
fibrous sheath of the larger prismatic crystals. Data for two
crystals were collected using an Oxford Diffraction Gemini
single‑crystal diffractometer system, equipped with an Atlas
CCD area detector, using monochromatized MoKα radiation,
λ = 0.71073 Å, and with a fibre‑optics Mo‑Enhance collimator
(housed at the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of
Physics, Prague). Other two crystals were characterized with
a Nonius Kappa CCD diffractometer, using monochromatized
MoKα radiation (Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, Charles University, Prague). The final crystal
structure refinement was carried out by the Jana2006 program
(Petříček et al. 2014) with atomic coordinates taken from
Hughes et al. (1989) as a starting model.
Results
Apatite assemblage
Two morphologically different types of apatite can be dis-
tinguished; (i) a clear yellowish apatite forming cores of pris-
matic crystals, herein called core apatite, and (ii) reddish
rusty‑orange to white fibrous apatite mantling the cores, herein
called fibrous apatite (Fig. 2). The core apatites and the fibrous
apatites share roughly the same crystallographic orientation;
the only exception are the finest fibrous apatites which tend to
be randomly oriented at some places. No opal was observed in
the centres of core apatite in the set of studied samples, in
variance with Povondra et al. (2007). This apatite assemblage
is surrounded by white to greyish light green extremely fine‑
fibrous asbestos.
Fragments of core apatite reach up to 4 mm in diameter and
6 mm in length. Core apatite is relatively homogenous with
darker rims in the BSE images at the contact with fibrous
apatites (Fig. 3). Homogenous parts of core apatite are further
referred to as ApCore. The rims, further referred to as ApRim,
appear porous and they gradually transit into fibrous apatites.
In regions where the crystals of ApCore are fractured and
filled with asbestos, zones darker in the BSE images occasio‑
nally appear along these fractures (Fig. 3). Rarely, some inclu-
sions of monazite occur (Fig. 3).
Contents of fluorine and partly also chlorine in apatites are
strongly influenced by diffusion to the surface from depth
below the analysed region due to electrical field produced by
the electron beam (Stormer et al. 1993; Goldoff et al. 2012;
Stock et al. 2015). This phenomenon is a function of many
variables; orientation of analyzed apatite crystals being one of
them. Due to this phenomenon the most reliable values of
fluorine and chlorine contents were obtained from the samples
with no specific crystallographic orientation; therefore only
analytical data of non‑oriented grains for both types of core
apatite are presented in Table 1. Some substitution for calcium
and phosphorus were determined from major element compo-
sition of ApCore. The position normally fully occupied by Ca
is partly substituted by REEs (almost 2 wt. %) and also by low
contents of Na, Fe and Mg. Tetrahedral structural position nor-
mally fully occupied by phosphorus shows a weak Si substitu-
tion. ApCore shows the highest contents of REE and
particularly LREE (notably La, Ce, Pr and Nd). Trace element
concentrations including REE contents in ApCore are given in
Supplementary Table S1.
Raman spectroscopy investigation applied to ApCore sam-
ples revealed well defined vibration bands assigned to apatite
structure. Table 2 summarizes values of Raman shifts for all
peaks of representative samples of each chemical type.
Corresponding Raman spectra are displayed in Figure 4.
The most intensive peak of ν
1
vibration of tetrahedron (PO
4
)
3−
is at 962.6 cm
−1
; in the area of ν
2
vibration modes of (PO
4
)
3−
,
two peaks are observed at 429.8 and 448.1 cm
−1
. In the region
of ν
3
vibration modes of (PO
4
)
3−
, six peaks can be resolved at
1041.0 cm
−1
, 1048.2 cm
−1
, 1054.2 cm
−1
, 1059.9 cm
−1
, 1078.1 cm
−1
and 1087.6 cm
−1
. In the region of ν
4
vibration modes of (PO
4
)
3−
,
three peaks are observed at 581.8 cm
−1
, 590.6 cm
−1
and
608.0 cm
−1
. Presence of OH was confirmed by Raman spec-
troscopy. In the region of stretching vibration modes of OH
group at ~ 3500 cm
−1
, four peaks are resolved at 3442.6 cm
−1
,
3470.7 cm
−1
, 3497.9 cm
−1
and 3535.8 cm
−1
. Peaks in the Raman
spectra of ApRim are slightly shifted in comparison to ApCore
due to different chemical composition of the two types (Table 2.).
The most notable shifts to lower wavenumbers are observed in
the region of ν
3
vibration modes of (PO
4
)
3−
. In the region of
the vibration modes of hydroxyl, four peaks are also resolved
but only two of them coincide with those observed in spectra
of ApCore (at 3494.0 cm
−1
and 3540.1 cm
−1
). This observation
reflects the different occupation of X position.
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, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
Moreover, very intense peaks which cannot be assigned
to vibrations of apatite structure were obtained in the spectra
of all samples. In some cases, these peaks partly overlap
the Raman spectra of apatite. Three different excitation lasers
were used to record spectra of all chemical types of apatites to
find out the origin of these peaks. After converting the Raman
shifts to wavelength, it appeared that some of the peaks occur
at the same wavelength values. This fact suggests that these
peaks correspond to laser induced photoluminescence (PL).
To illustrate this feature, the spectra of ApCore for which
the highest intensity of these peaks were observed among all
studied samples are shown in Figure 5.
Both the single‑crystal and powder X‑ray diffraction studies
of the core apatites unambiguously revealed the hexagonal
symmetry for this material. Crystal structure parameters
refined from single‑crystal X‑ray diffraction data are listed in
Supplementary Table S2; results of refinement of powder
X‑ray diffraction data are listed in Table 3.
Fibrous apatite
The size of fibrous crystals varies significantly; the largest
crystals are as long as 500 µm and up to 70 µm wide, whereas
the smallest crystals rarely exceed 50 µm in length and are not
wider than 5 µm. In the BSE images, most grains display
concentric and/or patchy zoning. This structure is caused by
the differences in the composition of individual regions, par-
ticularly differences in the contents of F and Cl as shown on
elemental distribution maps (Fig. 6). A total of 56 points were
measured in larger grains and 28 points in smaller grains. Five
distinct chemical types can be resolved among fibrous apatites
(Table 1). The BSE images allow us to distinguish three diffe‑
rent groups of fibrous apatite: 1) BSE‑dark grains with porous
structure, referred to as ApFib1, 2) BSE‑dark grains without
porous structure, referred to as ApFib2, and 3) BSE‑bright
grains. Based on the occupancy of the X site, the group of
fibrous apatites bright in the BSE images is further divided
into two chemically distinct types: ApFib3 and ApFib4
(Fig. 7). ApFib3 contains slightly elevated content of fluorine
whereas ApFib4 lacks fluorine almost completely. The size of
the finest apatite fibres prevented the observation of any
zoning, however, their chemical composition in general over-
laps that of the larger grains; nevertheless, some grains differ
constituting a separate chemical group, referred to as ApFib5.
In all types of fibrous apatite, only minor substitutions of sili-
con for phosphorus and REE for calcium was observed.
Fig. 3. BSE images of an apatite crystal forming the core of the apatite assemblage which is embayed in fibrous apatite crystals. a — Darker
regions in BSE (ApRim) along cracks filled with very fine actinolite‑asbestos. b — Core apatite (ApCore) with fractures healed with Fe‑rich
oxides including some monazite inclusions with the rim transition into fibrous apatites. c — Core apatite displaying mottled structure with
darker regions rimmed with dark parts passing to fibrous apatite; both apatite types are roughly oriented perpendicular to the c axis. A thorium‑
rich silicate inclusion in fibrous apatite is marked with an arrow. d — A homogeneous part of ApCore rimmed with a darker region with porous
structure (ApRim) passing to fibrous apatite with mottled structure. e — An assemblage of fibrous apatites replaced by epidote‑group minerals
in contact with chlorites. f — Apatite fibers of variable size coated with Fe‑rich oxides. Abbreviations: Amp — amphibole, ApCore — core
apatite bright in the BSE images; ApRim — core apatite dark in the BSE images; ApFib — fibrous apatite, Aln–Ep — epidote‑group minerals,
Mnz — monazite.
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, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
The latter substitutions were observed in types ApFib3,
ApFib4 and ApFib5. Trace element concentrations in fibrous
apatites are listed in Supplementary Table S1. Collection of
data from chemically diverse parts of crystals was prevented
by the limited spatial resolution of the LA–ICP–MS technique.
Consequently, many differences in element contents from
the herein reported individual measurements can be attributed
to the actual lateral position sampled by the laser beam.
Analyses marked ApFib‑26a* and ApFib‑26b* were acquired
in large zones significantly brighter in BSE, embayed in
fibrous apatite and chemically closely resembling the ApCore
type. Compared to the ApCore, fibrous apatites display a deple-
tion in most trace elements (see Table S1). Raman spectra of
chemically distinct types were recorded to document a possi-
ble shift due to different occupancy of X sites. For the ApFib1
and ApFib2 types, Raman vibration modes of apatite structure
are invariant, and both types are presented as the ApFib1‑2
type. Raman shifts are listed in Table 2 and Raman spectra are
displayed in Figure 4. The Raman spectra of ApFib3 and ApFib4
are quite similar with some small shifts. Raman spectra of
ApFib1–2 and ApFib5 differ from those of ApFib3 and ApFib4
and also mutually, mainly in the regions of ν
3
vibration modes
of (PO
4
)
3−
and the region of stretching vibration modes of OH
group (see Fig. 4). To point out the most interesting observa-
tion suggesting the presence of (CO
3
)
2−
substituted for phos-
phorus, a peak at 1070 cm
−1
was resolved by fitting in spectra
of ApFib3, ApFib4 and ApFib5 in the region of the ν
3
vibra-
tion modes of (PO
4
)
3−
.
Fibrous apatite mantling the core apatite was subjected to
a detailed powder X‑ray diffraction study. Several samples
were tested pointing out that the material is a complex mixture
quite often containing amphibole in addition to apatite phases.
Finally, a single specimen was identified that was free of any
contamination. Careful Rietveld fitting for a sample consisting
Table 1: Average chemical composition of two types of core apatite and different chemical types of fibrous apatite.
