GeolCarp_Vol65_No1_3

www.geologicacarpathica.com

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

, FEBRUARY 2014, 65, 1, 3—24 doi: 10.2478/geoca-2014-0001

Introduction

Component analyses of conglomerates, breccia layers or tur-
bidite beds are a common tool in sedimentary geology. One
of the most interesting research fields within this topic is to
reconstruct  with  the  help  of  the  clast  spectrum  the  source
(provenance)  area  of  the  resedimented  rocks  (Blatt  1967;
Zuffa 1980, 1985; Lewis 1984). Whereas the detailed prove-
nance analyses of siliciclastic material are a widespread and
commonly used practice, with an enormous amount of pub-
lished examples, provenance analyses of carbonate or radio-
larite  clasts  in  conglomerates  remain  rare.  A  macroscopic
description of the incorporated clasts in the field is the basic
work to do, but has to be combined with microfacies analy-
ses (Flügel 2004) and age dating. Carbonate and radiolarite
clasts should be dated by their microfossil content, if possi-
ble. Such analyses provide the possibility of an exact recon-
struction  about  the  provenance  area.  The  proof  of  a  single
component can change existing plate tectonic and paleogeo-
graphical  reconstructions  completely.  Some  examples  from

Erosion of a Jurassic ophiolitic nappe-stack as indicated by

exotic components in the Lower Cretaceous Rossfeld

Formation of the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria)

OLIVER KRISCHE

, ŠPELA GORIČAN

and HANS-JÜRGEN GAWLICK

Haritzmeierstraße 12, 8605 Parschlug, Austria; oliver_krische@gmx.at

Ivan Rakovec Institute of Paleontology, ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; spela@zrc-sazu.si

Department of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics, Chair of Petroleum Geology, Peter-Tunner-Straße 5, 8700 Leoben, Austria;

gawlick@unileoben.ac.at

(Manuscript received May 2, 2013; accepted in revised form October 16, 2013)

Abstract: The microfacies and biostratigraphy of components in mass-flow deposits from the Lower Cretaceous Rossfeld
Formation of the Northern Calcareous Alps in Austria were analysed. The pebbles are classified into six groups: 1) Triassic
carbonates (uppermost Werfen to basal Gutenstein Formations), 2) Upper Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous carbonates
(Oberalm Formation and Barmstein Limestone), 3) contemporaneous carbonate bioclasts (?Valanginian to ?Hauterivian),
4) siliceous pebbles (radiolarites, ophicalcites, siliceous deep-sea clays, cherts), 5) volcanic and ophiolitic rock fragments
and 6) siliciclastics such as quartz-sandstones and siltstones. The radiolarites show three age groups: Ladinian to Early
Carnian, Late Carnian/Norian and Late Bajocian to Callovian. The Middle Triassic radiolarites are interpreted as derived
from the Meliata facies zone or from the Neotethys ocean floor, whereas the Late Triassic radiolarites give evidence of the
sedimentary cover of the Neotethys ocean floor. During late Early to early Late Jurassic, the Triassic to Early/Middle
Jurassic passive margin of the Neotethys attained a lower plate position and became obducted by the accreted ocean floor
of the Neotethys Ocean. The accreted ocean floor was contemporaneously eroded and resedimented in different deep-water
basins in front of the nappe-stack. These basin fills were subsequently incorporated in the orogen forming mélanges in this
complex ophiolitic nappe-stack. The Middle Jurassic radiolarites are interpreted as the matrix of these mélanges. Together
with the volcanic and ophiolitic material the siliceous rocks were eroded from this ophiolitic nappe-stack in Early Creta-
ceous times and brought by a fluvial system to the Rossfeld Basin within the Tirolic realm of the Northern Calcareous
Alps. The different fining-upward sequences in the succession of the Lower Cretaceous Rossfeld Formation can be best
explained by sea-level fluctuations and decreasing tectonic activity in the Jurassic orogen.

