GeolCarp_Vol68_No4_303

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

, AUGUST 2017, 68, 4, 303 – 317

doi: 10.1515/geoca-2017-0021

www.geologicacarpathica.com

Foraminifera from the Norian–Rhaetian reef carbonates

of the Taurus Mountains (Saklıkent, Turkey)

BABA SENOWBARI-DARYAN and MICHAEL LINK



Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Geozentrum Nordbayern, Section Palaeobiology, Loewenichstraße 28,

D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; baba.senowbari-daryan@fau.de,



Michael.Link@gwup.org

(Manuscript received July 22, 2016; accepted in revised form March 15, 2017)

Abstract: Norian–Rhaetian reef carbonates are exposed in several localities in Taurus Mountains. They predominately

contain hypercalcified sponges, followed by scleractinian corals and other less numerous organisms. A coherent Norian–

Rhaetian reef structure is exposed near the small town of Saklıkent, west of Antalya. Foraminifers occur in reef carbonates

of Saklıkent by numerous genera as shown in this paper. Two species — Siculocosta taurica and Siculocosta sadati — are

described as new. The foraminiferal association of Saklıkent is similar or almost identical to the associations known from

the Norian–Rhaetian reefs of Sicily, Northern Calcareous Alps, and Greece but shows less similarity to the foraminiferal

association from the Apennines, Italy. The most abundant foraminifers are milioliporoids

particularly galeanellids and

cucurbitids. Some sessile and agglutinated foraminifers, including Alpinophragmium perforatum Flügel, which mostly

occurs abundantly in the Norian–Rhaetian reef carbonates, could not be found in the Saklıkent reef. This association of

foraminifera is reported for the first time from a Norian–Rhaetian reef in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey.

Keywords: Foraminifera, Upper Triassic, reef, Saklıkent, Taurus Mountains, Turkey.

Introduction

In the Taurus Mountains of southern Turkey

Upper Triassic

(Carnian, Norian–Rhaetian) reef carbonates are exposed as

reef boulders (“Cipit” blocks) in several localities, embedded

within the siliciclastic Kasımlar and Dereköy basins. The main

reef builders of such Cipit blocks are hypercalcified sponges

or scleractinian corals. Some sponges and other organisms of

these boulders were described by Senowbari-Daryan & Link

(e. g., 2011, 2014, 2015). Generally the fossil associations of

these boulders are different from the Norian–Rhaetian asso-

ciations of the reef structures in other localities in the Tethyan

realm (e. g., Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria: Schäfer & Se-

nowbari-Daryan 1981, Sicily: Senowbari-Daryan 1984,

Greece: own observations). Foraminifers and typical micro-

problematic organisms of the Norian-Rheaetian reefs are rare

or missing in the Cipit boulders.

A coherent Norian–Rhaetian reef structure crops out around

the small village of Saklıkent, about 30 km west of Antalya

(Fig. 1). The organism associations, including sponges, corals,

foraminifers and problematic organisms of this reef complex

are distinctly different from the reef boulders in the Kasımlar

or Dereköy basins. The organism associations, especially con-

cerning the foraminifers and microproblematica, are similar to

the associations known from the other contemporary Norian–

Rhaetian reefs from Sicily, Northern Calcareous Alps, Greece

and subordinately Apennines in southern Italy and Oman

(e. g., Bernecker 1996). The majority of the foraminiferal

fauna described in this paper is not known from the other

localities in Turkey.

Saklıkent locality

The Saklıkent locality is a part of the Western Antalya

Nappes, Gödene zone (Robertson & Woodcock 1981). The

“local mountain” Bakırlı Dağı, south of Saklıkent, and the

hills east of the winter resort are composed of massive carbo-

nates of Jurassic to Cretaceous age. Sandwiched between the

massive carbonates at the Saklıkent locality is a small tectonic

block with a size of some hundred metres, representing Norian

reef carbonates. Typical for these reef carbonates is a snow

white colour, which is very different to the grey and brown

reef carbo nates of Cipit boulders in other localities in Turkey.

The reef carbonates of the Saklıkent locality are unique and

an outlier. A similar occurrence of this reef carbonate type is

not yet known in the Taurus Mountains.

Systematic palaeontology

Before the description of the majority of species a (most

probably) incomplete synonymy-list is given. Beside the brief

descriptions of species the original references and partial

descriptions are referred.

Family: Cucurbitidae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager &

Ducret, 1982a

Genus: Cucurbita Jablonsky, 1973

Synonymy: Paratintinnina Borza & Samuel, 1977b;

Pseudocucurbita Borza & Samuel, 1978.

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Type species: Cucurbita infundibuliforme Jablonský, 1973

Cucurbita longicollum (Senowbari-Daryan), 1983

(Fig. 2 a, b?, c–e, f?, g–i)

* 1983 Pseudocucurbita longicollum sp. n. - Senowbari-Daryan,

p. 196, pl. 14, figs. 1-10, pl. 15, figs. 1-2, 6, pl. 16, fig. 5,

text-fig. 8.

1983 Pseudocucurbita longicollum Senowbari-Daryan - Miconnet et

al., pl. 3, fig. 10.

1986 Pseudocucurbita longicollum Senowbari-Daryan - Senowbari-

Daryan & Abate, pl. 19, figs. 4-5.

1988 Pseudocucurbita longicollum Senowbari-Daryan - Pirdeni,

pl. 2, fig. 4.

?1990 Pseudocucurbita longicollum Senowbari-Daryan - Riedel

pl. 5, fig. 7.

?1991 Hydrania dulloi Senowbari-Daryan - Martini et al. p. 17, fig. 12.

1993 Cucurbita longicollum (Senowbari-Daryan) - Senowbari-

Daryan, p. 3, fig. 3.

