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, DECEMBER 2014, 65, 6, 411—417 doi: 10.1515/geoca-2015-0002
Introduction
Trilobites have been known from around the village of Bře-
zina village in the Moravian Karst since 1956 with the first de-
scriptions given by Chlupáč (1956). During the last few years
new fossiliferous sites in the Moravian Karst were discovered.
Recent revision of High-resolution biostratigraphy of the
Tournaisian—Visean (Mississippian) boundary interval in the
Mokrá quarry by Kalvoda et al. (2009) has shown the strati-
graphic importance of this fauna. Rak (2012) revised the trilo-
bite association from the quarry for the first time and Weiner
et al. (2012) published a preliminary report on a trilobite oc-
currence from the Říčka Valley. New discoveries of trilobites
from the village of Březina have enriched our knowledge of
their stratigraphic importance. Owens & Tilsley (1995) stud-
ied a trilobite association from the Carboniferous of North
Devon and based on the occurrence of blind trilobites and/or
ones with reduced eyes they recognized it as an atheloptic
assemblage. We state similar conditions in the case of the
Březina Formation in Moravia. All the published material has
been deposited at Czech Geological Survey in Prague.
Geological settings
The shales forming the typical lithotype of the Březina
Formation are of various colours, mostly from greenish grey
to greyish olive green, from red-brown to violet-brown, al-
ways containing silt. The shales show diverse mineral and
chemical composition especially in carbonates (CaO = 0.53
to 0.98 wt. %). The Březina Formation shales, with the de-
scribed trilobite and other fauna, were deposited during an
important turning point in the development of the basin. This
unit represents the transition from the Lower Carboniferous
calciturbiditic sedimentation in the Moravian Karst (Líšeň
Formation) to the Upper Visean siliciclastic turbidite flysch
facies (Culm facies of the Rozstání Formation).
Revison of an atheloptic Visean Trilobite association in the
Moravian Karst (Czech Republic)
ŠTĚPÁN RAK
1
, TOMÁŠ VIKTORÝN
2
and JIŘÍ OTAVA
3
1
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; deiphon@geologist.com
2
Černého 18, 635 00 Brno – Bystrc, Czech Republic; tomasovec@centrum.cz
3
Czech Geological Survey, Leitnerova 22, 658 69 Brno, Czech Republic; jiri.otava@geology.cz
(Manuscript received February 20, 2014; accepted in revised form November 5, 2014)
Abstract: Recently two new trilobite occurrences were discovered during geological mapping of fossiliferous shales of
the Březina Formation around the village of Březina in the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic). The newly discovered
localities are extraordinary because of the unexpected occurrence of articulated trilobite exoskeletons associated with
brachiopods including supporting spines. The new atheloptic association of Mississippian trilobites is described for the
first time from the Moravian Karst.
Key words: Moravian Karst, village of Březina, Czech Republic, Trilobites, Mississippian.
The Březina Formation sediments reflect an important
stage in the tectonic development of the basin. The Březina
shales are underlain by pre-orogenic carbonate successions
(Moravian Karst Platform) deposited during the extensional
phase of the basin’s evolution (e.g. Hladil 1983; Franke
1989). The change from the extensional to compressional
phase of basin evolution took place during the deposition of
the Březina Formation and coeval facies of the Líšeň Forma-
tion, namely during the lower and middle Visean. The over-
lying synorogenic successions are composed of siliciclastic
turbidites of the so called “Drahany Culm facies” (Kumpera
et al. 1995). The shallower parts of the basin were filled with
calciarenites and calcirudites (Líšeň Formation). Relatively
deeper parts had pelitic, often fossiliferous deposition (Bře-
zina Formation), or southerly from the investigated area with
initial phases of turbiditic rhythmites (Podolí Formation sensu
Otava & Gilíková 2011 and Buriánek et al. 2013). The maxi-
mum thickness of the formation is estimated in the lower tens
of meters, but usually it is lower, for example in the borehole
Křtiny HV105 the total thickness of subhorizontal Březina
shales is 8.6 m, while in the Březina 5 borehole near Březina
village it is 7.5 m (Otava et al. 2013). Interfingering with the
coeval limestone breccia with phosphorites was locally ob-
served and described (Otava et al. 2013). The geological dif-
ferences between the three trilobite bearing outcrops and
their general trilobite occurrences are described below. The
change from an extensional to a compressional phase of ba-
sin evolution occurred during the deposition of the Březina
Formation and coeval facies of the Líšeň Formation, namely
during the lower and middle Visean. The giant Givetian—
Frasnian organic buildups on the Laurussian shelf during the
three composed megacycles (sensu Hladil 1983) gave rise to
the almost 1000 m thick carbonate sequence of the Moravian
Karst. The carbonate shale deposition as well as develop-
ment were limited drastically, restricted to the middle of the
Frasnian and Famennian (the Kellwaser event) (Otava et al.