Key words: Triassic, Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, Northern Calcareous Alps, Rossfeld Formation, component analyses,
conglomerates, radiolarians.

the Northern Calcareous Alps are: the upper Middle to lower
Upper  Jurassic  Strubberg  (e.g.  Gawlick  1993,  1996,  2000;
Gawlick & Frisch 2003; Gawlick et al. 2009a), Tauglboden
(e.g.  Gawlick  et  al.  1999,  2007,  2009a,  2012;  Gawlick  &
Frisch  2003),  Sandlingalm  (Gawlick  et  al.  2007,  2009a,
2010a)  and  Sillenkopf  Formations  (Missoni  et  al.  2001;
Gawlick  &  Frisch  2003;  Missoni  2003;  Gawlick  et  al.
2009a).  The  Early  Cretaceous  of  the  Northern  Calcareous
Alps  also  include  resedimented  oligo-  to  polymictic  con-
glomerates,  coarse-grained  breccias  and  arenitic  turbidite
beds (e.g. Berriasian turbidites – Krische & Gawlick 2010).
The  Valanginian  to  Lower  Aptian  (e.g.  Tollmann  1976;
Oberhauser  1980;  Plöchinger  1990)  siliciclastic  dominated
sedimentary rocks are known as the Rossfeld Formation (Ro
in  Fig. 1A)  and  Lackbach  beds  (Darga  &  Weidich  1986).  A
detailed microfacies component analysis including age dating
of the components of these mass-flow deposits is still lacking.

The studying of these Lower Cretaceous formations started

with the beginning of modern geological field work at the
end of the 19

century and has continued to modern times.

KRISCHE, GORIČAN and GAWLICK

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

Alongside chemical or sedimentological investigations, minor
work was done on the analyses of the component spectrum of
the coarse-grained conglomerate and breccia beds. Until now
only macroscopically obtained results of the components were
presented apart from some data from the Lackbach beds
(Darga & Weidich 1986). Some of the first microfacies results
are also known from the uppermost Hauterivian to Lower Bar-
remian conglomerate levels (Immel 1987) of the Rossfeld For-
mation at the type locality (Missoni & Gawlick 2011a).

The occurrence of mixed siliciclastic, magmatic (ophiolite

suite  and  contemporaneous  volcanic  clasts),  metamorphic,
radiolaritic  and  carbonate  lithoclasts,  as  well  as  carbonate
bioclasts  indicate  the  polymictic  character  of  these  Lower
Cretaceous  deposits  (e.g.  Kühnel  1929;  Weber  1942;  Del-
Negro  1949,  1983;  Pichler  1963;  Schweigl  &  Neubauer
1997a;  Missoni  &  Gawlick  2011a;  Krische  2012).  Krische
(2012) compiled all sedimentological, macroscopical, micro-
facies and biostratigraphical data from the mass-flow depos-
its of the Rossfeld Formation.

In contrast to the almost un-investigated radiolarite peb-

bles (Table 1), the other pebbles from the ophiolite suite like
dolerites,  mafic  volcanites,  intermediate/basic  magmatites,
ultrabasic  rocks  and  serpentinites  were  well  described  (e.g.
von Eynatten & Gaupp 1999). Also the typical heavy minerals
like  chromium  spinel,  hornblende,  green  calcium-rich  am-
phiboles, and brown amphiboles indicate an ophiolitic source
area (Woletz 1963; Faupl & Pober 1991; Schweigl & Neubauer
1997a;  von  Eynatten  &  Gaupp  1999).  Chromium  spinel,  for
example, was also observed in the Barremian to Albian Oštrc
Formation  (Os  in  Fig. 1A)  of  northwestern  Croatia  (Lužar-
Oberiter et al. 2009, 2012) and in the Upper Barremian to Al-
bian Vranduk Formation (Vr in Fig. 1A) of Bosnia (Mikes et
al. 2008). These two formations show a lot of lithological and
microfacies  similarities  to  the  Upper  Barremian  to  Lower
Aptian  Grabenwald  Member  (Fuchs  1968;  Plöchinger  1968,
see also Schlagintweit et al. 2012a) of the uppermost part of
the  Rossfeld  Formation.  Our  data  (summarized  in  Krische
2012) show, in addition to chromium spinel, the occurrence of
zinc-rich  chromites,  berezowskite  (aluminia-magnesia-rich
chromite), ilmenite and titanite in the Upper Valanginian part
of the Rossfeld Formation of Bad Ischl and Gartenau.