ApCore
ApRim
ApFib1
ApFib2
ApFib3
ApFib4
ApFib5
n = 15
σ
n = 6
σ
n = 8
σ
n = 14
σ
n = 9
σ
n = 12
σ
n = 9
σ
P
2
O
5
42.2
0.32
43.02
0.35
42.84
0.50
42.48
0.76
41.96
0.36
41.13
0.47
40.84
0.92
SiO
2
0.40
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.12
0.05
0.26
0.08
0.23
0.08
0.63
0.06
0.60
0.03
Y
2
O
3
0.17
0.03
0.09
0.03
0.09
0.06
0.13
0.06
0.09
0.04
0.18
0.04
0.21
0.02
La
2
O
3
0.47
0.06
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.01
0.06
0.06
0.06
Ce
2
O
3
1.12
0.12
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.04
0.08
0.15
0.13
0.22
0.04
0.48
0.08
0.51
0.07
Nd
2
O
3
0.37
0.07
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.03
0.05
0.11
0.01
0.07
0.06
0.26
0.06
0.30
0.05
FeO
0.36
0.04
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.02
0.06
MgO
0.14
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
CaO
53.11
0.58
56.53
0.87
56.39
0.72
55.69
0.75
55.3
0.84
54.87
0.89
56.37
0.91
SrO
0.07
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
Na
2
O
0.30
0.05
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.001
0.02
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
F
2.72
0.18
3.10
0.34
2.58
0.66
2.29
0.49
1.13
0.34
0.22
0.07
0.70
0.10
Cl
1.65
0.24
0.84
0.12
1.05
0.53
0.95
0.47
3.02
0.24
3.11
0.18
2.46
0.13
H
2
O (calc)
0.08
0.05
0.15
0.15
0.33
0.25
0.48
0.16
0.48
0.10
0.88
0.05
0.83
0.06
O = F, Cl
1.52
n.d.
1.50
n.d.
1.33
n.d.
1.17
n.d.
1.16
n.d.
0.79
n.d.
0.84
n.d.
Total
101.65
0.92
102.26
1.12
102.14
1.14
101.37
1.16
101.37
1.02
101.07
1.16
102.05
1.01
P
2.995
0.013
2.999
0.019
2.993
0.012
2.989
0.023
2.984
0.015
2.946
0.016
2.905
0.036
Si
0.035
0.006
0.003
0.004
0.01
0.005
0.023
0.007
0.02
0.007
0.056
0.005
0.053
0.003
Y
0.008
0.002
0.004
0.001
0.004
0.003
0.006
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.008
0.002
0.01
0.001
La
0.014
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
Ce
0.035
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.004
0.007
0.001
0.015
0.002
0.016
0.002
Nd
0.011
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.008
0.002
0.009
0.002
Fe
0.025
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.004
Mg
0.018
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Ca
4.770
0.030
4.988
0.044
4.987
0.027
4.961
0.056
4.978
0.042
4.973
0.039
5.075
0.087
Sr
0.003
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
Na
0.049
0.008
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
F
0.722
0.049
0.808
0.084
0.672
0.169
0.601
0.128
0.300
0.087
0.058
0.018
0.185
0.026
Cl
0.234
0.033
0.116
0.016
0.146
0.075
0.134
0.066
0.431
0.036
0.445
0.029
0.350
0.021
OH
0.044
0.027
0.081
0.082
0.182
0.142
0.266
0.088
0.269
0.057
0.497
0.023
0.465
0.029
M
4.933
0.031
4.992
0.044
4.993
0.026
4.975
0.055
4.992
0.041
5.007
0.038
5.113
0.085
T
3.030
0.012
3.002
0.018
3.004
0.010
3.012
0.021
3.004
0.017
3.001
0.015
2.958
0.034
Fap
0.722
0.808
0.672
0.601
0.300
0.058
0.185
Clap
0.234
0.116
0.146
0.134
0.431
0.445
0.350
OHap
0.044
0.081
0.182
0.266
0.269
0.497
0.465
Explanatory notes: b.d.l. — below detection limits; σ — standart deviation; n — number of analyses used for calculation of average composition; n.d. — not determined
because of low numbers of observation
445
APATITE FROM NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS (SLANSKÉ VRCHY MOUNTAINS, SLOVAKIA)
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
of fibrous apatite applying constrains on unit‑cell
dimension sizes provided a satisfactory fit for
a mixture of five individual apatite‑structured
phases of hexagonal symmetry (Fig. 8, Table 3).
No superstructure peaks due to anion ordering
resulting in monoclinic P2
1
/b space group and
doubling b axis was found. The character of the
fibrous aggregate did not allow an association of
individual chemical groups with particular struc-
ture data.
Host rock
The apatite assemblage comes from the frac-
ture filling and hydrothermally altered part of
the andesite body forming the Maglovec hill and
it could be called tectonic fissure filling.
Minerals identified by the powder X‑ray dif-
fraction study of the bulk rock samples include
chlorite, mica, amphibole supergroup minerals,
plagioclase, apatite, titanite, ilmenite, epidote‑
group minerals, montmorillonite and kaolinite.
The presence of the listed minerals apart from
montmorillonite and kaolinite was confirmed by
Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra of all
minerals compared to matching standard spectra
from the RRUFF database (Lafuente et al. 2015)
are shown in the electronic supplement (Figs.
S1–S10). The presence of ilmenite and magnetite
was also confirmed by matching the measured
spectral data to those reported by Wang et al.
(2004). The specific chemical composition was
reflected in the Raman spectra and some shifts
consistent with the study by Wang et al. were
observed (2004).
Besides apatite, the major minerals of the host rock include
plagioclase, actinolite‑asbestos and chlorite. Plagioclase
forms xenomorphic grains in the matrix and also appears in
the form of relicts of the original hypidiomorphic bladed or
tabular crystals with a typical length of about 15 µm (Fig. 9).
The matrix also contains radial spherical aggregates of thin
sheets of chlorite (Fig. 9). These aggregates are typically
100 µm across with constituting sheets from 20 to 100 µm
in length. Chlorites frequently occur associated with patchy‑
zoned micas and actinolite‑asbestos. The variability observed
in the BSE images illustrates chemical differences mostly in
the contents of magnesium and iron. The chemical composi-
tion of chlorites based on the classification by Guggenheim
et al. (2006) scatter around the middle of the solid solution
between the chamosite and clinochlore end‑members (Sup ple‑
mentary Fig. S11). The classification diagrams were taken
from Zane & Weiss (1998) and from Plissart et al. (2009).
Actinolite-asbestos forms very fine fibres less than 1 µm
wide and ranging from several microns to 30 µm in length.
These fibres frequently form clusters. Long fibres are often
curved and associated with relicts of original amphiboles or
micas (Fig. 9). Occasionally they appear as inclusions in
grains of epidote‑group minerals (Fig. 9). They fill cracks in
these grains and also spaces between the individual grains of
other host rock minerals. In association with the apatite assem-
blage, they fill fissures in core apatite and also form clusters of
fibres and rarely individual crystals found in spaces between
fibrous apatites. The edges of the fibrous apatite assemblage
are constantly in contact with actinolite‑asbestos, gradually
verging into it. The whole apatite assemblage is completely
mantled by fibres and clusters of actinolite‑asbestos. Fre‑
quently small (not more than 70 µm long and 50 µm wide)
idiomorphic prismatic crystals of apatites are found in masses
covering the fibrous apatites. The chemical composition of
asbestos based on the classification by Hawthorne et al. (2012)
corresponds to actinolite (Supplementary Fig. S12).
Minor minerals include micas, minerals of the epidote
group, ilmenite and titanite. In some cases, aggregates of
micas in association with titanite and ilmenite replace original
minerals. Minerals of the mica group form platy crystals up to
200 µm long and 70 µm wide which display a significant
patchy zoning in the BSE images (Fig. 9). Occasionally they
Sample
ApCore
ApRim
ApFib1-2
ApFib3
ApFib4
ApFib5
lattice
99.6
133.1
132.7
133.5
126.8
122.6
125.8
138.4
138.6
152.7
154.0
156.1
143.5
141.9
181.7
181.3
208.9
209.0
209.8
203.1
202.9
196.8
232.3
233.0
229.7
240.9
240.6
289.3
289.2
284.2
282.2
306.2
307.0
302.3
306.0
301.4
ν
1
962.6
962.3
962.0
959.2
959.0
959.1
ν
2
429.8
429.7
429.5
428.1
428.1
428.0
448.1
447.3
448.6
442.6
440.5
438.7
ν
3
1041.0
1019.4
1019.2
1048.2
1032.5
1030.9
1031.0
1031.9
1029.8
1054.2
1042.7
1040.7
1039.0
1039.3
1039.9
1059.9
1048.8
1049.2
1047.3
1047.6
1078.1
1056.5
1056.8
1060.2
1061.1
1052.2
1087.6
1076.7
1077.4
1075.0
1075.0
1075.0
ν
1
CO
3
1070.0
1070.0
1070.0
ν
4
581.8
579.9
585.7
585.8
577.4
590.6
590.6
590.5
590.5
590.6
590.6
608.0
608.1
607.2
608.0
608.8
608.7
619.8
618.9
618.4
REE-OH-F
3442.6
3451.5
3449.4
REE-OH-OH
3470.7
3468.7
OH-Cl
3497.9
3494.0
3491.5
3495.7
3490.1
OH-F
3535.8
3540.1
3539.4
3539.1
3535.9
3535.0
OH-F-OH
3561.6
3560.6
3555.4
3553.8
OH-OH
3579.0
3571.2
3573.3
3572.7
3575.0
Sr-OH
3582.2
3588.2
3587.9
not assigned
3415.2
3399.2
3418.4
3507.0
3506.3
3509.9
3512.3
Table 2: Summary of Raman shifts for all vibration peaks for represen tative samples
of each chemical type of apatites.
446
MÉSZÁROSOVÁ, SKÁLA, MATOUŠKOVÁ, MIKYSEK, PLÁŠIL and CÍSAŘOVÁ
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, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
form clusters of very fine sheets displaying the zoning as well.
The classification of micas was based on Rieder et al. (1998).