1996a Cucurbita longicollum (Senowbari-Daryan) - Senowbari-

Daryan & Flügel, p. 254, pl. 3, figs. 7-10, 12 (cum syn.).

2004 Cucurbita longicollum (Senowbari-Daryan) - Martini et al.,

pl.3, fig, 21.

2012 Cucurbita longicollum - Gale et al., fig. 2.

2016 Cucurbita longicollum (Senowbari-Daryan) - Senowbari-

Daryan, p. 190, pl. 6, figs. 9-12, text-figs. 2-3.

Remarks: See Senowbari-Daryan (1983), Senowbari-

Daryan & Flügel (1996a: 254).

Description: The free test with porcelaneous wall of this

foraminifer is composed of several amphora-like chambers

with a broad basal part, passing to the narrower and long

cylindrical “neck” ending with a broad “collar”. Individual

chambers are about 300 µm (150–480) long and are arranged

one above the other in a straight or curved line. The neck is

usually 2–3 times longer than the collar. Collars reach a dia-

meter of 40–100 µm. A terminal aperture is located at the

centre of the collar.

As noted by Senowbari-Daryan (2016) the initial part of

some specimens from the Carnian and Norian–Rhaetian of

Sicily is characterized by an enrolled tube (see also the speci-

men illustrated determined as Hydrania dulloi in pl. 17, fig. 12

by Martini et al. 1991). The initial part of some specimens

(Fig. 2 b, f) of the investigated material from Turkey exhibits

Siculocosta-like enrolled part with a terminal collar on the

youngest part (see also Di Stefano et al. 1990, pl. 3, figs. 11,

pl. 4, fig. 10). It is unclear, whether the amphora-shaped last

part of the specimen illustrated in Fig. 2 b belongs to a second

foraminifer (initial part) or if the full length represents only

one specimen.

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: Cucurbita longi-

collum was originally described from the Norian–Rhaetian

reefs of Sicily (Senowbari-Daryan 1983). It was later reported

from the contemporary limestones of the Apennines, southern

Italy (Miconnet et al. 1983), possibly from Albania (Pirdeni

1987, 1988), Sicily (Di Stefano et al. 1990), Austria

(Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel 1996a), and from Seram,

Indonesia (Martini et al. 2004). The stratigraphic age of all the

mentioned localities is Norian–Rhaetian. Senowbari-Daryan

& Abate (1986) and Senowbari-Daryan (2016) have described

the species from the Carnian of Sicily.

Fig. 1. Geographical position of the Saklıkent locality west of Antalya (arrow).

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Cucurbita brevicollum (Senowbari-Daryan, 1983)

(Fig. 2j–p)

* 1983 Pseudocucurbita brevicollum sp. n. - Senowbari-Daryan,

p. 200, pl. 15, figs. 4, 9-11.

? 1983 Pseudocucurbita brevicollum Senowbari-Daryan - Miconnet

et al., pl. 3, fig. 9.

1990 Pseudocucurbita brevicollum Senowbari-Daryan - Di Stefano

et al., p. 110, pl. 4, fig. 11.

1990 Pseudocucucurbita brevicollum Senowbari-Daryan - Riedel,

pl. 5, fig. 9.

1991 Cucurbita brevicollum Senowbari-Daryan - Martini et al.,

pl. 17, fig. 19.

? 2009 Cucurbita brevicollum Senowbari-Daryan - Martini et al.,

pl. 2, fig. 2.

Description: The porcelaneous test of this species is com-

posed of several funnel- or barrel-shaped chambers with

a wide collar on the distal end. The collar diameter is larger

than the height of the chambers. Chambers are arranged on

straight or curved lines. Biometrical data and a detailed

description of the species are given by Senowbari-Daryan

(1983). Measurements of the specimens from Saklıkent are

given in Table 1.

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: Cucurbita brevi-

collum was described originally from the Norian reef lime-

stones of the Palermo Mountains by Senowbari-Daryan (1983).

It was later described from the time equivalent reef limestones

of Monte Genuardo (southwestern Sicily) by Di Stefano et al.

(1990). Martini et al. (1997) illustrated from the Norian–

Rhaetian of Indonesia a specimen as Cucurbita sp., which

could be C. brevicollum. The species was described from the

reef limestones of Saklıkent, Turkey by Riedel (1990).

Genus: Tignumporina Senowbari-Daryan, 1993

Original diagnosis: “The porcelaneous and multicham-

bered test is composed of several amphora-like chambers

exhibiting a long ‘neck’ passing into a wide collar on the distal

part. The simple aperture is positioned terminal. The chambers

are arranged under an angle of about 130 degrees. The younger

chambers are supported by beam-like elements. The outer

surface of the test without any ornamentation” (Senowbari-

Daryan 1993: 192).

Type species: Tignumporina zeissi Senowbari-Daryan,

1993.

Tignumporina zeissi Senowbari-Daryan, 1993

(Fig. 3p, Fig. 4: re-illustrated from Senowbari-Daryan 1993)

1990 cf. Hydrania dulloi Senowbari-Daryan - Di Stefano et al., pl. 3,

fig. 10/1.

? 1991 Hydrania dulloi Senowbari-Daryan - Martini et al., p. 16,

figs. 6-7, pl. 17, figs. 3, 11-14.

* 1993 Tignumporina zeissi n. sp. - Senowbari-Daryan, p. 192-193,

pl. 19, figs. 1-9, text-fig. 5 (cum syn.).

non 1996b Tignumporina zeissi Senowbari-Daryan - Bérczi-Makk,

pl. 1, fig. 9.

non 2009 Tignumporina zeissi - Carrillat & Martini, fig. 4/16-18.

Description: The description of the species of this mono-

specific genus corresponds to the diagnosis of the genus

(Senowbari-Daryan 1993).