Similar Early Cretaceous clastics (turbiditic sandstones to

conglomerates  –  Sztanó  1990)  of  Barremian  to  Albian  age,
which derived from obducting and colliding plate fragments,
as revealed by ophiolite-derived clasts (Császár & B. Árgyelán
1994),  metamorphics  of  a  mixed-provenance  orogenic  belt
and coeval shallow-water debris are typical also in the Trans-
danubian Range (e.g. Gerecse Mountains; Császár et al. 2012)
or the Western Carpathians (Mišík et al. 1980; Jablonský et al.
2001).  The  mid-Cretaceous  Western  Carpathian  occurrences
would fit in their paleogeographical position better to the East
Alpine Losenstein Formation and not to the Rossfeld Forma-
tion (compare Faupl & Wagreich 2000).

The until recently commonly accepted reconstruction of

the  Early  Cretaceous  geodynamic  history  of  the  Northern
Calcareous Alps should show a convergent regime indicated
by  a  coarsening  upward  trend  (Faupl  &  Tollmann  1979;
Decker et al. 1987) in the Upper Valanginian to Aptian Ross-
feld  Formation  (Del-Negro  1960;  Pichler  1963;  Plöchinger

1968;  Faupl  1978;  Faupl  &  Tollmann  1979;  Schweigl  &
Neubauer 1997a,b; von Eynatten & Gaupp 1999). This Ross-
feld cycle presumably ended in late Early Cretaceous times
(Plöchinger 1968; Schweigl & Neubauer 1997a,b; Schorn &
Neubauer  2011)  with  the  final  overthrusting  of  the  Tirolic
nappe by the Juvavic nappes. Contemporaneously the ophio-
litic  material  was  eroded  and  should  have  been  mixed  with
the eroded Juvavic component spectrum.

Another concept was introduced in the discussion by Gaw-

lick  et  al.  (2008)  who  interpreted  the  Rossfeld  Formation  as
the molasse stage within an underfilled foreland basin (Taugl-
boden/Oberalm Basin) in front of the Neotethyan Belt (Missoni
& Gawlick 2011b). In this alternative scenario, the process of
nappe emplacement started already in the Middle Jurassic and
continued at least until the early Late Jurassic. Decreasing tec-
tonic  activity  with  the  evolution  of  shallow-water  carbonate
platforms in the late Jurassic and the earliest Cretaceous (e.g.
Gawlick et al. 2009a, 2012) was followed by an increasing si-
liciclastic input in this basin from the Late Berriasian onwards
(Gawlick & Schlagintweit 2006; Missoni & Gawlick 2011a).
Some tectonic activity in the Early Cretaceous influenced the
Jurassic  ophiolitic  nappe-stack  as  well  as  the  foreland  (e.g.
Northern Calcareous Alps) only locally (e.g. Schlagintweit et
al. 2008, 2012b). The sedimentological evolution of the con-
temporaneous Lower Cretaceous Rossfeld Formation and the
Lackbach  beds  was  mainly  controlled  by  sea-level  fluctua-
tions and to some degree also by decreasing tectonic activity.

Within this study, combined microfacies and biostrati-

graphic data of the siliceous pebbles of the Rossfeld Forma-
tion are presented for the first time. The results show Triassic
radiolarite  clasts  as  the  most  exotic  components  occurring
within  the  conglomerates  and  breccias.  Triassic  radiolarites
are completely unknown in the passive margin sedimentary
succession of the Northern Calcareous Alps. They have been
found  only  as  resedimented  pebbles  in  the  Middle  Jurassic
Florianikogel  Formation  (Mandl  &  Ondrejičková  1991).
Those  Triassic  radiolarite  pebbles  in  the  Jurassic  basin  fill
are  exclusively  of  Middle  Triassic  age  and  were  derived
from the continental slope facing the Neotethys Ocean (Me-
liata facies zone in the sense of Gawlick et al. 1999). Accom-
panying  components  are  always  distal  Hallstatt  Limestone
clasts of Late Triassic age (e.g. Mandl & Ondrejičková 1991,
1993; Kozur & Mostler 1992; Gawlick 1993).