The chemical composition of BSE‑bright areas corresponds to
annite while BSE‑dark areas correspond to phlogopite (Sup‑
plementary Fig. S13). The classification diagram was taken
from Tischendorf et al. (1997). Ilmenite forms hypidiomor-
phic grains, frequently replaced by titanite along the edges
(Fig. 9). Size of ilmenite grains ranges from 20 to 300 µm
across, and the grains are fractured in some cases. Magnetite
exsolution lamellae appear in ilmenite grains occasionally;
they are oriented parallel to each other suggesting their crys-
tallographic orientation in host ilmenite grains. Rarely, inclu-
sions of small (<10 µm in length) rounded prismatic crystals
of apatite are associated with magnetite inclusions. Titanite
frequently forms rims of ilmenite grains. Rarely, it is found as
individual xenomorphic grains up to 20 µm in diameter occa-
sionally associated with grains of epidote‑group minerals or
patchy‑zoned micas. Magnetite exsolution lamellae in ilme‑
nites have maximum lengths of
150 µm. The interior of these
lamellae is occasionally fractured.
The chemical composition of these
magnetites is anomalous (see Sup‑
plementary Table S4). Epidote-
group minerals form idiomorphic
prismatic crystals or xenomorphic
grains filling intergranular spaces.
Both types of grain shapes display
oscillatory, concentric, patchy
zo ning and/or combinations of both
zonings in BSE images (Fig. 9).
Crystals and grains are frequently
fractured and contain a conside‑
rable amount of inclusions of other
minerals (Fig. 9). In rare cases,
replacements of fibrous apatite
with minerals of the epidote group
are found (Fig. 3). In BSE images,
brighter and darker regions occur
in crystals of both shape types;
the bright zones frequently found in
the centre of crystals correspond
to allanite‑(Ce) while the darker
represent epidote (Supp. Fig. S14;
Armbruster et al. 2006). Prismatic
relicts of original amphibole are
rare due to the decomposition into
extremely fine fibrous actinolite‑
asbestos (Fig. 9). The size of these
hypidiomorphic relicts ranges from
50 to 100 µm. Their chemical com‑
position corresponds to ede nite
(Supp. Fig. S12). Occasionally,
the cores of the relicts are darker
in BSE images or display oscilla-
tory zoning.
In one unique case, Fe-rich
oxides are found as filling bet‑
ween crystals of individual apatite
fibres (Fig. 3). These oxides partly
replace original apatites; the pro-
cess of replacement starts at grain
boundaries. They are associated
with several grains of iron‑rich
sulphide.
Fig. 4. Raman spectra of individual apatite types recorded in the range of ~ 100–1200 cm
−1
and in the
range of OH vibration modes ~ 3300–3700 cm
−1
. The intensity scale for the range covering OH
vibration modes is exaggerated. The peak marked with an asterisk is the most intense Raman peak of
a resin used for sample adjustment.
Fig. 5. Raman spectra of ApCore displaying laser‑induced photoluminescence (PL) by three different
excitation lasers. The most intense Raman vibration peak ν
1
(PO
4
)
3−
is marked with an asterisk.
447
APATITE FROM NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS (SLANSKÉ VRCHY MOUNTAINS, SLOVAKIA)
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
Zircons and monazites (up to 50 µm in size) represent
accessory minerals. Also, very small inclusions (maximum
size 1 µm) of Th‑rich silicate detected by EDS were found in
fibrous apatites (Fig. 3). The chemical composition of the host
rock minerals is given in Tables S3 and S4 in electronic
supplement.
Discussion
Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy study
According to published data PL peaks can be attributed to
the presence of Nd
3+
and Sm
3+
(Gaft et al. 2001; Waychunas
2002; MacRae & Wilson 2008; Lenz et al. 2015). Other peaks,
however, may reflect the presence of other REEs but complete
identification is prevented by massive overlaps. The assign-
ment of these peaks to REEs corresponds well to the measured
contents of trace elements (Supp. Table S1).
The positions of Raman bands vary depending on the occu-
pancy of X site as well as the presence of (CO
3
)
2−
at the tetra-
hedral site.
All the peak positions assigned to vibration of apatite struc-
ture of the distinct apatite composition types match published
data (Table 2; Fig. 4). The most intensive vibration of apatite
structure in the range 959–965 cm
−1
corresponds to the ν
1
vibration of tetrahedron (PO
4
)
3−
. The position of vibration ν
1
of (PO
4
)
3−
in fluorine‑rich samples (ApCore, ApRim and
ApFib1‑2) is at higher wavenumbers of ~962 cm
−1
while in
chlorine and hydroxyl‑enriched samples, it is shifted to
~ 959 cm
−1
; the amount of this shift is proportional to the
hydroxyl and chlorine contents at the X anion site (Penel et al.
1997; O’Donnell et al. 2009). In a similar way, the band posi-
tion is influenced by the degree of (CO
3
)
2−
substitution for
phosphorus (Awonusi et al. 2007). In the range of ~ 428–450 cm
−1
,
ν
2
vibration modes of (PO
4
)
3−
are observed in all samples.
Shifts from ~ 450 cm
−1
to lower wavenumbers of ~440 cm
−1
are
observable in chlorine‑enriched samples ApFib3, ApFib4 and
ApFib5 with increasing chlorine content (Penel et al. 1997;
O’Donnell et al. 2009). The most significant shifts of Raman
bands influenced by variations in chemi-
cal composition at X site and also with
increasing carbonate content are found in
the range of ~1020–1080 cm
−1
which cor-
responds to ν
3
vibration modes of (PO
4
)
3−
(Penel et al. 1998; Awonusi et al. 2007;
O´Donnell et al. 2009). The ν
3
vibration
modes of (PO
4
)
3−
are split due to the depar‑
ture from ideal tetrahedron symmetry into
five to nine Raman‑active vibration modes.
The lowest wavenumbers for ν
3
vibration
modes of (PO
4
)
3−
are observed in chlorapa‑
tites (1020–1076 cm
−1
); vibration modes in
hydroxylapatites are observed in the range
of 1030–1076 cm
−1
; and in fluorapatite,
the vibration modes are shifted to higher
wavenumbers in the range of 1035–1080 cm
−1
. The peak at
~1071 cm
−1
is observed in carbonated apatites and is assigned
to the combination of the carbonate mode ν
1
at 1070 cm
−1
with
one of the peaks of ν
3
(PO
4
)
3−
vibration mode (in the range of
~1076–1084 cm
−1
depending on chemical substitution of posi-
tion X). The positions of peaks belonging to ν
3
(PO
4
)
3−
in chlo-
rine‑ and hydroxyl‑rich samples ApFib3, ApFib4 and ApFib5
are shifted to lower wavenumbers than for samples ApFib1–2,
ApCore and ApRim which are rich in fluorine. The combined
peak of ν
3
(PO
4
)
3−
and ν
1
(CO
3
)
2−
vibration modes is observed
in the spectra of samples ApFib3, ApFib4 and ApFib5. It is
possible to resolve two separate peaks; one at 1070 cm
−1
and
other at 1075 cm
−1
. This observation clearly indicates the pre‑
sence of (CO
3
)
2−
substituting for (PO
4
)
3−
in their structure.
The ν
4
vibration modes of (PO
4
)
3−
are characterized by four
peaks in the range of 580–620 cm
−1
in hydroxylapatites and
chlorapatites. In the case of fluorapatites, only two peaks are
observed (Penel et al. 1997). A gradual disappearance of
the first and the last peak is observed in the studied fluorine‑
rich samples (ApCore, ApRim and ApFib1–2). In the region of
the stretching mode of vibration of OH group at ~3500 cm
−1
,
several peaks are resolved by fitting (Table 2, Fig. 4). The peaks
in the area are affected by photoluminescence and have very
low intensities. However, it is still possible to assign them to
the vibration of different populations of hydroxyls in the apa-
tite structure (Tacker 2004). A peak caused by vibrations of
hydroxyls influenced by an adjacent hydroxyl is found at
3575 cm
−1
and is further referred to as OH–OH. A peak caused
by vibrations of hydroxyls influenced by adjacent fluorine is
shifted to lower wavenumbers of 3535–3540 cm
−1
and is
referred to as OH–F. A peak caused by vibrations of hydroxyls
influenced by adjacent chlorine is shifted even lower to
3494 cm
−1
and is referred to as OH–Cl. All three peaks involv-
ing hydroxyls are stretching vibration of the OH group
neighbou ring to Ca. If Ca is substituted by another element,
the peak is shifted to different wavenumbers. The Raman peak
located at 3550 cm
-1
can be either attributed to F–OH–F inter-
action in a specimen with low F concentration or explained as
an inte raction of OH–OH with a site occupied by Mn substitu‑
ting for Ca. Substitutions of REEs shift the peak positions to
ApCore
ApFib-a
ApFib-b
ApFib-c
ApFib-d
ApFib-e
a (Å)
9.4632(2)
9.5326(3)
9.4355(4)
9.5077(4)
9.4024(3)
9.4799(4)
c (Å)
6.85623(17)
6.8419(3)
6.8669(9)
6.8532(12)
6.8821(4)
6.8599(4)
V (Å
3
)
531.73(3)
538.43(4)
529.44(8)
536.51(10)
526.90(5)
533.89(5)
c/a
1.380
1.393
1.374
1.387
1.366
1.382
content
100
37.5(9)
14.8(12)
25.1(11)
15.1(5)
7.5(5)
R
exp
(%)
4.44, 5.08
3.07, 5.61
R
wp
(%)
8.37, 9.58
6.29, 11.5
R
p
(%)
5.81, 6.80
4.61, 9.39
GOF
1.88
2.05
DW
0.66
0.53
R
Bragg
(%)
4.178
2.521
1.632
1.049
2.039
3.015
Table 3: Results of Rietveld fitting of data obtained by powder X‑ray diffraction of core
apatite and a mixture of fibrous apatites containing five individual apatite‑structured phases.
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lower wavenumbers, in the case of
vibration of OH–F to 3434 cm
−1
and in the case of OH–OH to
3468 cm
−1
. Vibration at position
3591 cm
−1
is assigned to OH–OH
vibration interacting with Sr
replacing Ca (Table 2). The vibra-
tion OH–OH is observed in all
samples with the exception of
sample ApCore. This largely cor-
responds to the calculated concen-
tration of OH in this particular
sample which is very low and
indicates that OH is not a neigh-
bour to any other OH. Vibrations
OH–Cl and OH–F are observed in
all samples with varying intensi-
ties which reflect the amount of
chlorine and fluorine contained in
the samples. In addition to the
already described atomic and
molecular interactions producing
the Raman signals summarized
above, there are additional Raman
peaks at ~ 3400–3420 cm
−1
and
~ 3500–3512 cm
−1
which cannot
be assigned to any vibration
described in the literature. In sum-
mary, it should be noted that
the observed peaks correspond
well to the concentrations of F, Cl
and OH in the measured samples
(Tables 1 and 2, Fig. 4).