2013). The Březina Formation shales sometimes contain a
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mixture of volcanic material and are intercalated by volcani-
clastic deposits (Buriánek et al. 2013).
History of trilobite research from the Březina
Formation
The Trilobite fauna described from the Březina Formation
shales in Moravia was published by Hahn & Hahn (1969)
from just a few localities, from Březina (type locality in vicinity
of the Březina village), Zbrašov locality, Čelechovice locality,
Říčka Valley and from the active quarry at Mokrá near Brno
(Rak et al. 2012). Chlupáč (1966) also noted one occurrence
of trilobites in a borehole, about 100 m north of the swimming
pool in the Říčka Valley at a depth of 51—64 m. Shales of the
Březina Formation yielded the following six trilobite taxa
described by Chlupáč (1966):
Březina 2 locality
During geological mapping of the forested area in the vicin-
ity of the village of Březina, a new fossiliferous site was dis-
covered by the junior author. This site is located ca. 200 m
west from the village, 80 m from the field on the southern
border of Březina village in a forested area (Fig. 1). The un-
expected presence of many articulated specimens and undis-
turbed moult arrangements can be interpreted as evidence of
quiet sea bed conditions. No articulated exoskeleton had
been found during the earlier research. All the material is
strongly dorsoventrally flattened and laterally deformed. It is
preserved as internal moulds, most of them with external
counterparts. This outcrop yielded three hundred and twenty
nine trilobite fragments.
Březina 3 locality
This trilobite locality was discovered during mapping of
the large forested area northwest of the village of Březina by
the junior author.
Fig. 1. A – Schematic map of the Bohemian Massif showing the Czech
Republic, B – Detailed sketch map of the Brno region with new fossil-
iferous localities, C – The exact position of Chlupáč’s original loca-
lity (1) and the newly discovered sites near the village of Březina (2, 3).
The trilobite association described by Chlupáč (1956)
from the Zbrašov locality and from the Říčka Valley be-
longs to the upper part of the Pericyclus Stage cu II
γ
( = Lower Visean). Chlupáč (1966) noted the occurrence
of trilobites from test pits in the surroundings of the
Mokrá quarry. These specimens derived from carbonate
facies of the Hády-Říčka Limestones. The trilobite associ-
ation discovered in shales of the Březina Formation from
the active quarry at Mokrá near Brno was recently revised
by Rak et al. (2012).
The trilobite fauna from the village of Březina
and comparison with other areas
About 714 trilobite fragments have recently been col-
lected during excavations in the surroundings of the village
of Březina; all of them come from shales of the Březina
Formation.
Březina 1 (Chlupáč’s type locality)
Chlupáč (1966) described trilobite occurrences from the
lower parts of the Březina shales, greenish and brown-red-
dish siltstones, from several pits in fields ca. 400 m east
from a crossroads about 250 m southwest from the point
451.5. The typical trilobite association Spinibole (Spi-
nibole)—Archegonus (Phillibole) is present. Based on
Chlupáč’s investigation the established fauna could be-
long to the Pericyclus cu II. The most common taxon is
Spinibole (Spinibole) olgae. Chlupáč (1966) reported
more than 100 cranidia, about 50 librigenae and 80 pygidia.
Spinibole (Spinibole) olgae Chlupáč, 1966
Drevermannia (Drevermannia) moravica Chlupáč,
1956
Liobole glabra proxima Chlupáč, 1966
Cyrtosymbole (Macrobole) aff. blax Richter & Richter,
1951
Phillibole sp.
Carbonocoryphe sp.
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Based on occurring trilobite taxa we establish a new trilo-
bite Association Archegonus (Phillibole)—Chlupacula (Chi-
ides). Three hundred and fifty trilobite fragments have been
found during excavations at the Březina 3 locality.