Middle and Upper Triassic radiolarites from the Neotethys

ocean floor are known as pebbles in the basal Gosau con-
glomerates (Gosau Group) in the southeastern Northern Cal-
careous Alps (Schuster et al. 2007; Suzuki et al. 2007). From

Location Authors

Described siliceous rocks

Bad Ischl Medwenitsch (1949, 1958)

yellow, red,
grey radiolarite

Gartenau Plöchinger (1968, 1974)

no occurrence described

Weitenau Plöchinger (1955, 1968)

chert

Rossfeld

Kühnel (1929), Weber (1942),
Del-Negro (1949, 1983),
Plöchinger (1955, 1990),
Pichler (1963)

red radiolarite, dark-red,
brown, black, grey, green
chert

Table 1: Summarized table of the siliceous rocks described so far
from the Rossfeld conglomerate and breccia beds.

EROSION OF JURASSIC NAPPE-STACK IN THE ROSSFELD FORMATION (NORTHERN CALCAREOUS ALPS)

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

these Upper Cretaceous conglomerates a complete ophiolitic
suite including the overlying sedimentary sequence can be re-
constructed.  The  findings  of  components  of  Middle  Jurassic
amphibolites  (Schuster  et  al.  2007),  age-equivalent  to  the
metamorphic soles as known from the Dinarides (e.g. Dimo
1997; Karamata 2006), Albanides (Dimo-Lahitte et al. 2001)
and Hellenides (e.g. Roddick et al. 1979; Spray & Roddick
1980) were also important. The existence of Anisian and Up-
per Triassic radiolarites (e.g. Chiari et al. 1996; Dimitrijević
et al. 2003; Goričan et al. 2005; Bortolotti et al. 2006; Gawlick
et  al.  2008,  2009b)  together  with  the  ophiolitic  suite  and
Middle Jurassic metamorphic soles prove the existence of a
today eroded ophiolitic nappe-stack that was located close to
the Eastern Alps (southern Northern Calcareous Alps). In the
Dinarides/Albanides/Hellenides,  where  different  ophiolite
imbricates are separated by amphibolites and/or radiolaritic-
ophiolitic  mélanges,  in  places  the  Triassic  radiolarites  are
preserved  as  the  sedimentary  cover  of  basalts  or  gabbros
(e.g. Jones et al. 1992; Halamić & Goričan 1995; Pamič et al.
2002; Goričan et al. 2005; Gawlick et al. 2008).

Location, methods and material

The localities around Gartenau, Weitenau, Lackbach, Bad

Ischl and Rossfeld (Fig. 1B) are the classical areas in the

central Northern Calcareous Alps (Fig. 2A) with Lower Cre-
taceous sedimentary successions. The uppermost Jurassic to
Lower  Cretaceous  basin  fills  of  most  of  those  areas  were
mapped  and  investigated  in  detail  by  Krische  (2012).  One
key-section from the Lower Cretaceous Rossfeld Formation,
the  locality  Gartenau  (Fig. 1B),  is  presented  in  this  study.
One main concern was to extract radiolarians from the radio-
larite pebbles in order to date the reworked clasts and to re-
construct  their  provenance  area.  The  radiolarites  were
processed  in  diluted  (3 %)  hydrofluoric  acid.  A  detailed
summary of the common formations of the Northern Calcar-
eous  Alps  (according  to  Gawlick  et  al.  2009a)  is  given  in
Fig. 2B (modified after Missoni & Gawlick 2011a,b). Rock
samples, thin sections, residues, and photographed radiolarian
samples are stored at the University of Leoben, Department
of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics, Chair of Petroleum
Geology  (former  Chair  of  Prospection  and  Applied  Sedi-
mentology).