Apatite crystallography
Povondra et al. (2007) specu-
lated on the presence of mono-
clinic apatites in the fibrous
material mantling the prismatic
crystals. Their hypothesis was
based on the interpretation of
powder X‑ray diffraction data
acquired with a standard labora-
tory diffractometer. They also pre-
sented a precession photograph
illustrating the unequivocally hexa‑
gonal symmetry of core apatite.
Here, we confirmed the hexagonal
symmetry of the core apatite using
both single‑crystal and powder X‑ray diffraction. Single crys-
tal data showed a considerable positional disorder in structure
channels preventing a complete refinement of the F–Cl–(OH)
assemblage; not only are the standard uncertainties of refined
parameters excessively large, but the displacement parameters
cannot be refined anisotropically. Once attempts to refine
the ADPs are carried out, the result becomes crystallographi-
cally insensible leading to extremely elongated, mutually
overlapping thermal ellipsoids along c‑axis. Ultimately, such
a positional disorder precludes the existence of a monoclinic
phase, where channel anions are highly ordered. Single crys-
tals of fibrous apatites display exactly the same behaviour;
Fig. 6. BSE images and F and Cl distribution maps of fibrous apatites. a — A BSE image of a section
perpendicular to c axis of a relict of core apatite (ApCore) embayed in a porous darker rim (ApRim)
surrounded with fibrous apatite displaying concentric and patchy zoning and mottled structure.
b — A fluorine distribution map illustrating F enrichment in core apatite (ApCore) and also in cores
of concentric‑zoned fibers. c — A chlorine distribution map showing Cl enrichment in rims of fibrous
apatites appearing brighter than their cores in BSE images. d — A BSE image of a region in a section
paralell to c axis of fibrous apatites showing patchy zoning and their mottled structure. e — A fluorine
distribution map shows F enrichment mostly in regions darker in BSE. f — A chlorine distribution
map illustrates Cl enrichment mostly in parts brighter in BSE.
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they are hexagonal and their channel anions show a conside‑
rable disorder. We were also able to characterize a mixture of
fibrous apatite from the mantles of the crystals using powder
X‑ray diffraction. It appeared that what Povondra et al. (2007)
interpreted as a potential mixture of hexagonal and monoclinic
phases is actually a much more complex mixture of hexagonal
phases — in our particular case there were five apatite‑struc-
tured phases with different unit‑cell dimensions. Consequently,
we may expect that monoclinic apatites are not present at
the locality. We also believe that the high degree of positional
disorder observed in apatites is linked to formation processes.
Obviously, these processes must have been relatively fast, and
the movement of fluids through the rock environment must
have been turbulent to prevent the possible ordering of ions in
the channel cavities in the apatite crystal structure.
Origin of the apatite assemblage and the host rock alteration
minerals
A combination of the acquired data can help to shed light on
the origin of the apatite assemblage and provide deeper cha‑
racteristics of the alteration minerals found in the host rock.
The hydrothermal origin of the apatite assemblage has already
been suggested by Ďuďa et al. (1981) and Povondra et al.
(2007). They concluded that the first mineral of the apatite
assemblage to crystallize is the core apatite. This occurred
during the post‑magmatic stage, simultaneously with, or
shortly after, the transformation of the original pyroxenes to
amphiboles. The bright parts of core apatite are REE‑, F‑ and
Cl‑rich. Halogens could be generally derived from marine
sedi ments which probably originally occurred in the area and
were pierced by intruding andesite host rock and partly
resorbed in it as suggested by Černý et al. (1973). Then,
the core apatite was partly dissolved and reprecipitated. This
process is illustrated by the presence of darker patches in
the BSE images along cracks of the crystals and darker regions
at grain boundaries. Both these regions are chemically depleted
in characteristics elements, mostly in LREE. This idea is also
supported by the porous structure of darker parts and rarely
observed inclusion trails. Similar porous and patchy zoning
has been observed by many authors as a product of dissolu-
tion–reprecipitation or metasomatic processes (Harlov et al.
2002, 2005; Harlov 2015; Broom‑Fendley et al. 2016; Krneta
et al. 2017 and references therein). Many of these authors
observed fine monazite and/or xenotime crystals in porous
apatite; in our samples, however, only small amounts of
~1 µm‑sized crystal were found rarely in ApRim zones and
more often in the fibrous apatites. Several larger (~5 µm)
inclusions of monazite were found in core apatite. In BSE
images, darker and often porous areas are depleted in REE and
Cl which is in agreement with the observation of Harlov et al.
(2002, 2005). These parts are also depleted in Mg, Fe, Sr, Na
and Si. Simultaneously with the dissolution of the core apatite,
a decomposition of the original amphibole (edenite) and its
replacement with actinolite‑asbestos occurred. This is indi-
cated by filling of the fractures of ApCore by actinolite‑asbes-
tos and also by rare occurrence of inclusions of actinolite
fibres in fibrous apatites. Along with the coupled dissolution‑
reprecipitation of core apatite, crystallization of fibrous apa-
tites followed. Compositional concentric and patchy zoning
together with the presence of mottled structure in fibrous apa-
tite reflect the formational process of this part of the apatite
assemblage. We assume that the fibrous apatite which appeared
bright in BSE images was the first of the fibrous apatites to
form. BSE‑bright fibrous apatites can be separated into three
distinct types based on their chemistry: ApFib3, ApFib4 and
Fig. 7. Ternary diagrams of F, Cl and OH contents (in apfu) in distinct chemical and morphological types of apatites from this study and from
the study of Povondra et al. (2007). a — A ternary diagram of F, Cl and OH contents (in apfu) in distinct chemical types of fibrous apatites.
b — A ternary diagram comparing F, Cl and OH contents (in apfu) of all types of apatites from this study to those from Povondra et al. (2007)
plotted in red colors.
a
b
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, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
ApFib5. All these apatites are rich in Cl and OH and contain
a relatively small, yet detectable (by Raman spectroscopy)
amount of (CO
3
)
2−
substituting phosphorus. Carbonate ions
are not found in other types of apatite. This implies that these
fluids formed by the dissolution of core apatite (enrichment of
REE and Cl) and were further enriched in CO
2
and H
2
O from
another source. Porous and mottled structures observed in
BSE images of dark parts of fibrous apatite grains indicate
the action of another fluid dissolving fibrous apatites which
appeared after the dissolution of core apatites. These dark
parts are even more depleted in REE. Fibrous apatites darker
in BSE images are rich in F with OH dominating over Cl.
Small inclusions of monazite and Th‑rich silicate were found
in regions darker in BSE images where they deposited in
micro‑pores and presumable nano‑voids (see e.g. Harlov et al.
2005). We suggest that CO
2
and REE with Cl were dissolved
from apatite by an interaction with hydrothermal fluids and
subsequently mobilized to form not only small inclusions but
also xenomorphic grains of allanite. Allanites appear to be
the youngest REE‑bearing minerals formed in the host rock.
Idiomorphic crystals with allanite in cores passing to epidote
rims and oscillatory zoning in BSE‑brighter parts of allanite
and BSE‑darker parts of epidote were rarely observed.
Oscillatory zoning of repeated increase and decrease in REE
contents in the epidote‑group mineral grains could imply seve‑
ral hydrothermal events. Centres of prismatic idiomorphic
crystals rich in REEs could indicate that they formed during
the first event dissolving the core apatite most enriched in
REEs. At the same time, the close association of xenomorphic
epidote‑group mineral grains with fibrous apatites implies that
allanite could form from fluids derived from these apatite
crystals. These observations can be explained by two different
generations of their formation. Allanite does not belong among
the products of dissolution–reprecipitation or metasomatism
of REE‑rich apatites. On the contrary, monazites and/or xeno-
time have been reported as a product of such processes in
several papers — see above.
Vanadium‑rich Fe‑oxides and
Fe‑sulphides rarely fill empty spaces between fibrous apatites
or occur in cracks or form inclusions in core apatite indicating
that they are possibly co‑genetic with the base‑metal minera‑
lization known from the northern parts of the Slanské vrchy
Mountains in a close proximity of Maglovec Hill (Ďuďa et al.
1981). However, it is beyond the purpose of this study to
determinate the source of vanadium, which is also incorpo-
rated in the epidote‑group minerals in small amounts.
Replacement of plagioclases of intermediate composition with
more albite‑rich phase and compositional zoning observed in
chlorites and micas further reinforce the idea of metasomatic
event(s) as a feasible mechanism in the formation of the apa-
tite assemblage at Maglovec Hill. We are not aware of a simi-
lar locality in the world.
Conclusions
Two different morphological types of apatite were observed
in the apatite assemblage from fissures of hydrothermally
altered neovolcanic rocks (andesites and related lithologies)
from Maglovec Hill (Slanské vrchy Mountains): apatite in
cores of prismatic crystals and fibrous apatite rimming these
cores. Core apatite (referred to as ApCore) is relatively homo-
geneous with some darker regions in the BSE images, which
are developed mainly along fractures. It is rimmed with apatite
of porous structure which is darker in the BSE images
(ApRim). These rims further gradually pass into fibrous apa-
tites. ApRim regions are depleted in trace elements, particu-
larly in the LREE compared to the bright parts of ApCore.
The dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism is suggested as
the mechanism of formation of the darker parts of core apatite.
Fibrous apatites vary in size significantly. Most grains display
concentric and/or patchy zoning as well as mottled structure.
This structure is caused by the differences in chemical compo-
sition, particularly in the variations in F and Cl contents. In
general, fibrous apatites are depleted in trace element contents
compared to both types of core apatite. Raman spectroscopy
confirmed the presence of (CO
3
)
2-
and/or OH in different
popu lations of fibrous apatites. Combining the acquired data,
we present our idea of the hydrothermal formation of this apa-
tite assemblage. Neither single‑crystal nor powder X‑ray dif-
fraction data provided a proof of monoclinic P2
1
/b symmetry
among apatite samples from Maglovec Hill. Though the pow-
der pattern of the sample taken from the layer of fibrous
Fig. 8. Portions of a plot illustrating the results of the Rietveld refine-
ment of powder X‑ray diffraction data for core apatite and a sample
consisting of a mixture of five individual apatite‑structured phases;
diff — a differential curve of raw data and the calculated model curve.