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: T. zeissi is known

from the Carnian reef boulders of Sicily (Martini et al. 1991;

Senowbari-Daryan 1993), from the Carnian of Albania

(Pirdeni 1987, 1988). The stratigraphic range of the species is

now extended to Norian–Rhaetian based on the occurrence in

the Saklıkent carbonates.

?Family: Siculocostidae Zaninetti, Martini & Altiner, 1992

Genus: Siculocosta Senowbari-Daryan & Zaninetti, 1986

Type species: Costifera battagliensis (Senowbari-Daryan,

1983).

Discussion: All genera (Amphorella, Spiriamphorella,

Urnulinella, Pseudocucurbita, Paratintinnina, Costifera and

Siculocosta), established by Borza & Samuel (1977b, 1978),

Samuel & Borza (1981), and Senowbari-Daryan (1983) were

placed in synonymy with Cucurbita Jablonský (1973) by Gale

et al. (2012). Senowbari-Daryan (2016) discussed the validity

of some of these genera. He re-introduced the genera Costifera,

Siculocosta, and Urnulinella.

Siculocosta taurica

nov. sp.

(Fig. 5a–e)

1983 Costifera? sp. - Senowbari-Daryan, pl. 20, figs. 3, 5, 9, 12.

1990 Costifera? sp. - Riedel, pl. 5, fig. 10.

Derivatio nominis: After the Taurus Mountains, southern

Turkey.

Holotype: Specimen illustrated in Fig. 5c (19B17/2).

Paratypes: All specimens illustrated in Fig. 5a–b, d–e.

Locus typicus: Saklıkent reef limestones.

Stratum typicum: Norian–Rhaetian.

Diagnosis: Test free and porcelaneous, composed of several

amphora-like chambers arranged in straight or curved lines.

Chambers with longitudinal ribs are not separated by a distinct

wall.

Differential diagnosis: See remarks after the description of

the species.

Description: Specimens of this foraminifer are composed

of several amphora-like chambers arranged in straight or

Table 1: Metrical data of Cucurbita brevicollum Senowbari-Daryan

from Turkey. KL – length of the chamber, KD — chamber height,

AKD — chamber outer

dia

meter, WD — wall thickness of

the chamber, GL — length of the test. All measurements in µm.

Thin-section

AKD

Fig. 2k;

19B19/3

200

180

160

140

260

250

220

180

340

Fig. 2l;

BSM6/2

200

180

120

300

260

200

120

−

400

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curved lines. Individual chambers consist of three parts: The

basal part is composed of a chamber lumen surrounded by

a thin wall appearing dark in transmitted light. The second part

is composed of a short neck with a relatively thickened wall.

The third part is the collar, which is wider than the first or the

second part. The diameter of the collar is about the length of

the chamber or moderately a bit smaller. The chamber walls

are characterized by longitudinal running ribs, which are not

sepa rated from the test by a distinct wall. The ribs appear as

spines and are recognizable in sections perpendicular to the

long axis of the chamber.

Remarks: The genera Costifera and Siculocosta differ from

each other by the ribs, which are separated (Costifera) or not

separated (Siculocosta) by the distinct wall between the ribs

and the test (Senowbari-Daryan & Zaninetti 1986). The spine-

like ribs in the new species seem not to be separated from the

test by a distinct wall. This feature justifies its attribution to

the genus Siculocosta. In addition, the shape of the chambers

(pear-like or pyriform) is similar to the type species of the

genus. Siculocosta taurica nov. sp. differs from the only

known species — S. battagliensis (Senowbari-Daryan, 1983) —

by the circular outline of the chamber in cross section, by the

well developed collars of the individual chambers and by the

indistinct longitudinal ribs on the surface of the chambers.

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: S. taurica nov. sp. is

known from the Norian–Rhaetian reef limestone of Sicily

(Senowbari-Daryan 1983: see synonymy) and from the reef

limestones of Saklıkent in southern Turkey (Riedel 1990, this

paper).

Siculocosta sadati nov. sp.

(Fig. 6a–d, Fig. 3n–o, Figs. 7–8 re-illustrated from

Sadati 1981)

?1981 Spiriamphorella districta Borza & Samuel - Altiner &

Zaninetti, p. 733, pl. 80, figs. 1-10, 15, 17?, 19?, 20?

?1981 Spiriamphorella districta Borza & Samuel - Altiner &

Zaninetti, pl. 80, figs. 16-18, 20.

?1983 Spiriamphorella? Al-Shaibani et al. - pl. 3, fig. 1.

1981 Spiriamphorella districta Borza & Samuel, 1977 - Sadati,

p. 211, pl. 63, figs. 3-25, text-fig. 7.

2009 Spiriamphorella cf. S. districta Borza & Samuel, 1977 -

Martini et al., pl. 2, fig. 3.

Derivatio nominis: Dedicated to Dr. Seyed-Massoud Sadati

(Hamedan, Iran), who described this species (1981) for the

first time as Spiriamphorella districta Borza & Samuel from

the Norian–Rhaetian of Hohe Wand, Austria.

Holotype: Pl. 63, fig. 16 of Sadati’s specimen (1981) from

Hohe Wand, Austria (see Figs. 7 and 8).

Fig. 4. Reconstruction of Tignumporina zeissi Senowbari-Daryan.

The sketch shows the broad collar around the axial aperture and the

chambers are characterized by a long neck and an extended element

stabilizing the test (re-illustrated from Senowbari-Daryan 1993).

Fig. 5. Scale bar for Figs. a – q = 0.2 mm. Figs. a–e: Siculocosta taurica nov. sp. a — Longitudinal section similar to the holotype (Fig. c).