Results

The Gartenau section (see Figs. 1B, 3, also known as the

Hangendenstein quarry or the Leube quarry) south of
Salzburg, near the villages of St. Leonhard and Gartenau,
was investigated several times in the last 100 years. It is part

Fig. 1. A – General overview of localities and formations mentioned in the text. Av – Avdella Melange, Inner Hellenides, Greece; Fi – Firza
Formation, Mirdita Ophiolite Zone, Albania; Os – Oštrc Formation, Northwestern Dinarides, Croatia; Pa – Paraflysch, Vardar Zone, Serbia;
Pe – Perlat Formation, Mirdita Ophiolite Zone, Albania; Po – Pogari Formation, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Ro – Rossfeld Formation,
Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria; Sj – Sjenica Mélange, Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt, Serbia; Vr – Vranduk Formation, Bosnian Flysch,
Bosnia and Herzegovina; Zl – Zlatibor Mélange, Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt, Serbia. Modified Google Earth Landsat image. B – Austria in
detail: Studied section in Salzburg (Gartenau) and comparable localities of Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks mentioned in the text.

KRISCHE, GORIČAN and GAWLICK

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

They are defined as pelite-rich mud-flow deposits (mud-sup-
ported conglomerate, “Parakonglomerat”). Four macroscopi-
cally different mud-flow events occur in the studied section
(Fig. 4A,B,C). The first two events are intercalated by a ce-
mented debris-flow. The debris-flow bed is a clast-supported
conglomerate/breccia,  composed  of  lithoclasts  with  mi-
crosparitic carbonate cement and/or different fine-sandy ma-
terial filling the pore space (Fig. 5). The lithoclast groups are
the same as in the mud-flows (Fig. 5). A special feature within
the mud-flow deposits are blocks up to 10 cm in diameter of
siliceous cemented concretions. They are built up from dif-
ferent  gravel-sized  lithoclasts.  The  bulk  of  radiolarite  peb-
bles,  on  which  this  study  is  focused,  occur  within  the
mud-flows,  the  concretions  and  the  cemented  debris-flow.
The  conglomerate  and  breccia  beds  as  well  as  the  bedded
arenitic rocks of the hanging wall show a significantly smaller
amount of radiolarite and other siliceous pebbles.

Macroscopic data

The radiolarite pebbles are generally subrounded to rounded.

Macroscopically, they also differ in colour; red radiolarites
are the most abundant (Table 2).

Microfacies

Qualitative analyses of the microfacies of the radiolarite

pebbles show different microfacies types (Figs. 6, 7) which
can be related to their depositional environment and their
stratigraphic age (Table 3).

Some of the radiolarite pebbles cannot be assigned to any

typical microfacies or to a specific age (Table 4).

In addition, radiolarites (e.g. yellow radiolarian wacke-

stones,  red  radiolarites)  overprinted  by  enhanced  pressure
and/or  temperature  and  radiolarites  with  transported,  brittle
deformation (in general with completely siliceous cemented
veins) occur. Ophicalcitic rocks, brown-black siliceous marl-
stones,  red/blackish-red/yellowish-red  siliceous  (deep-sea)
clays and whitish-light, microcrystalline cherts complete the
siliceous component fraction of the basal part of the Rossfeld
conglomerate at the Gartenau section.

Radiolarian dating

Radiolarite samples were taken from the different mud and

mass-flows of the Gartenau quarry section (Fig. 4). Radiolar-
itic  pebbles  of  adequate  size  and  appropriate  frequency  for
sampling occur within the mud-flows at the base of the Ross-
feld succession. Nine out of the tested 75 pebbles yielded de-
terminable  radiolarians.  The  preservation  of  radiolarians  is
mostly  very  poor,  rare  specimens  could  be  identified  at  the
species  level.  The  radiolarians  are  listed  in  Tables 5  and  6,
and illustrated in Figures 8 and 9. Generic names have been
updated  according  to  O’Dogherty  et  al.  (2009a,b).  For  spe-
cies that cannot be assigned to any valid genus, the name of
the genus is accompanied by a question mark (e.g. Dictyomi-
trella?  kamoensis  Mizutani  &  Kido,  Stichomitra?  annibill
Kocher).  Short  taxonomic  notes  are  given  in  the  plate  cap-
tions where necessary.