451
APATITE FROM NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS (SLANSKÉ VRCHY MOUNTAINS, SLOVAKIA)
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
apatites mantling yellow compact cores looked very complex,
it was possible to fit the pattern with a mixture of 5 individual
apatite‑structured phases with hexagonal P6
3
/m symmetry.
Compositional zoning in apatites with disordered distribution
of channel anions in apatites substantiate the idea of multiple
short‑term metasomatic events which overlap both in time and
place as a feasible mechanism in the formation of the apatite
assemblage at Maglovec Hill. The hydrothermal origin is also
supported by compositional zoning of other host rock mine‑
rals, especially by oscillatory compositional zoning of epidote‑
group minerals (allanite in cores rimmed with epidote) which
are considered the youngest REE‑bearing minerals formed
in the host rock. Neither epidote‑group minerals nor vana‑
dium‑rich magnetites have been described from this locality
before.
Acknowledgements: This study was supported by the Institu-
tional Research Plan No. RVO 67985831 of the Institute of
Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague. We thank
anonymous reviewers for their constructive reviews as well as
to editors M. Kohút and I. Broska for managing the manu-
script. Later version of the manuscript benefited from com-
ments by P. Bosák. Style and prose of the final version of
the paper were improved by J. Adamovič.
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Determination of major element compositions of minerals
Major element concentrations were obtained by a CAMECA
SX‑100 electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) equipped
with four wavelength‑dispersive X‑ray spectrometers, at
the Department of Analytical Methods, Czech Academy of
Sciences, Institute of Geology, Prague. To analyze epidote‑
group minerals the accelerating voltage of 15 kV, the sample
current of 20 nA and an electron beam of 2 μm diameter were
applied. For analyses of ilmenites and other silicates the acce‑
lerating voltage of 15 kV, the sample current of 10 nA, and
an electron beam of 2 μm diameter were applied. Focused
beam was used for the measurement of grain too small to use
a 2µm beam spot; all other conditions remained unchanged in
these cases.
For silicate minerals (e.g., amphibole, plagioclases, chlo-
rites) the analyzed elements included (spectral line, spectro‑
meter crystal, standard, detection limit in ppm, respectively
are given in parentheses): F (Kα, PC0, fluorite, 1322), Na (Kα,
TAP, jadeite, 338), Mg (Kα, TAP, periclase, 423), Al (Kα, TAP,
jadeite, 210), Si (Kα, TAP, quartz, 340), P (Kα, LPET, apatite,
281), Cl (Kα, LPET, tugtupite, 338), K (Kα, LPET, sanidine,
262), Ca (Kα, LPET, diopside, 332), Ti (Kα, LPET, rutile, 214),
Mn (Kα, LIF, rhodonite, 962), Fe (Kα, LIF, hematite, 1220).
For ilmenites the analyzed elements included: F (Kα, PC0,
fluorite, 1402), Mg (Kα, TAP, periclase, 388), Al (Kα, TAP,
jadeite, 296), Si (Kα, TAP, quartz, 294), P (Kα, LPET, apatite,
194), Ca (Kα, LPET, diopside, 223), Ti (Kα, LPET, rutile,
331), V (Kα, LLIF, V
2
O
5
, 789), Cr (Kα, LLIF, Cr
2
O
3
, 651), Mn
(Kα, LLIF, Mn spinel, 832), Fe (Kα, LLIF, hematite, 1675), La
(Lα, LLIF, monazite, 1635), Ce (Lα, LLIF, monazite, 2063).
For epidote-group minerals the analyzed elements included:
F (not detected), Mg (Kα, TAP, periclase, 251), Al (Kα, TAP,
jadeite, 254), Si (Kα, TAP, quartz, 341),Ca (Kα, LPET,
diopside, 266), V (Kα, LLIF, V, 542), Cr (Kα, LLIF, Cr
2
O
3
,
618), Mn (Kα, LLIF, Mn spinel, 622), Fe (Kα, LLIF, magne-
tite, 1120), Sr (Lα, LPET, celestite, 487), Y (Lα, LPET, Y‑Al
garnet, 449), La (Lα, LLIF, monazite, 1276), Ce (Lα, LLIF,
monazite, 1539), Pr (Lβ, LLIF, monazite, 4811), Nd (Lα, LLIF,
monazite, 1335), Pb (Mα, LPET, crocoite, 703), Th (Mβ,
LPET, Th REE glass, 1257).
Calculation of empirical formulae
Plagioclase formulae were recalculated based on 8 oxygens
per formula unit. WinCcac software (Yavuz at al. 2015) was
used to calculate and classify analyses of chlorites. Empirical
formulae and classification of micas were performed with
Mica
+
software (Yavuz 2003). Analyses of amphibole super-
group minerals were recalculated using the program by
Locock (2014). Calculation of empirical formulae of minerals
of epidote‑group minerals included the calculation of FeO and
Fe
2
O
3
amounts followed by a recalculation based on 8 cations
per formula unit as suggested by Armbruster et al. (2006). All
analyses of ilmenites were recalculated based on 3 oxygen
atoms per formula unit and all analyses of titanites were recal-
culated based on 5 oxygen atoms per formula unit. The calcu-
lations of magnetite empirical formulae included the al cu lation
of the FeO and Fe
2
O
3
followed by recasting the formulae to
3 cations.
References
Armbruster T., Bonazzi P., Akasaka M., Bermanec V., Chopin C.,
Gieré R., Heuss‑Assbichler S., Liebscher A., Menchetti S.,
Pan Y. & Pasero M. 2006: Recommended nomenclature of
epidote‑group minerals. Eur. J. Mineral. 18, 5, 551–567.
Locock A.J. 2014: An Excel spreadsheet to classify chemical analyses
of amphiboles following the IMA 2012 recommendations.
Computers and Geosciences 62, 1–11.
Yavuz F. 2003: Evaluating micas in petrologic and metallogenic as-
pect: I‑definitions and structure of the computer program
MICA+. Computers and Geosciences 29, 10, 1203–1213.
Yavuz F., Kumral M., Karakaya N., Karakaya M.T., & Yildirim D.K.
2015: A Windows program for chlorite calculation and classifi-
cation. Computers and Geosciences 81, 101–113.
Supplement
ii
MÉSZÁROSOVÁ, SKÁLA, MATOUŠKOVÁ, MIKYSEK, PLÁŠIL and CÍSAŘOVÁ
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
Fig. S1. A representative Raman spectrum of plagioclase compared to
the spectrum from RRUFF database.
Fig. S2. A representative Raman spectrum of magnetite compared to
the spectrum from RRUFF database.
Fig. S3. A representative Raman spectrum of ilmenite compared to
the spectrum from RRUFF database.
Fig. S4. A representative Raman spectrum of titanite compared to the
spectrum from RRUFF database.
iii
APATITE FROM NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS (SLANSKÉ VRCHY MOUNTAINS, SLOVAKIA)
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
Fig. S5. A representative Raman spectrum of actinolite‑asbestos com-
pared to the actinolite spectrum from RRUFF database. Additional
peaks in the sample spectrum are due to epoxy resin.
Fig. S6. A representative Raman spectrum of allanite (BSE‑bright
core of epidote‑group mineral grains) compared to the spectrum from
RRUFF database.
Fig. S7. A representative Raman spectrum of epidote (BSE‑dark
regions of epidote‑group mineral grains) compared to the spectrum
from RRUFF database.
Fig. S8. A representative Raman spectrum of annite (dark regions of
mica platy crystals) compared to the spectrum from RRUFF
database.
iv
MÉSZÁROSOVÁ, SKÁLA, MATOUŠKOVÁ, MIKYSEK, PLÁŠIL and CÍSAŘOVÁ
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
Fig. S9. A representative Raman spectrum of edenite (relicts of
original amphibole) compared to the spectrum from RRUFF
database.
Fig. S10. A representative Raman spectrum of a chlorite group
mineral compared to the chamosite spectrum from RRUFF database.
Intensity (a.u.)
0
1000
2000
3000
Raman shift (cm )
-1
spectrum of standard
spectrum of sample
Fig. S11. Classification diagrams of chlorites from the Maglovec locality. Diagram (a) is taken from Zane & Weiss (1998) and (b) from Plissart
et al. (2009).
v
APATITE FROM NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS (SLANSKÉ VRCHY MOUNTAINS, SLOVAKIA)
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
Fig. S12. A classification diagram of amphiboles (asbestos and relicts of original amphiboles) from the Maglovec locality. The diagram is taken
from Hawthorne et al. (2012).
Fig. S13. A simplified classification diagram feal vs. mgli of micas
from the Maglovec locality. The diagram is taken from Tischendorf et
al. (1997).
Fig. S14. A classification diagram of epidote‑group minerals from
the Maglovec locality.
vi
MÉSZÁROSOVÁ, SKÁLA, MATOUŠKOVÁ, MIKYSEK, PLÁŠIL and CÍSAŘOVÁ
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
Sample
Li
B
V
Mn
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Sb
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Pb
Th
U
ApCor
e-10b
3.4
5.4
n.a.
n.a.
0.1
1
654
1825
12
b.d.l.
0.046
b.d.l.
8.5
4197
7392
919
3364
583
31
597
78
427
80
200
23
120
16
0.052
0.94
111
8
32
ApCor
e-1
1b
b.d.l
6.6
n.a.
n.a.
0.18
631
1810
11
0.12
0.26
b.d.l.
8.0
4208
7355
919
3292
597
31
587
76
404
75
192
23
120
15
0.081
0.97
1091
32
ApCor
e-14a
2.4
15.4
n.a.
n.a.
0.12
716
1632
9
b.d.l.
0.071
b.d.l.
17
5432
10327
1155
3403
547
29
496
61
327
59
147
16
86
11
0.055
1.4
111
4
38
ApCor
e-15a
3.2
14.1
n.a.
n.a.
0.14
740
1578
9
b.d.l.
0.077
b.d.l.
18
5803
11850
1261
3465
555
31
529
65
359
66
167
19
101
13
0.081
1.3
1105
42
ApCor
e-20c
b.d.l
9.7
n.a.
n.a.
0.61
619
1278
10
0.12
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
11
4301
7658
839
2608
464
25
412
50
259
48
122
15
80
10
b.d.l.
0.72
739
30
ApCor
e-21c
2.7
11
n.a.
n.a.