(BSM6); b — Marginal section exhibiting the costae in the last chamber. 19B20/10; c — Siculocosta taurica nov. sp. Holotype. The youngest

chamber, arranged above the collars of the second to last chamber is cut in cross section exhibiting costae. The chamber before the last chamber

is pear-shaped (pyriform). 19B17/2; d — Similar section to the holotype (Fig. c). 19B20/8b; e — Longitudinal section. The not clearly recog-

nizable costae are cut in the two older chambers. 19B23/6. Figs. f–h: Siphonophera pilleri Senowbari-Daryan. f — Oblique section through

a specimen exhibiting the enrolled (lower part in photograph) and the ring-like arranged chambers around the tube (upper part). 19B20/8b;

g — Oblique section shows the first enrolled part and the second part above. BSM14; h — The longitudinal section exhibits very well the first

enrolled initial part at the base and the second part with ring-shaped chambers around the axially running tube. The collar of the youngest part

is clearly recognizable. 19B20/b. Fig. i — Orthotrinacria gracilis Zaninetti, Senowbari-Daryan, Ciarapica & Cirilli. Section through two

chambers. The young chamber shows the chamber lumen and the irregular structures of the chamber walls. The indistinct collar of the youngest

chamber is hardly recognizable. 19B16/3. Fig. j — Similar section to Fig, i. (19B8/4). Figs. k–p: Hirsutospirella pilosa Zaninetti, Ciarapica,

Cirilli & Cadet. k — Section through the low trochospirally coiled tubular chamber. BSM6/2; l — Similar section to Fig. k, exhibiting very

long bristles on one side. BSM6/1; m — Hirsutospirella pilosa (arrow) and Ophthalmidium sp. BSM6/2; n —Three sections through the

ornamentation of Hirsutospirella pilosa appearing as dark micritic bent lines. BSM6/1; o — BSM12 ; p — The section similar to Fig. k shows

the rolled up chambers of the test and the broad ornamentation on one side of the test. BSM6/1. Fig. q — Foliotortus spinosus Piller &

Senowbari-Daryan. Marginal section through the test and the ornamentation around the test. BSM6/1.

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Locus typicus: Hohe Wand mountain ridge, Gutenstein

Alps, Lower Austria.

Stratum typicum: Norian–Rhaetian.

Diagnosis: Porcelaneous test with several pear-like cham-

bers. Chambers with an indistinct collar at the distal part. The

younger chambers overlap the preceding chambers on one

side, forming an involution of the test.

Description: Porcelaneous test of about 1 mm with several

amphora- to pear-shaped chambers. Distal parts of the cham-

bers end with an indistinct collar, surrounding a terminal aper-

ture. The short “neck” and the collar of the chambers and the

chamber lumen are well recognizable in the young chambers.

The test seems to be rolled up planispirally. The younger cham-

bers overlap the older chamber(s) only on one side. Chamber

walls are thick. The ornamentation of the test’s outer surface is

not well known. However, some specimens of Sadati (1981: pl.

63, figs. 8, 16, 25) and his text-fig. 7: A/d, B/b) exhibit the hol-

low longitudinal ribs formed by the folding of the chamber wall.

Discussion: Some specimens of Sadati’s material from

Austria show the ornamentation of the test’s outer surface

formed by the outfolding of the chamber wall. This feature

justifies the attribution of Sadati’s species from Hohe Wand to

the genus Siculocosta. Although the chamber walls of speci-

mens from Saklıkent do not show the hollow ribs formed by

the folding of the chamber walls, but the chamber shape, their

arrangement and other features of the test from Austria and

Turkey support the unification of the specimens of both loca-

lities into one species.

Ornamentation of the Carnian specimens, described as

Spiriamphorella by Borza & Samuel (1977a) or other genera

is not known. The majority of the sections of different

Spiriamphorella species, described by Borza & Samuel seem

to be in axial section similar to the specimens from Saklıkent,

illustrated in Fig. 6 c, d.

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: Siculocosta sadati

nov. sp. occurs in Austria (Sadati 1981), Turkey (this paper)

and possibly in Indonesia (Al-Shaibani et al. 1983). Also some

specimens (pl. 80. figs. 1–2, 15) illustrated in Altiner &

Zaninetti (1981) from the Taurus Mountains, Turkey and

determined as Spiriamphorella districta or S. carpathica could

belong to this species.

Family: Milioliporidae Brönnimann & Zaninetti, 1971

Genus: Bispiranella Samuel, Salaj & Borza, 1981

Bispiranella subcarinata Samuel, Salaj & Borza, 1981

(Fig. 6 h–i)

(Selected synonymy):

* 1981 Bispiranella subcarinata nov. sp. - Samuel, Salaj & Borza,

p. 88, pl. 31, figs. 1-3.

1983 Bispiranella subcarinata Samuel, Salaj & Borza. - Salaj, Borza

& Samuel, p. 103-104, pl. 58, figs. 1-3 (re-illustration).

1988 Bispiranella subcarinata Samuel, Salaj & Borza. - Loeblich &

Tappan, p. 366, pl.385, figs. 1-2 (re-illustration).

2009 Bispiranella subcarinata Samuel, Salaj & Borza. – Martini et

al., pl. 1, fig. 22.

Description: The specimens of Bispiranella subcarinata

reach lengths of up to 1 mm. The outline of the oval test is not

always even (see Fig. 6 h–i). The axis of the rolled up and initial

stage is inclined to the axis of the test. The enrolled deutero-

loculum increases rapidly and the cross section of the V-shaped

last winding is large. For the detailed description of the species

see the original description by Samuel, Salaj & Borza (1981).

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: Bispiranella sub-

carinata was originally described from the Carnian Tisovec

limestone of West Carpathians by Samuel, Salaj & Borza

(1981). Here the species is reported from the Norian– Rhaetian.

Bispiranella sp.

(Fig. 6j?, k–l)

Description: Two (three?) specimens of this Bispiranella

were found in two thin-sections. Compared with B. subcari-

nata it is smaller with a smooth outer surface. The cross

section of the deuteroloculum appears as small white points on

both sides of the test (Fig. 6 k–l).