Triassic

The Triassic assemblages (Table 5, Fig. 8) were dated with

the zonation proposed by Kozur & Mostler (1994), the range
chart of Ladinian to Rhaetian species compiled by Tekin

Table 2: Semi-quantitative analysis of the collected and etched ra-
diolarite pebbles (in total 75 pebbles) by their colour.

Microfacies

Possible stratigraphic age range

black radiolarian wackestone with big, spherical radiolarians

Anisian/Ladinian

black-red radiolarite

Anisian/Ladinian?

laminated, yellowish radiolarian wackestone with clay layers

Anisian/Ladinian?

black-yellow radiolarian wackestone with big, spherical radiolarians Anisian/Ladinian
red radiolarian wackestone with spherical and conical radiolarians

Anisian/Ladinian

red-brown radiolarian packstone with spherical radiolarians

Anisian/Ladinian

red radiolarian packstone with small, spherical radiolarians

Upper Triassic (Carnian?)

red radiolarian chert with big, spherical radiolarians

Upper Triassic

red radiolarian chert with spherical radiolarians of different size

Upper Triassic?, Upper Jurassic?

Table 3: Age of radiolarite pebbles inferred from their microfacies.

Microfacies
laminated, red-black radiolarite
red radiolarite
laminated, red radiolarite
red, slightly recrystallized radiolarian wackestone
green radiolarite
red-yellow radiolarian chert with filaments
light, fine-grained recrystallized radiolarian packstone

Table 4: Radiolarite pebbles of undifferentiated microfacies and
not determinable age (Triassic or Jurassic).

(1999),  and  the  range  chart  of
revised  Triassic  genera  con-
structed  by  O’Dogherty  et  al.
(2009a,  2010).  We  note  that
Tekin (1999) as well as Kozur
& Mostler (1994) used a three-
fold  subdivision  of  the  Car-
nian,  while  O’Dogherty  et  al.
(2009a, 2010) adopted the two-
fold  subdivision  (considering
the  Cordevolian  as  part  of  the
Julian).  Here  we  follow  the

EROSION OF JURASSIC NAPPE-STACK IN THE ROSSFELD FORMATION (NORTHERN CALCAREOUS ALPS)

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

twofold subdivision but we additionally refer to early Early
Carnian or late Early Carnian, where needed. The age of sam-
ples is discussed below in their inferred chronological order.

Sample L297

Reddish-black radiolarite. The assemblage is characterized

by numerous  Muelleritortis species including Muelleritortis
cochleata  (Nakaseko  &  Nishimura),  which  has  given  its
name to the Ladinian  Muelleritortis cochleata  Zone (Kozur
& Mostler 1994; see Kozur 2003 for the correlation with am-
monoid and conodont zones). Annulotriassocampe eoladinica
Kozur & Mostler apparently also last occurs in the Ladinian
(Kozur & Mostler 1994; Tekin & Mostler 2005). Some still
undescribed  multicyrtid  nassellarians  (Conospongocyrtis?
spp., Fig. 8.7, 8) are associated, and are also known to exist
in the Muelleritortis cochleata Zone (see pl. 3, figs. 35—36 in
Hauser et al. 2001).

Sample L52

Greenish-red radiolarite. The sample contains fragments

of  Muelleritortiinae.  This  subfamily  is  restricted  to  the  La-
dinian and Early Carnian (O’Dogherty et al. 2009a, 2010),
it does not extend above the early Early Carnian (Cordevo-
lian) to be more precise (Kozur & Mostler 1996). An assign-
ment  to  the  Ladinian  is  indicated  by  Triassocampe  scalaris
Dumitrică,  Kozur  &  Mostler  which  last  occurs  in  this  stage
(Tekin 1999). The associated genus Paurinella was supposed
to  make  its  last  occurrence  in  the  Ladinian  (O’Dogherty  et
al. 2009a, 2010) but has been proven to range up to the late

Early Carnian Tetraporobrachia haeckeli Zone (Dumitrică
et al. 2013).