0.14
633
1335
10
0.070
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
9.9
4389
6982
838
2642
473
27
418
53
276
51
132
15
80
10
0.050
0.70
768
29
ApCor
e-15
b.d.l
6.5
21
351
0.19
642
1747
8
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
9.1
4469
8241
997
3546
613
30
576
75
404
74
186
21
11
4
14
0.086
1.3
1153
43
ApCor
e-16
4.1
13.7
23
362
0.18
701
1976
8.5
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
14
4924
9427
1096
3661
610
27
558
74
388
70
181
21
122
15
0.16
1.4
1428
47
ApCor
e-18
5.6
8.7
26
381
1.4
641
1880
11
0.18
b.d.l.
0.103
11
4273
8404
1089
3618
618
33
619
79
399
74
183
22
123
16
0.13
1.6
1382
56
ApCor
e-19
b.d.l
13.6
27
381
b.d.l.
625
1487
11
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
13
5015
8257
961
3387
600
32
519
66
343
66
163
18
99
12
b.d.l.
0.97
1012
49
ApCor
e-20
b.d.l
13.9
25
358
0.24
645
1844
12
0.12
0.043
b.d.l.
10
5562
8872
1020
3686
607
29
560
75
399
80
197
23
11
9
16
0.104
1.5
1542
43
ApRim-17
b.d.l
4.1
9.5
109
0.57
197
1045
20
0.21
7.0
0.096
2.3
299
1197
204
963
255
16
280
38
230
44
108
12
61
7.4
0.21
8.6
1349
41
ApRim -18a
2.2
2.6
n.a.
n.a.
0.13
267
530
3.9
b.d.l.
0.047
0.038
1.3
874
2493
312
951
181
13
183
23
126
25
64
7
38
4.6
0.045
0.89
726
28
ApRim -19a
b.d.l
2.4
n.a.
n.a.
0.14
282
858
9.2
0.10
0.40
b.d.l.
3.2
934
3002
398
1387
283
18
272
38
202
36
94
11
52
6.0
0.075
1.0
955
20
ApRim -8a
b.d.l
b.d.l.
n.a.
n.a.
0.10
175
811
11
0.092
1.1
0.15
1.4
175
648
122
579
164
11
186
28
152
30
77
8,6
42
4.7
0.092
3.3
542
10
ApRim -8b
b.d.l
1.7
n.a.
n.a.
0.20
194
977
8.2
0.087
0.63
0.048
1.4
239
889
160
735
211
13
231
34
186
37
87
10
50
5.6
0.071
1.7
596
10
ApFib-21
b.d.l
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
145
b.d.l.
300
1087
6.7
0.24
0.10
0.08
1.0
470
1378
241
1077
275
20
301
42
226
43
11
3
12
57
5.7
0.054
0.64
350
19
ApFib -22a
b.d.l
b.d.l.
2.0
155
b.d.l.
286
1326
3.9
0.071
0.18
b.d.l.
1.0
640
2268
372
1546
374
21
428
56
296
57
136
17
88
9.8
0.027
0.41
393
11
ApFib -23a
b.d.l
b.d.l.
0.9
157
0.16
181
922
11
b.d.l.
0.12
0.095
2.7
173
519
95
515
166
13
219
32
181
37
90
10
40
3.6
0.12
1.2
1534
45
ApFib -26b*
3.3
13
7.6
214
0.20
539
1818
8.7
0.20
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
8.7
4220
6836
782
2846
548
26
530
69
371
72
177
21
11
0
14
0.14
1.3
1588
44
ApFib -27b
b.d.l
3.4
b.d.l.
160
b.d.l.
253
1834
7.8
0.38
0.33
b.d.l.
1.5
518
1772
326
1479
422
41
489
67
367
72
170
20
93
10
0.1
1
1.0
1131
38
ApFib -29b
b.d.l
8.6
0.64
164
b.d.l.
244
1038
22
0.14
1.9
b.d.l.
0.73
553
1801
284
1172
270
10
283
38
214
43
108
13
61
8.0
0.24
4.1
1166
43
ApFib -30
b.d.l
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
131
0.26
292
1243
11
0.19
0.28
b.d.l.
1.2
636
2292
374
1656
408
19
406
54
288
54
129
15
75
8.0
0.1
1
0.61
729
49
ApFib -32
b.d.l
8
3.1
160
0.16
271
151
1
3.5
0.086
4.6
b.d.l.
1.2
1032
3512
554
2348
552
16
537
67
335
63
151
17
85
10
b.d.l.
1.1
785
22
ApFib -4
b.d.l
3.6
n.a.
n.a.
b.d.l.
258
1065
2.0
0.075
2.0
b.d.l.
0.64
715
2185
399
1794
358
13
338
46
242
43
103
12
54
6.0
0.025
0.49
356
10
ApFib -5
b.d.l
2.7
n.a.
n.a.
0.14
289
1440
9.4
0.1
1
0.51
0.10
0.73
616
1978
366
1682
367
16
374
53
286
55
140
16
79
8.7
0.040
0.67
586
18
ApFib -6
b.d.l
3.1
n.a.
n.a.
0.13
323
1059
2.7
0.16
0.43
b.d.l.
0.97
588
1852
307
1313
279
15
274
39
215
40
122
12
61
6.7
b.d.l.
0.47
251
7
ApFib -7
b.d.l
3.8
n.a.
n.a.
b.d.l.
286
1300
3.9
0.13
2.4
b.d.l.
1.1
870
2806
507
2158
424
15
409
54
280
52
127
14
70
7.7
0.065
0.58
537
17
ApFib -16
b.d.l
3.1
n.a.
n.a.
0.20
262
1545
7.5
0.1
1
0.56
b.d.l.
0.49
651
2243
421
1716
418
19
421
58
312
57
149
17
83
9.8
0.065
1.2
962
29
ApFib -17
2.1
2.2
n.a.
n.a.
b.d.l.
259
1353
2.0
0.12
0.40
b.d.l.
1.3
483
1950
307
1319
323
20
338
47
265
49
124
15
69
7.7
0.060
0.28
217
11
ApFib -22b
b.d.l
1.9
n.a.
n.a.
0.10
325
111
6
9.3
b.d.l.
0.19
0.48
0.38
557
1634
276
1138
273
18
306
41
223
42
11
3
13
61
6.9
b.d.l.
0.56
548
21
ApFib -23b
b.d.l
2.4
n.a.
n.a.
0.13
304
1209
9.6
0.084
0.078
b.d.l.
0.75
554
1736
286
1206
293
20
312
43
236
45
11
7
13
64
7.5
0.072
0.49
595
16
ApFib -26a*
2.8
10
n.a.
n.a.
0.15
604
1996
9.6
0.088
b.d.l.
0.043
10
5638
8998
1065
3296
607
26
575
74
391
74
195
23
123
16
0.1
1
0.97
1337
28
ApFib -27a
b.d.l
1.5
n.a.
n.a.
0.15
222
2267
10
b.d.l.
0.183
b.d.l.
0.79
412
1604
315
1514
478
46
563
79
428
80
203
23
101
9.8
b.d.l.
0.79
1138
30
ApFib -28a
b.d.l
2.3
n.a.
n.a.
0.17
241
1429
13
b.d.l.
0.191
b.d.l.
0.67
434
1421
255
1121
326
33
366
55
269
51
127
14
71
7.5
b.d.l.
0.74
895
24
ApFib -29a
b.d.l
2
n.a.
n.a.
0.10
265
1429
11
0.063
0.95
b.d.l.
0.93
503
1608
292
1176
331
26
364
51
273
53
133
15
72
8.0
0.059
0.98
1410
49
Explanatory
notes:
b.d.l.
—
below
detection
limits;
n.a.
—
not
analyzed;
ApCore
—
bright
regions
of
core
apatite;
ApRim
—
dark
parts
of
core
apatite;
ApFib
—
fibrous
apatite;
*
—
analyses
of
zonality
in
fibrous
apatite
chemically
closely
resembling core apatite
Table S1:
Trace element concentrations in BSE brighter (ApCore) and darker (ApRim) regions of core and fibrous apatite (ApFib), given in ppm.
vii
APATITE FROM NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS (SLANSKÉ VRCHY MOUNTAINS, SLOVAKIA)
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
Table S2: Crystal structure data refined from single‑crystal X‑ray diffraction data of core and fibrous apatite and powder X‑ray diffraction of
core apatite (last column).