The type of fossilization of the new trilobite association is
fully comparable to the material from a few localities in Ger-
many: Ettingen Rüthen in Sauerland—Immental and Homberg
bei Erdbach (Hessen). Owens & Tilsley (1995) studied an
atheloptic trilobite assemblage from North Devon. Seven
genera have been described in the Tawstock and Kersdown
Chert Formation: Wagnerispina, Spatulina, Tawstockia,
Aprathia, Liobole, Archegonus (Phillibole) and Lichano-
coryphe. Our newly described trilobite association consti-
tutes a typical atheloptic assemblage such as that described
by Fortey & Owens (1987, p. 105). All the trilobites derived
from the newly discovered site near Březina village were pho-
tographed and undeformed by the Corell Draw programme
and compared to the type material.
The specimens studied are deposited in the Czech Geolog-
ical Survey in Prague, collection of Ivo Chlupáč (ICh) and
new material, collection of Štěpán Rak (SR).
Systematic paleontology
Phylum: Arthropoda
Family: Phillipsiidae Oehlert, 1886
Subfamily: Cystispininae Hahn & Hahn, 1982
Genus: Spinibole Chlupáč, 1966
Subgenus: Spinibole (Spinibole) Chlupáč, 1966
Type species: Spinibole (Spinibole) olgae Chlupáč, 1966
Spinibole (Spinibole) olgae Chlupáč, 1966
Fig. 2H
1966 Spinibole olgae – Chlupáč, pl. 13, figs. 1—17, text-fig. 20
1995 Spinibole olgae – Owens & Tilsley, fig. 3o—u
Holotype: The cranidium figured by Chlupáč (1966):
Pl. 13, fig. 15, text.-fig. 20, deposited in the Czech Geologi-
cal Survey Prague (ICh 2009).
Type locality and horizon: Field on a ridge south of
the village of Březina, the Moravian Karst, Czech Republic,
lower Viséan (cu II
γ), Březina Formation.
Chlupáč’s original material: More than 100 cranidia,
about 53 cheeks, 80 pygidia, numerous thoracic segments.
New material: 2 articulated exoskeletons, 4 exuviae, 22
cranidia, 12 librigenae, 20 cephala, 59 pygidia.
Diagnosis: See Chlupáč (1966, p. 69—74).
Discussion
In comparison with Spinibole (S.) ruethenensis Hahn &
Hahn, 1969, the cephalon is more semielliptic. In S. (S.) rue-
thenensis the genal spines are directed nearly backwards
whereas in S. (S.) olgae they are curved a little bit postero-
laterally and their base is marked by a distinct concave lace.
As far as can be judged from the rather poorly preserved
materials, S. (S.) sugambra Brauckmann, 1974 seems to be
more close to S. (S.) olgae.
Spinibole (Spinibole) cf. ruethenensis Hahn & Hahn, 1969
Fig. 2A,C,EI
New material: 1 articulated exoskeleton, 2 exuvia, 19
cranidia, 10 pygidia.
Subfamily: Archegoniinae G. Hahn & Brauckmann, 1980
Genus: Archegonus Burmeister, 1843
Subgenus: Archegonus (Phillibole) Richter & Richter, 1937
Type species: Phillibole aprathensis Richter & Richter, 1937
Remarks: This taxon is recognized for the first time from
the Czech Republic. Hahn & Hahn (1969) described it from
cu II
δ, Sauerland, Harz (Germany). All the newly found mate-
rial shows morphological affinities with the type species.
Archegonus (Phillibole) aff. nehdenensis Hahn & Hahn, 1969
Fig. 3A,C,F,G,H
Holotype: Articulated complete exoskeleton SMF 22917,
Hahn & Hahn 1969, Taf. 1, Fig. 1.
Type locality and horizon: Immental near Nehden,
Raum Brilon, Sauerland, cu II/cu III, probably cu II
δ, Kie-
selkalke, Germany.
New material: 10 complete exoskeletons, 8 exuviae, 86
cranidia, 4 cephala, 5 librigenae, 85 pygidia.
Diagnosis: See Hahn & Hahn (1969: p. 277), Brauck-
mann (1973, p. 47).
Remarks: Chlupáč (1966) figured two incomplete pygidia
of phillibolid trilobite and classifed them as “Phillibole?” sp.
Chlupáč (1966) just noticed the character of the rhachial seg-
mentation and especially of the lobes, which were very simi-
lar to Archegonus (Phillibole) aprathensis Richter &
Richter, 1937. However this species has a shorter pygidium,
a narrower doublure and a broader axis. Chlupáč (1966)
compared it with related Archegonus (Archegonus) aequalis
aequalis (Meyer, 1831), but it has a different number of ribs
on lobes. Because of the restricted material contained in
Chlupáč’s collection, its incompleteness and unfavourable
preservation, its taxonomic position is still doubtful.