Genus: Galeanella Kristan, 1958

Galeanella panticae Zaninetti & Brönnimann

(in Brönnimann et al., 1973)

(Fig. 6 f–g, p)

* 1973 Galeanella panticae n. sp.- Zaninetti & Brönnimann (in

Brönnimann et al.), p. 420, pl.2, figs. 1-21, pl. 3, figs. 1-5,

7-13 (non 6!).

1982b Galeanella panticae Zaninetti & Brönnimann (in Brönnimann

et al.).- Zaninetti et al., p. 112, pl. 1, figs. 1-3, 4?, 5-11 (cum

syn.)

Description: See original description of Zaninetti &

Bronnimann (in Brönnimann et al. 1973).

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: G. panticae is

known from the Norian–Rhaetian reefs of numerous localities

worldwide.

Galeanella cf. G.? laticarinata Al-Shaibani,

Carter & Zaninetti, 1983.

(Fig. 6m-o)

* 1983 Galeanella? laticarinata Al-Shaibani, Carter & Zaninetti n.

sp. - p. 303, pl. 3, figs. 17-20, 21?.

2004 Galeanella laticarinata Al-Shaibani, Carter & Zaninetti -

Martini et al., pl. 2, figs. 8-12.

Description: This small species of the genus exhibits thin

chamber walls. The thin collar of the last chamber is clearly

recognizable. Perforation of the chamber walls is indistinct.

For detailed information and metrical data of the test see the

original description by Al-Shaibani et al. (1983).

According to L. Gale (journal reviewer) the specimens

illustrated in this paper could be G. tollmanni (Kristan 1957),

too.

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Remarks: Al-Shaibani et al. (1983) have compared

G.? laticarinata from Indonesia with specimens from the

Rhaetian of the Northern Calcareous Alps, described by

Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan (1978: pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 2,

fig. 4), Schäfer (1979: pl. 19, fig. 9), and Senowbari-Daryan

(1980: pl. 17, fig. 2) discussing the synonymy of these

specimens.

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: Galeanella? latica-

rinata is known from the Norian–Rhaetian of Indonesia (see

synonymy), possibly (see remarks) from the Northern

Calcareous Alps and probably Turkey.

Family: Siphonoferidae Senowbari-Daryan & Zaninetti, 1986

Genus: Siphonofera Senowbari-Daryan, 1983

Type species: Siphonofera pilleri Senowbari-Daryan, 1983.

Siphonofera pilleri Senowbari-Daryan, 1983

(Fig. 5 f–h)

* 1983 Siphonofera pilleri sp. n. - Senowbari-Daryan, p. 214, pl. 20

(erroneously numbered as 18), figs. 6-7, pl. 22, figs. 1-11,

pl. 23, fig. 12.

1990 Siphonofera pilleri Senowbari-Daryan - Di Stefano et al.,

p. 110, pl. 3, figs. 9, 10/2.

1990 Siphonofera pilleri Senowbari-Daryan - Riedel, pl. 5, fig. 6.

1992 Galeanella expansa n. sp. - Zaninetti et al., p. 111, pl. 4, fig. 1.

Description: The porcelaneous test of S. pilleri is composed

of two parts. The circular or oval initial part is a rolled up

tube, passing to the younger part. This part is composed of

a more or less axially running tube with a distinct collar

(110–200 µm) on the distal end. Around the tube (20–40 µm)

of the younger part ring-shaped low chambers are formed.

Chamber walls appear dark in transmitted light. Perforation of

the chamber walls is missing. Length of the test is about

220–550 µm. For discussion about the formation of the test

see the original description by Senowbari-Daryan (1983).

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: Siphonofera pilleri

is known from the Norian–Rhaetian reef carbonates of Sicily

(Senowbari-Daryan 1983, Di Stefano et al. 1990), and Turkey

(Riedel 1990, this paper).

The holotype of Galeanella expansa described as a new

fora minifer by Zaninetti et al. (1992: pl. 4, fig. 1) from the

Taurus Mountains of Turkey is a specimen of Siphonofera

pilleri Senowbari-Daryan (1983), and a junior synonym

of this species. The two specimens, illustrated as probable

paratypes in pl. 5, figs. 1, 7 by these authors are not

Siphonofera.

Family: Hirsutospirellidae Zaninetti, Ciarapica,

Cirilli & Cadet, 1985

Genus: Hirsutospirella Zaninetti, Ciarapica,

Cirilli & Cadet, 1985

Type species: Hirsutospirella pilosa Zaninetti, Ciarapica,

Cirilli & Cadet, 1985.

Fig. 7. Numerous sections and reconstruction of Siculocosta sadatii

nov. sp. (described as Spiriamphorella districta by Sadati 1981).

Re-illustrated from Sadati 1981.

Fig. 8. Siculocosta sadati nov. sp. (holotype). Re-illustrated from

Sadati 1981, pl. 53, fig. 12.

This specimen shows the most important

features for the reconstruction presented in Fig. 7.

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Hirsutospirella pilosa Zaninetti, Ciarapica,

Cirilli & Cadet, 1985

(Fig. 5 k–p)

* 1985 Hirsutospirella pilosa n. g., n. sp. - Zaninetti, Ciarapica,

Cirilli & Cadet, p. 334, pl. 3, figs. 1-8, pl. 4, figs. 2-7, pl. 5,

figs. 1-11, text-fig. 2.

non 1985 Hirsutospirella pilosa n. g., n. sp. - Zaninetti, Ciarapica,

Cirilli & Cadet, p. 334, pl. 4, fig. 1.

1988 Hirsutospirella pilosa Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet

- Ciarapica et al., fig. 2.

1990 Hirsutospirella pilosa Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet -

Di Stefano et al., pl. 3, fig. 18.