Core apatite
Fibrous apatite
Core apatite
Fibrous apatite
Core apatite
a (Å)
9.4367(6)
9.4341(14)
9.4690(2)
9.44000(10)
9.4632(2)
c (Å)
6.8607(4)
6.8737(14)
6.8550(2)
6.86500(10)
6.85623(17)
V (Å
3
)
529.10(9)
529.81(15)
532.29(2)
529.804(11)
531.73(3)
D
calc
(g/cm
3
)
3.162
3.1335
3.1488
3.1623
3.114(6)
Diffractometer
Rigaku SuperNova, AtlasS2
Nonius Kappa CCD
Bruker D8 Discover
Radiation
MoKα
CuKα
1
Crystal dimensions (mm) 0.107 × 0.056 × 0.052
0.552 × 0.321 × 0.207
0.210 × 0.144 × 121
powder
Limiting theta angles (°)
3.88–28.18
3.87–29.64
2.48–27.45
2.49–27.45
4–70.04
Limiting Miller indices
−12 : 12 ; −12 : 12 ; −8 : 9 −11 : 11 ; −11 : 11 ; −8 : 8 −12 : 12 ; −12 : 12 ; −8 : 8 −12 : 12 ; −12 : 12 ; −8 : 8 0 : 11 ; 0 : 11 ; 0 : 8
No. of reflections
6586
3165
12366
12621
373
No. of unique reflections
458
478
443
442
No. of observed reflections 430
335
262
303
μ (mm
-1
)
3.115
3.056
3.036
3.092
26.74
T
min
/T
max
0.78/0.89
0.259/1
0.264/0.49
0.70/0.87
Coverage, R
int
0.98, 0.036
0.98, 0.099
1, 0.051
1, 0.0429
F000
500
497
500
501
495
Parameters refined
43
40
43
43
70
R, wR (obs)
0.0248, 0.0745
0.0623, 0.1169
0.0121, 0.0303
0.0142, 0.036
R, wR (all)
0.0271, 0.0762
0.1051, 0.1306
0.0128, 0.0311
0.0152, 0.0372
GOF (obs, all)
1.49, 1.51
1.61, 1.75
1.41, 1.43
1.36, 1.37
1.88
Weighing scheme
1/(σ
2
(I)+0.0016I
2
)
1/(σ
2
(I)+0.0009I
2
)
1/(σ
2
(I)+0.0004I
2
)
1/(σ
2
(I)+0.0004I
2
)
Δρ
min
/Δρ
max
(e
-
/Å
3
)
−0.44/0.82
−2.28/3.21
−0.17/0.15
−0.22/0.22
−3.25/1.73
Ca1; 2/3,1/3, z
z
0.00138(10)
0.0014(4)
0.00174(5)
0.00144(5)
0.0003(4)
U
eq
0.0120(2)
0.0095(7)
0.01358(15)
0.01295(16)
0.0474(8)
u
11
0.0140(3)
0.0108(8)
0.01357(18)
0.0156(2)
u
22
0.0140(3)
0.0108(8)
0.01357(18)
0.0156(2)
u
33
0.0080(4)
0.0067(14)
0.0136(3)
0.0077(3)
u
12
0.00702(15)
0.0054(4)
0.00678(9)
0.00778(10)
Ca2; x, y,1/4
x
0.99363(7)
0.9940(2)
0.99410(4)
0.99380(4)
0.9907(2)
y
0.24522(7)
0.2459(2)
0.24700(4)
0.24534(4)
0.2481(2)
U
eq
0.0119(2)
0.0095(8)
0.01399(16)
0.01242(18)
0.0383(5)
u
11
0.0155(4)
0.0119(10)
0.00946(18)
0.0094(2)
u
22
0.0180(4)
0.0128(11)
0.0184(2)
0.0186(2)
u
33
0.0074(4)
0.0072(11)
0.0098(2)
0.0075(3)
u
12
0.0123(3)
0.0088(9)
0.00372(13)
0.00565(16)
P; x, y,1/4
x
0.36971(9)
0.3694(3)
0.37004(5)
0.36978(5)
0.3689(3)
y
0.39970(9)
0.3994(3)
0.40038(5)
0.39967(5)
0.3992(3)
U
eq
0.0061(2)
0.0042(11)
0.0073(2)
0.0093(2)
0.0318(8)
Occ, m.a.n.
14.34(8)
14.5(2)
14.44(6)
14.90(5)
13.49(10)
u
11
0.0080(4)
0.0039(14)
0.0078(3)
0.0100(2)
u
22
0.0067(4)
0.0047(13)
0.0086(2)
0.0102(3)
u
33
0.0051(4)
0.0050(15)
0.0071(3)
0.0091(3)
u
12
0.0047(3)
0.0029(10)
0.00518(16)
0.00611(17)
O1; x, y,1/4
x
0.4858(3)
0.4854(8)
0.48610(13)
0.48571(16)
0.4869(5)
y
0.3299(3)
0.3297(7)
0.33149(15)
0.33008(18)
0.3381(5)
U
eq
0.0139(6)
0.011(3)
0.0152(5)
0.0145(5)
0.0324(15)
u
11
0.0184(11)
0.010(3)
0.0197(6)
0.0145(7)
u
22
0.0137(10)
0.012(3)
0.0118(5)
0.0213(7)
u
33
0.0148(10)
0.017(4)
0.0170(6)
0.0119(6)
u
12
0.0119(9)
0.009(3)
0.0100(5)
0.0120(5)
O2; x,y,1/4
x
0.4655(3)
0.4654(8)
0.46567(14)
0.46479(15)
0.4676(6)
y
0.5877(3)
0.5869(7)
0.58842(14)
0.58684(16)
0.5899(6)
viii
MÉSZÁROSOVÁ, SKÁLA, MATOUŠKOVÁ, MIKYSEK, PLÁŠIL and CÍSAŘOVÁ
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
Core apatite
Fibrous apatite
Core apatite
Fibrous apatite
Core apatite
U
eq
0.0165(6)
0.014(3)
0.0200(4)
0.0179(5)
0.032(2)
u
11
0.0110(11)
0.015(4)
0.0134(5)
0.0182(6)
u
22
0.0139(10)
0.003(3)
0.0185(5)
0.0118(6)
u
33
0.0243(11)
0.024(5)
0.0280(6)
0.0263(6)
u
12
0.0061(9)
0.004(3)
0.0077(5)
0.0096(6)
O3; x, y, z
x
0.25853(18)
0.2590(6)
0.25898(9)
0.25831(10)
0.2561(4)
y
0.3437(2)
0.3432(6)
0.34449(12)
0.34325(13)
0.3354(5)
z
0.0702(2)
0.0699(7)
0.06974(17)
0.06990(13)
0.0816(5)
U
eq
0.0206(5)
0.015(2)
0.0233(4)
0.0202(5)
0.0433(11)
u
11
0.0354(10)
0.013(2)
0.0379(5)
0.0193(5)
u
22
0.0178(8)
0.026(3)
0.0176(4)
0.0365(6)
u
33
0.0151(8)
0.008(3)
0.0218(7)
0.0110(6)
u
12
0.0181(7)
0.012(2)
0.0196(4)
0.0187(5)
u
13
−0.0094(7)
−0.004(2)
−0.0112(4)
−0.0041(3)
u
23
−0.0057(6)
−0.010(2)
−0.0065(4)
−0.0074(4)
X1, 0, 0,1/4
U
iso
0.013(2)
0.042(6)
0.0149(11)
0.0220(12)
0.076(5)
Occ, m.a.n.
5.94(18)
8.8(7)
6.25(9)
7.30(12)
8.3(3)
X2, 0, 0, z
z
0.343(2)
0.3833(14)
0.3522(12)
0.395(15)
U
iso
0.036(4)
0.0079(15)
0.017(3)
0.066(4)
Occ, m.a.n.
2.40(14)
2.41(6)
1.27(7)
1.24(14)
Both single‑crystal and powder X‑ray diffraction data were refined in space group P6
3
/m (No. 176). Single‑crystal data were fitted by full matrix least‑squares in Jana2006 on
F
2
. Powder diffraction data were refined in DIFFRAC.TOPAS using pseudo‑Voigt profile shape function. Background‑corrected agreement factors (in %) are as follows
R
Bragg
=3.781; R
exp
= 4.44; R
wp
= 8.37; R
p
= 5.81; GOF= 1.88; DW= 0.66.
Table S2 (continued): Crystal structure data refined from single‑crystal X‑ray diffraction data of core and fibrous apatite and powder X‑ray
diffraction of core apatite (last column).
ix
APATITE FROM NEOVOLCANIC ROCKS (SLANSKÉ VRCHY MOUNTAINS, SLOVAKIA)
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
allanite-(Ce)
epidote
actinolite
-asbestos
edenite
chamosite
clinochlor
e
annite
ferrian-phlogopite
phlogopite
n = 23
σ
n = 17
σ
n = 23
σ
n = 18
σ
n = 14
σ
n = 6
σ
n = 17
σ
n = 8
σ
n = 6
σ
SiO
2
31.39
1.14
36.70
1.19
SiO
2
53.76
1.40
50.54
1.01
SiO
2
32.44
3.58
33.73
2.36
SiO
2
36.49
0.43
39.21
1.07
42.83
0.55
Ti
O
2
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Ti
O
2
0.1
1
0.07
0.54
0.15
Ti
O
2
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.02
Ti
O
2
0.32
0.19
0.80
0.18
1.33
0.19
Al
2
O
3
17.42
2.28
21.89
2.65
Al
2
O
3
1.45
0.84
4.04
0.42
Al
2
O
3
15.83
2.05
15.84
1.95
Al
2
O
3
10.41
0.35
10.64
0.32
10.51
0.29
Cr
2
O
3
b.d.l.
n.d.
b.d.l
n.d.
Cr
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Cr
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d
n.a.
n.d.
Cr
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
V
2
O
3
0.56
0.90
0.20
0.09
V
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
V
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
V
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Y
2
O
3
0.26
0.10
0.34
0.20
Y
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Y
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Y
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
La
2
O
3
5.97
1.30
0.90
0.65
La
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
La
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
La
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Ce
2
O
3
12.84
1.76
2.24
2.03
Ce
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Ce
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Ce
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Pr
2
O
3
1.65
0.29
0.82
0.20
Pr
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Pr
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Pr
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Nd
2
O
3
2.88
0.42
1.08
0.88
Nd
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Nd
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Nd
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Fe
2
O
3
3.49
1.94
9.61
1.79
Fe
2
O
3
0.06
0.07
2.12
0.65
Fe
2
O
3
n.c.
n.d.
n.c.
n.d.
Fe
2
O
3
n.c
n.d.
n.c
n.d.
n.c
n.d.
FeO
10.13
1.1
1
3.78
2.06
FeO
15.98
2.97
10.88
3.16
FeO
26.97
3.24
21.34
2.34
FeO
33.04
1.61
25.07
1.51
10.98
1.03
MnO
0.161
0.10
0.14
0.08
MnO
0.21
0.09
0.13
0.12
MnO
0.23
0.09
0.24
0.07
MnO
0.13
n.d.
0.12
0.02
0.09
n.d.
MgO
0.29
0.16
0.45
n.d.
MgO
14.55
2.57
16.27
2.38
MgO
10.71
1.86
13.95
0.99
MgO
5.86
1.06
10.52
0.95
20.40
0.61
CaO
11.97
1.22
21.14
2.29
CaO
10.56
1.84
10.37
0.44
CaO
0.79
0.56
0.99
0.51
CaO
0.07
0.04
0.21
0.10
0.08
0.03
SrO
b.d.l.
n.d.
0.08
0.04
SrO
n.a.
n.d.
SrO
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
SrO
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Na
2
O
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Na
2
O
0.22
0.10
2.84
0.57
Na
2
O
0.07
0.03
0.05
0.01
Na
2
O
0.12
0.02
0.1
1
0.03
0.39
0.08
K
2
O
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
K
2
O
0.13
0.06
0.40
0.17
K
2
O
0.92
0.67
0.35
0.40
K
2
O
8.49
0.13
7.93
0.42
8.60
0.40
F
b.d.l
n.d.
b.d.l
n.d.
F
b.d.l.
n.d.
1.71
0.44
F
b.d.l.
n.d.
b.d.l.
n.d.
F
b.d.l.
n.d.
b.d.l.
n.d.
4.42
0.09
Cl
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.d.