Archegonus (Phillibole) aff. habena Owens & Tilsley, 1995
Fig. 3B
Holotype: Cranidium NMW 88.66G.34a,b; paratypes
NMW 88.66G. 28—33, 88.66.G. 35—44, cranidia, librigenae
and pygidia.
Type locality and horizon: Park Gate Quarry, Taw-
stock, Park Gate Member (Chadian), North Devon, Codden
Hill Chert Group.
New material: 3 complete exoskeletons, 3 exuvia, 2 ce-
phala, 99 cranidia, 5 librigenae, 114 pygidia.
Diagnosis: See Owens & Tilsley (1995, p. 718—720).
Remarks: The frequent occurrences of two Archegonus
(Phillibole) taxa from two newly recognized Březina sites
enrich our knowledge of Mississippian trilobites from the
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Fig. 2. A, C, E, I – Spinibole (Spinibole) cf. ruethenensis Hahn & Hahn, 1969: A – cranidium, Březina 2 locality (SR20); C – incom-
plete exuvia, Březina 2 locality (SR17); E – incomplete cephalon, Březina 2 locality (SR18); I – pygidium, Březina 2 locality (SR19).
B, F – Chlupacula (Chiides) moravica (Chlupáč, 1956): B – complete exoskeleton with hypostome in situ, Březina 3 locality (SR22);
F – complete cephalon, Březina 3 locality (SR21). D, G – Carbonocoryphe (Carbonocoryphe) aff. bindemanni Richter & Richter, 1950:
D – pygidium, Březina 3 locality (SR24); G – incomplete cranidium, Březina 2 locality (SR23). H – Spinibole (Spinibole) olgae
Chlupáč, 1966: H – complete exoskeleton, Březina 2 locality (SR1). All scale bars 5 mm.
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Fig. 3. A, C, F, G, H – Archegonus (Phillibole) aff. nehdenensis Hahn & Hahn, 1969: A – nearly complete exoskeleton, Březina 3 (SR26);
C – nearly complete exoskeleton, Březina 2 locality (SR28); F – nearly complete exoskeleton, Březina 2 locality (SR33); G – nearly
complete exoskeleton, Březina 2 locality (SR30); H – nearly complete exoskeleton, Březina 2 locality (SR29). B – Archegonus (Philli-
bole) aff. habena Owens & Tilsley, 1995. Two nearly complete specimens, Březina 2 locality (SR27). D, I – Liobole (Liobole) glabra
proxima Chlupáč, 1966: D – incomplete cranidium, Březina 2 locality (SR31); I – pygidium, Březina 3 locality (SR32). E – Archegonus
(Phillibole) sp. – juvenile specimen of a nearly complete exoskeleton, Březina 3 locality (SR34). All scale bars 5 mm.
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Czech Republic and show us similarities with the North De-
von Chadian assemblage.
Genus: Liobole Richter & Richter, 1949
Subgenus: Liobole (Liobole) Richter & Richter, 1949
Type species: Phillipsia glabra Holzapfel, 1889
Liobole (Liobole) glabra proxima Chlupáč, 1966
Fig. 3D,I
1966 Liobole glabra proxima – Chlupáč, 62, 66—67, pl. 16, figs. 1—7,
pl. 17, fig. 9, text-fig. 18
1967 Liobole glabra proxima – Hahn & Hahn, 279, 281
1969 Liobole glabra cf. proxima – Chlupáč, 214, pl. 4, figs. 1—2
1977 Liobole glabra proxima – Gandl, 169, 170, 179
Holotype: Cranidium ICh 2120, deposited in the Czech
Geological Survey.
Type locality and horizon: Village of Březina, Mora-
via, Czech Republic, lower Visean (cu II
γ), Březina Formation.
Chlupáč’s original material: 5 cranidia of adult spec-
imens, 7 cranidia of young specimens, 1 librigena, 3 thoracic
segments and 8 pygidia.
New material: 12 cranidia, 2 cephala, 1 librigena, 14 py-
gidia.