1993 Hirsutospirella pilosa - Cirilli, fig. 16a.

1996a Hirsutospirella pilosa Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet

- Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel, p. 249, pl. 1, fig. 1–9, pl. 5,

figs. 7-8, text-figs. 2-3 (cum sun.).

1996 Hirsutospirella pilosa Zaninetti, Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet

- Senowbari-Daryan et al., pl. 20, fig. 6.

Description: Hirsutospirella is a very small foraminifer,

which usually occurs within microbial crusts and is hardly

recognizable. The test is composed of two parts: the first part

is composed of a relatively large proloculus followed by

a tubular second chamber, which is coiled plan- to mode rately

trochospiral. The chamber wall is very thin. The second part,

appearing dark micritic in transmitted light covers one side of

the chambered part of the test. This micritic part is composed

of bristles or narrow filaments reaching thicknesses ten times

thicker than the first part. A detailed description with bio-

metrical data of H. pilosa with a spatial reconstruction is given

by Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel (1996a).

H. pilosa is usually attached to microbial crusts

(“Spongiostromata”-crusts). Most probably the bristles on one

side of the test served as the attachment organ of the forami-

nifer. Isolated specimens of H. pilosa cannot be recognized if

the section passes through the micritic bristle part. Such sec-

tions look like small and narrow micritic straight or curved

lines (Fig. 5m — arrows, Fig. 5n).

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: H. pilosa is known

from the Norian–Rhaetian reef limestones of former

Yugoslavia (Bosnia: Zaninetti et al. 1985a), Sicily (Zaninetti

et al. 1985a; Di Stefano et al. 1990), Greece (Senowbari-

Daryan et al. 1996), Austria (Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel

1996a), and Turkey (this paper).

Genus: Foliotortus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan, 1980

Type species: Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-

Daryan, 1980.

Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan, 1980

(Fig. 5q)

* 1980 Foliotortus spinosus n. gen. n. sp. - Piller & Senowbari-

Daryan, p. 220, pl. 23, figs. 2-9, 11-13 (non figs. 1, 10).

1983 Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Miconnet et

al., pl. 1, fig. 6.

? 1985 Hirsutospirella pilosa n. g., n. sp.- Zaninetti, Ciarapica,

Cirilli & Cadet, p. 334, pl. 4, fig. 1.

1985 Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Zaninetti,

Ciarapica, Cirilli & Cadet, pl. 4, figs. 8-9.

1988 Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Ciarapica et

al., fig. 5 (re-illustrated).

1990 Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Di Stefano

et al., pl. 3, figs. 116-17.

1990 Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Riedel,

pl. 5, figs. 12-14.

1992 Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Miconnet et

al., pl. 1, fig. 6.

1993 Foliotortus spinosus - Cirilli, fig. 16i.

1996a Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Senowbari-

Daryan & Flügel, p. 251, pl. 1, fig. 8/B, pl. 2, figs. 1-9 (cum syn.).

1996 Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Di Stefano

et al. pl. 30, figs. 4, 7, 9.

1996 Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Senowbari-

Daryan et al., pl. 20, fig. 7.

?1996 Foliotortus spinosus Piller & Senowbari-Daryan - Bernecker,

p. 69, pl. 17, fig. 15.

Description: The test of Foliotortus spinosus is composed

(as in Hirsutospirella pilosa) of two parts. The triangular-

shaped first part is the proloculus and the trochospirally coiled

deuteroloculus. The second part is composed of micritic and

spine-like elements, which are arranged ring-like and origi-

nate from the trochospirally coiled tubular chamber. Sections

through the second part of the test appear as curved micritic

lines (pl. 57, fig. 13). For the dimensions of the test and

detailed description of H. spinosus see Piller & Senowbari-

Daryan (1980).

Occurrence: Foliotortus spinosus is known from the

Norian–Rhaetian reef limestones of Sicily (Senowbari-

Daryan, 1983, Di Stefano et al. 1990, 1996), Austria

(Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel 1996a), Italy (Miconnet et al.

1983, Cirilli 1993), Oman (Bernecker 1996), and Turkey

(Riedel 1990, this paper).

Genus: Orthotrinacria Zaninetti, Senowbari-Daryan,

Ciarapica & Cirilli, 1985

Orthotrinacria gracilis Zaninetti, Senowbari-Daryan,

Ciarapica & Cirilli, 1985

(Fig. 5i–j)

1982 Ophthalmidium cf. carinatum (Leischner).- Senowbari-Daryan,

Schäfer & Abate, pl. 24, fig. 7.

* 1985 Orthotrinacria gracilis n. gen., n. sp.- Zaninetti, Senowbari-

Daryan, Ciarapica & Cirilli, p. 298, Figs. 8-9.

1996a Orthotrinacria? gracilis Zaninetti, Senowbari-Daryan,

Ciarapica & Cirilli.- Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel, p. 253, pl. 3,

figs. 1-3 (cum syn.)

Description: The two sections of this foraminifer with

porcelaneous test are cut through the last chamber(s) exhi-

biting transverse lines, which are interpreted as “not clearly

understood structures of the recrystallized wall”. The initial

part of the test is not known in the specimens from Turkey.

The last chamber is tubular, ending with the aperture with

an indistinct rim (Fig. 5i).

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Occurrence and stratigraphic range: Orthotrinacria

gracilis was known only from the Norian–Rhaetian reefs of

Sicily (Senowbari-Daryan et al. 1982) and now from the con-

temporary reef limestones near Saklıkent, Taurus Mountains,

Turkey.

Genus: Decapoalina Gale, Rettori, Martini & Rozic, 2013

Original diagnosis: “The juvenile stage consists of a globu-

lar proloculus and a probable flexostyle channel. The channel

is followed by several chambers in a sigmoiline arrangement.

The coiling is involute throughout the ontogeny, leading to the

lateral thickening of the test. The wall is porcelaneous, pseudo-

perforated. No aperture is observed.” (Gale et al. 2013: 85).