Cl
0.22
0.15
0.12
0.03
Cl
0.06
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
Cl
4.88
0.39
2.91
0.44
0.23
0.07
H
2
O (calc)
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
H
2
O (calc)
2.00
0.07
1.23
0.18
H
2
O (calc)
11.30
0.26
11.63
0.32
H
2
O calc
0.64
0.12
1.23
0.13
1.94
0.02
O=F
, Cl
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
O=F
, Cl
0.05
0.03
0.75
0.18
O=F
, Cl
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
O=F
,Cl
1.10
0.09
0.66
0.10
1.91
0.05
Total
98.71
1.55
98.15
0.74
Total
100.34
0.74
100.43
0.90
total
87.30
2.1
1
86.52
2.35
Total
99.20
0.75
98.05
0.68
99.82
0.97
Si
3.007
0.035
3.003
0.013
Si
7.798
0.
111
7.322
0.093
Si
3.385
0.356
3.481
0.228
Si
3.000
0.017
3.068
0.051
3.103
0.028
Al(IV)
0.037
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
Al(IV)
0.184
0.108
0.667
0.092
Al(IV)
0.615
0.356
0.519
0.228
Al(IV)
0.996
0.017
0.928
0.046
0.890
0.023
T
3.000
3.000
T
8.000
T
4.000
4.000
Ti
0.020
0.012
0.047
0.010
0.073
0.010
Ti
Ti
0.013
0.008
0.047
0.021
Ti
0.004
0.001
0.004
0.001
Fe
3+
(T)
0.013
0.005
0.030
n.d.
0.015
n.d.
Al(VI)
1.839
0.187
2.016
0.205
Al(VI)
0.075
0.050
0.045
0.047
Al(VI)
1.365
0.123
1.404
0.149
T
V
0.045
0.070
0.01
1
0.007
Fe
3+
(M)
0.106
0.078
0.231
0.072
Fe
2+
2.397
0.306
1.842
0.206
Al(VI)
0.018
0.022
0.061
0.039
0.016
n.d.
Fe
3+
(M)
0.242
0.146
0.538
0.145
Fe
2+
1.682
0.457
1.191
0.436
Mn
0.020
0.008
0.021
0.007
Fe
3+
(M)
0.010
0.035
0.093
0.059
0.062
0.026
Fe
2+
0.759
0.090
0.265
0.151
Mg
3.138
0.507
3.507
0.483
Mg
1.691
0.276
2.146
0.155
Fe
2+
2.196
0.1
18
1.546
0.1
19
0.597
0.079
Mn
0.012
0.009
0.010
0.007
C
5.000
5.000
tot M
5.475
0.333
5.417
0.212
Mn
0.009
0.002
0.008
0.001
0.006
n.d.
Mg
0.040
0.022
0.012
0.030
Mn
0.029
0.08
0.021
0.010
M vacancy
0.525
0.333
0.583
0.212
Mg
0.717
0.123
1.227
0.098
2.203
0.058
M
2.937
2.852
Fe
2+
0.263
0.261
0.141
0.076
Ca
0.090
0.062
0.
111
0.058
M
Y
0.013
0.005
0.015
0.009
Ca
1.674
0.273
1.613
0.078
Na
0.015
0.006
0.010
0.002
Ca
0.006
0.003
0.018
0.008
0.007
0.003
La
0.202
0.046
0.021
0.024
Na
0.037
0.001
0.239
0.077
K
0.124
0.091
0.046
0.052
Na
0.019
0.003
0.016
0.005
0.055
0.01
1
Ce
0.429
0.064
0.074
0.070
B
2.000
2.000
tot
0.206
0.153
0.163
0.098
K
0.891
0.012
0.792
0.045
0.794
0.034
Pr
0.055
0.009
0.01
1
0.013
Na
0.024
0.015
0.484
0.189
OH
7.998
0.005
8.000
0.000
A
Nd
0.094
0.013
0.034
0.027
K
0.025
0.01
1
0.073
0.032
F
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
OH
1.320
0.059
1.613
0.063
0.959
0.028
Ca
1.166
0.090
1.742
0.160
A
0.049
0.024
0.558
0.177
Cl
0.01
1
n.d.
n.c.
n.d.
F
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
n.d.
1.014
0.022
Sr
n.d.
n.d.
0.002
0.002
OH
1.946
0.038
1.189
0.196
tot A
8.000
8.000
Cl
0.680
0.059
0.387
0.063
0.028
0.008
A
1.999
1.899
F
n.d.
n.d.
0.829
0.060
∑ + charges
24.740
0.337
24.215
0.362
Cl
0.054
0.038
0.029
0.007
∑ - charges
25.027
0.007
25.007
0.005
W
2.000
2.000
Explanatory notes: n.a – not analyzed; n.c. – not calculated; n.d – not determined; b.d.l. – below detectrion limit
SUM T
,C,B,A
15.049
0.024
15.558
0.177
Table S3:
Chemical compositions and recalculated empirical formulae of epidote
‑group minerals, actinolite‑asbestos and amphibole relicts, chlorite and micas.
x
MÉSZÁROSOVÁ, SKÁLA, MATOUŠKOVÁ, MIKYSEK, PLÁŠIL and CÍSAŘOVÁ
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA
, 2018, 69, 5, 439–452
plagioclase
titanite
ilmenite
magnetite
n = 14
σ
14.
25.
26.
28.
n = 13
σ
n = 22
σ
n = 1
1
σ
SiO
2
65.55
0.95
55.45
50.81
49.79
47.69
SiO
2
31.02
0.30
SiO
2
b.d.l.
n.d.
SiO
2
b.d.l.
n.d.
Ti
O
2
0.03
n.d.
0.06
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.03
Ti
O
2
33.48
1.72
Ti
O
2
49.80
0.82
Ti
O
2
9.08
1.09
Al
2
O
3
21.35
0.61
27.78
30.2
30.96
32.18
Al
2
O
3
4.49
1.07
Al
2
O
3
0.04
0.005
Al
2
O
3
1.1
1
0.19
Cr
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Cr
2
O
3
b.d.l.
n.d.
Cr
2
O
3
0.09
n.d.
Cr
2
O
3
0.53
0.1
1
V
2
O
3
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
V
2
O
3
0.24
0.05
V
2
O
3
0.63
0.13
V
2
O
3
3.38
0.47
Fe
2
O
3
0.31
0.24
1.17
0.76
0.17
0.57
Fe
2
O
3
1.47
0.68
Fe
2
O
3
n.c.
n.d.
Fe
2
O
3
45.09
1,61
FeO
0.1
1
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.57
0.00
FeO
n.c.
n.d.
FeO
47.17
0.97
FeO
38.69
1.10
MnO
b.d.l.
n.d.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
MnO
b.d.l.
n.d.
MnO
1.14
0.36
MnO
0.35
0.08
MgO
b.d.l.
n.d.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
MgO
b.d.l.
n.d.
MgO
0.52
0.22
MgO
0.13
0.07
CaO
2.49
0.70
10.92
14.39
14.96
16.71
CaO
29.08
0.51
CaO
0.06
0.03
CaO
0.06
0.02
SrO
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
SrO
n.a.
n.d.
SrO
n.a.
n.d.
SrO
n.a.
n.d.
Na
2
O
10.26
0.37
5.51
3.48
2.95
2.1
1
Na
2
O
b.d.l.
n.d.
Na
2
O
b.d.l.
n.d.
Na
2
O
b.d.l.
n.d.
K
2
O
0.21
0.21
0.18
0.09
0.09
0.05
K
2
O
b.d.l.
n.d.
K
2
O
b.d.l.
n.d.
K
2
O
b.d.l.
n.d.
F
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
F
0.55
0.12
F
b.d.l.
n.d.
F
b.d.l.
n.d.
Cl
n.a.
n.d.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Cl
n.a.
n.d.
Cl
n.a.
n.d.
Cl
n.a.
n.d.
H
2
O calc
n.c.
n.d.
n.c.
n.c.
n.c.
n.c.
H
2
O calc
n.c.
n.d.
H
2
O calc
n.c.
n.d.
H
2
O calc
n.c.
n.d.
O=F
,Cl
n.c.
n.d.
n.c.
n.c.
n.c.
n.c.
O=F
0.23
0.05
O=F
n.c.
n.d.
O=F
n.c.
n.d.
Total
100.31
0.52
101.07
99.73
99.49
99.34
Total
99.90
0.55
Total
99.31
0.51
Total
98.38
0.86
Si
2.878
0.033
2.481
2.325
2.289
2.205
Si
1.037
0.008
Ti
0.961
0.013
Ti
0.262
0.030
Ti
0.001
n.d.
0.002
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
0.001
Ti
0.800
0.042
Al
0.001
0.0002
Al
0.050
0.009
Al
1.105
0.033
1.465
1.629
1.678
1.754
Al
0.168
0.040
Cr
0.002
n.d.
Cr
0.016
0.003
Fe
3+
0.01
1
0.008
0.041
0.027
0.006
0.02
V
0.006
0.001
V
0.013
0.003
V
0.104
0.014
Fe
2+
0.004
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.022
0.000
Fe
0.035
0.009
Fe
1.012
0.023
Fe
3+
1.304
0.052
Mn
b.d.l.
n.d.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
Ca
0.989
0.016
Mn
0.025
0.008
Fe
2+
1.244
0.028
Mg
b.d.l.
n.d.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
b.d.l.
F
0.055
0.01
1
Mg
0.020
0.008
Mn
0.01
1
0.003
Ca
0.1
17
0.033
0.523
0.705
0.737
0.828
O
4.948
0.186
Ca
0.002
0.001
Mg
0.007
0.004
Na
0.873
0.030
0.478
0.309
0.263
0.189
Ca
0.003
0.001
K
0.012
0.012
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.003
∑ cation
3.000
n.d.
tot. cat.
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
tot. oxy
.
7.994
0.006
7.991
7.996
7.997
7.997
Si+T
i+Al+Fe
3+
3.994
0.006
3.986
3.981
3.973
3.979
ideal
4.000
4.000
4.000
4.000
4.000
Ca+Na+K
1.002
0.006
1.012
1.019
1.005
1.020
ideal
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
Explanatory notes: n.a — not analyzed; n.c. — not calculated; n.d — not determined; b.d.l. — below detectrion limit
Table S4:
Chemical compositions and recalculated empirical formulae of plagioclase, titanite, ilmenite and magnetite.