Remarks: Chlupáč (1969) published and figured (pl. 16,
figs. 1—7, pl. 17, fig. 18) cranidia of various ontogenetic
stages and one pygidium from the Březina locality. All new
material fully agree with his previous description and enrich
knowledge of pygidial shape, its segmentation as well as its
convexity.
Genus: Chlupacula Hahn & Hahn & Brauckmann, 1994
Subgenus: Chlupacula (Chiides) Hahn & Hahn, 2002
Type species: Silesiops (Chlupacula) kymo Hahn & Wunn-
Petry, 1983
Chlupacula (Chiides) moravica (Chlupáč, 1956)
Fig. 2B,F
1956 Drevermannia (Drevermannia) moravica – Chlupáč, 268—273,
pl. 1, figs. 1—3
2002 Chlupacula (Chiides) moravica – Hahn & Hahn, 45—47, Abb. 32—33
Holotype: Cranidium ICh 58.
Type locality and horizon: Hranice near Zbrašov lo-
cality, Czech Republic, Visean ( = Erdbachium) cu II
γ—δ,
Březina Formation.
Chlupáč’s original material: 16 cranidia, 4 librigenae,
16 pygidia.
New material: 1 complete specimen, 75 cranidia, 123
pygidia.
Diagnosis: See Chlupáč (1966, p. 82—83).
Description: The complete articulated exoskeleton SR
22 is 5 mm in sagittal length. The trilobite with clearly visi-
ble preserved natant type of hypostome “in situ”. Both genal
spines as well as palpebral lobes are preserved, rhachis is
torn off and left in the external mould.
Remarks: This smallest trilobite taxon from the Březina
Formation was very abundant in both new Březina sites. The
very first articulated carapace of this taxon (SR 22) is known
from the Březina 3 site. Its carapace shape, outline and seg-
mentation of pygidium fully agree with Chlupáč’s previously
described taxon.
Subfamily: Weaninae Owens, 1983
Genus: Carbonocoryphe Richter & Richter, 1950
Subgenus: Carbonocoryphe (Carbonocoryphe) Richter &
Richter, 1950
Type species: Carbonocoryphe bindemanni Richter &
Richter, 1950
Carbonocoryphe (Carbonocoryphe) aff. bindemanni Richter
& Richter, 1950
Fig. 2D,G
1950 Carbonocoryphe aff. bindemanni sp. nov. – Richter & Richter,
278—280, pl. 1 fig. 1—7
1975 Carbonocoryphe aff. bindemanni – Hahn & Brauckmann, 329,
fig. 20a—b
Holotype: Cranidium SMF X 1333a (Richter & Richter,
1950. pl. 1, fig. 1a—b).
Type locality and horizon: Herborn, Hessen, Germany
(cu III
α3), Upper Erdbachian.
Chlupáč’s original material: 3 cranidia, 1 pygidium.
New material: 4 cranidium, 10 pygidia.
Diagnosis: See Richter & Richter (1950, p. 57).
Remarks: Chlupáč (1966) discovered three cranidia and
an internal mould of a pygidium and figured (pl. 9, figs. 11,
12) one cranidium and one incomplete pygidium. There are
similarities of outline and of clearly markedly segmentated
axis. Pleurae taper rapidly backwards, passing at the back
into a narrow but pronounced postaxial ridge, which dies out
at a notable distance from the posterior border. Sculpture is
not preserved on any of them. The shape of glabella and the
course of facial suture also agree with Carbonocoryphe
(Carbonocoryphe) bindemanni Richter & Richter, 1950.
However because of incompleteness the new find needs the
systematic classification.
Conclusion
The trilobite associations from the village of Březina pre-
viously described by Chlupáč (1966) were only fragmentary
and their exact taxonomic position is doubtful.
The trilobite associations from the newly discovered sites
are stratigraphically older than the trilobites from the Mokrá
quarry (Rak et al. 2012). The trilobites from around the vil-
lage of Březina are described as a typical atheloptic associa-
tion, adapted for deep water, benthonic conditions and they
match closely the North Devon assemblage (see Owens &
Tilsley 1995).
Acknowledgments: We are very grateful to Rudy Lerosey-
Aubril (Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main,
Germany) for his help during study of the type material in
the Senckenberg Research Institute. We also thank Tomáš
Kumpan, Tomáš Weiner and Petr Valach for donating their
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material from the new locality, Oldřich Fatka and all review-
ers for their valuable comments on manuscript and Marika
Polechová and Petr Budil from the Czech Geological Survey
in Prague for their help during photography of the material.
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