Type species: “Sigmoilina” schaeferae Zaninetti, Altiner,

Dager & Ducret, 1982a.

Decapoalina schaeferae (Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager

& Ducret, 1982a)

(Fig. 3 h–i, k–l)

1982a “Sigmoilina” schaeferae n. sp - Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager &

Ducret, p. 111, pl. 8, figs. 3, 6, 9, 12-13.

2004 Sigmoilina schaeferae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret

- Martini et al., pl. 4, figs. 15, 18.

2004 Sigmoilina sp - Martini et al., pl. 4, figs. 17.

2009 “Sigmoilina” schaeferae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret

- Martini et al. pl. 1, fig. 24-25.

2012 “Sigmoilina” schaeferae Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret

- Gale, p. 31, pl. 3, fig. 1^1.

2013 Decapoalina schaeferae (Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret)

- Gale et al., p. 85-86,

fig. 4, pl. 1, figs. 1-7, pl. 2, figs. 1-6

(incompl. cum syn.).

Description: For the description of the species see the origi-

nal description by Zaninetti et al. (1982) and Gale et al. (2013).

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: D. schaeferae is

known from numerous Norian–Rhaetian reefs on the world,

for more information see Gale et al. (2013). Martini et al.

(2004) reported the occurrence of the species from Seram,

Indonesia.

Family: Ataxophragmiidae Schwager, 1877

Genus: Palaeolituonella Bérczi-Makk, 1981

Original diagnosis: “The shell is elongated, coniform and

in its initial form it consists of 4 to 5 coiled chambers. Later on

it turns to a linear form consisting of wide and low chambers

with faint septum-rudimenta hardly observable even in thin

sections. The one-layer wall is thick, agglutinated. The aper-

ture is not known.” (Bérczi-Makk 1981: 390-391) (see also

Loeblich & Tappan 1988: 148).

Type species: Textularia meridionalis Luperto, 1965.

Genus: Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto, 1965)

(Fig. 3e–f)

* 1965 Textularia meridionalis n. sp. - Luperto, p. 177, pl. 10, figs. 6-7.

?1981 Foraminifere genus 1. - Altiner & Zaninetti, pl.88, fig. 1.

1981 Foraminifere genus 2. - Altiner & Zaninetti, pl. 88, fig. 2.

1981 Palaeolituonella majzoni n. g., n. sp. - Bérczi-Makk, p. 390-

391, pl. 1, figs. 1-8.

1986 Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto) - Zaninetti et al.,

p. 33-34, pl. 1, figs. 1-4.

1990 Palaeolituonella meridionalis - Ciarapica et al., fig. 4/A

1995 Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto) - Rettori, p. 65, pl. 5,

figs. 10-12, pl. 6, figs. 1-6.

1996a Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto) - Senowbari-Daryan

& Flügel, p. 255, pl. 5, figs. 1, 4 (cum syn.).

1996 Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto, 1965) - Bernecker,

p. 67, pl. 17, fig. 19

1996 Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto, 1965) - Bérczi-Makk,

p. 245-246, pl. 2, figs. 4-11, pl. 3, figs. 1-2.

1996b Turriglomina mesotriasica (Koehn-Zaninetti) - Bérczi-Makk,

Pl. 10, fig. 13.

2004 Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto) - Martini et al. pl. 4,

figs. 19-21.

2006 Palaeolituonella meridionalis - Nittel, pl. 6, fig. 1 (for right

name see p. 130)

2009 Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto) - Senowbari-Daryan

& Cacciatore, p. 52, pl. 1, figs. 11-12.

2009 Palaeolituonella meridionalis - Carrillat & Martini, fig.

4.29-30.

non 2009 Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto) - Martini et al.,

pl. 2, fig. 7.

2010 Palaeolituonella meridionalis - Chablais, fig. 7.4/20-28.

2010 Palaeolituonella meridionalis - Chablais et al., fig. 8.p-q.

2011 Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto) - Velledits et al., fig.

17/19-22.

Description: The free and conical-shaped test of this

agglutinated foraminifer reaches a diameter of 0.5–0.8 mm.

The initial part of the test is trochospirally rolled up, passing to

the linear part. The linear part is composed of low chambers,

mode rately higher then the chamber walls. The aperture is

terminal. The detailed description of the species is carried out

by Bérczi-Makk (1981) and Zaninetti et al. 1986.

Occurrence and stratigraphic range: This foraminifer

was described originally as Textularia meridionalis

(= Palaeolituonella meridionalis) from the “Calcare de

Abriola”, southern Italy by Luperto (1965). He dated the lime-

stones with this foraminifer as Permian. According to Zaninetti

(1986) these limestones are Ladinian in age (see also

Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel 1996a).

Palaeolituonella meridionalis is known from the Ladinian–

Carnian of Hungary (Alsóhegy Mountains: Berczi Makk

1981; Flügel et al. 1991/1992, Aggtelek unit: Velledits 2011),

from the Ladinian of the Northern Calcareous Alps (Boni et al.

1994; Nittel 2006), Carnian of Sicily (Senowbari-Daryan

1984; Carrillat & Martini 2009) and from numerous Norian–

Rhaetian localities in the Northern Calcarous Alps (see

Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel 1996a), Italy (Ciarapica et al.

1990), Malaysia (Fontaine et al. 1988), Seram, Indonesia

(Martini et al. 2004), Japan (Chabailis et al. 2010), and from

Oman (Bernecker 1996). According to Bernecker (1996)

Palaeolituonella occurs from Anisian to Rhaetian.

The species, described as “Foraminifere genus 2” by Altiner

& Zaninetti (1981, see synonymy) represents a specimen of

P. meridionalis and the specimens in this paper document its

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occurrence in Southern Turkey. Palaeolituonella meridionalis

occurs also in the Norian–Rhaetian reefs within the Nayband

Formation in Iran (own observation).

Genus: Kaeveria Senowbari-Daryan, 1984

Original diagnosis: “Free and conical test consisting of

a trochospiral-multichambered initial part which is turning

into a biserial and uncoiled part. The chambers of the initial

part are lacking an interior subdivision. During the biserially

and uncoiled stage the chambers are represented by septulae

running radially and vertically and by alternating long and

short ones. The aperture is simple and terminal.” (Senowbari-

Daryan 1984: 87) (see also Loeblich & Tappan 1988: 141).

Type species: Palaeolituonella fluegeli (Zaninetti, Altiner,

Dager & Ducret, 1982b).

Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret, 1982b)

(Fig. 3c)

? 1981 Foraminifere genus indet. 1. - Altiner & Zaninetti, pl. 88, fig. 3.

* 1982b Palaeolituonella fluegeli n. sp. - Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager &

Ducret, p. 107, pl. 8, figs. 1-2, 4-50

1984 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret) -

Senowbari-Daryan p. 87, pl. 1, figs. 1-2, 5-7, 9-11, pl. 2, fig. 9

(cum syn.).

1986 ?Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti, Altiner, Dager & Ducret) -

Senowbari-Daryan & Abate, pl. 9, fig. 9 and pl. 10, fig. 3.

1988 Palaolituonella? sp. - Pideni, pl. 1, fig. 31.

1990 ?Palaeolituonella majzoni Bérczi-Makk - Riedel, pl. 4, fig. 6/1.

1991 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti et al.) - Brandner et al., pl. 74,

fig. 16.

1990 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret) -

Di Stefano et al., pl. 3, fig. 2.

1994 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti) - Boni et al. pl. 20, fig. 10.

1996a Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret) -

Senowbari-Daryan & Flügel, pl. 4, 1E, pl. 5, figs. 2-3 (cum

syn.).

1996 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret) -

Bernecker, p. 67, pl. 17, fig. 9.

2009 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret) -

Korchagin, p. 66, fig. 3d.

2009 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret) - Martini

et al., pl. 2, figs. 4-5.

2009 Palaeolituonella meridionalis (Luperto) - Martini et al., pl. 2,

fig. 7.

non 2012a Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret)

- Gale et al., p. 22, pl. 1, figs. 3.

2012a Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret) - Gale

et al., pl. 1, fig. 4.

2012b Kaeveria fluegeli - Gale et al., fig. 10f.

2013 Kaeveria fluegeli (Zaninetti Altiner, Dager & Ducret) - Gale et

al., p. 22, pl. 1, figs. 4.

Description: In principle Kaevaria fluegeli is similar to the

preceding species — Palaeolituonella meridionalis, but dif-

fers from the latter by the possession of a pillar-like structure

within the chambers. In cross section the pillars appear as

radially arranged elements (septum-like, Fig. 3c). Both fora-

minifers are associated, occur in the same facies and can be

easily confused.

Occurrence & stratigraphic range: Kaeveria fluegeli is

known from numerous Norian–Rhaetian localities (see syno-

nymy-list). Kaeveria fluegeli, like Palaeolituonella meridio-

nalis also occurs in the Norian–Rhaetian reefs within the

Nayband Formation in Iran (own observation).

Agglutinated foraminifer, Ammobaculites? sp.

(Fig. 3 d)

Description: Only one or two(?) specimens of this aggluti-

nated foraminifer is in the collection. The test is composed of

several uniserially arranged chambers of triangular shape. The

chambers are connected through the others by a terminal aper-

ture. Chamber walls are about half as thick as the chamber

lumen. It is not clear if the illustrated photo in Fig. 3d repre sents

two specimens or two isolated parts of only one specimen.

Facies integration of described foraminifers

The distribution of benthic foraminifera and their associa-

tion in Norian–Rhaetian reefs and platforms are useful for the

differentiation of the coherent facies types. Hohenegger &

Lobitzer (1971) have analysed in the Upper Triassic carbonate

platform and basinal facies in the Northern Calcareous Alps

(NCA) the distribution of foraminifera and Resch (1979) their

integration. Schäfer & Senowbari-Daryan (1978) studied the

distribution pattern in some Upper Rhaetian reefs of the

Salzburg area (Austria, NCA) and Dullo (1980) also in

a Dachstein platform (NCA), Chablais et al. (2011) in

south-western Japan, and Gale (2012) in the Southern Alps.

The foraminifera described in this paper are derived from

the reef carbonates around the town of Saklıkent, Taurus

Mountains. Generally this foraminiferal association occurs in

the reef core of other Norian–Rhaetian reefs of several locali-

ties in association with hypercalcified sponges (rarely with

scleractinian corals) and other reef builders. Some of these

foraminifera, for example, cucurbitids, siphonoferids, hirsuto-

spirelids, and siculocostids were found only in the reef core

and are “typical” reef foraminifers, occurring within micritic

sediments or some of them within the microbial crusts (e.g.,

Hirsutospirella). Other groups, such as ataxophramids, milio-

lids (partly) occur not only in the reef core, but also in the

carbonates near the reef core.

Duostominids, involutinids, glomosporids are typical fora-

minifera of the lagoon environment and occur sporadically in

the reef core or in carbonates near the reef core.

Some of the described genera or species are limited to the

Norian–Rhaetian reefs or shallow water deposits and are

useful index fossils (see text).

Acknowledgements: Geozentrum Nordbayern, Department

of Palaeoenvironment provided the office and laboratories for

the first author as a retired person.

Our thanks are addressed to

Evl Anders (Augsburg, Germany) for correcting the first draft.

Dr. Joachim Blau (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) and Dr. Luka

316

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Gale (Ljubljana, Slovenia) as Journal reviewers are gratefully

acknowledged for their constructive comments, valuable

hints, and discussions.

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