Sample L40

Red radiolarite. The sample contains fragments of Muelleri-

tortiinae, but lacks other taxa, diagnostic of either Ladinian or
Carnian. Corum kraineri Tekin also spans the Ladinian and
early Early Carnian (Tekin 1999).

Sample L295

Red radiolarite. This sample contains several genera

(Dumitricasphaera,  Triassocingula,  and  Xiphothecaella)
that  first  occur  in  the  Ladinian  and  continue  at  least  to  the
Late  Carnian  (O’Dogherty  et  al.  2009a,  2010).  Angulopau-
rinella,  which  last  occurs  in  the  late  Early  Carnian  (see
Dumitrică  et  al.  2013)  is  associated.  Canesium?  cucurbita
Sugiyama,  is  characteristic  of  the  late  Ladinian  and  Early
Carnian  (Sugiyama  1997;  Tekin  1999;  Tekin  &  Göncüog˘lu
2007; Sayit et al. 2011). The absence of Muelleritortiinae in
this relatively diverse assemblage suggests that the sample is
more probably Early Carnian than Ladinian in age.

Sample L26

Red radiolarite. The genus Xipha ranging from the Late

Carnian  to  the  Middle  Norian  (O’Dogherty  et  al.  2009a,
2010)  defines  the  age  of  this  sample.  Betraccium  and
Japonocampe  confirm  that  the  sample  is  not  older  than  the
Late Carnian.

Table 5: Middle and Late Triassic radiolarian taxa from the mass-fows deposits in the Rossfeld Formation (see section Fig. 4). The age
assignment of the samples is shown in the bottom row.

Radiolarian taxa samples

L297

L52

L40

L295

L26

Angulopaurinella dentispinosa Dumitrică & Tekin

cf.

Angulopaurinella sp.

Annulotriassocampe baldii Kozur

Annulotriassocampe eoladinica Kozur & Mostler

Betraccium sp.

Canesium? cucurbita Sugiyama

Capnuchosphaera sp.

Conospongocyrtis? spp.

Corum kraineri Tekin

cf.

Corum? spp.

Dumitricasphaera trialata Tekin & Mostler

cf.

Japonocampe sp.

Muelleritortis cochleata (Nakaseko & Nishimura)

Muelleritortis expansa Kozur & Mostler

Muelleritortiinae indet. (detached spines)

X X

Pachus? sp.

Paurinella sp.

Pseudostylosphaera nazarovi (Kozur & Mostler)

Pylostephanidium sp.

Triassocampe scalaris Dumitrică, Kozur & Mostler

Triassocingula perornata (Blome)

cf.

Xipha pessagnoi (Nakaseko & Nishimura)

Xiphothecaella sp.

Age Ladinian

Ladinian

Ladinian–

Early Carnian

Late Carnian–
Middle Norian

Colour

reddish-

black

greenish-red

red red red

KRISCHE, GORIČAN and GAWLICK

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

Fig. 8. Middle and Late Triassic radiolarians from radiolarite pebbles in the Rossfeld Formation. For each illustration the magnification (length
of scale bar) is indicated. 1—8 – Radiolarians from sample L297. 1 – Pseudostylosphaera nazarovi (Kozur & Mostler), scale bar 200 µm.
2—3 – Muelleritortis cochleata (Nakaseko & Nishimura), scale bar 200 µm. 4 – Pylostephanidium sp., scale bar 150 µm. 5 – Muelleritortis
expansa Kozur & Mostler, scale bar 300 µm. 6 – Annulotriassocampe eoladinica Kozur & Mostler, scale bar 150 µm. 7—8 – Conospongo-
cyrtis? spp., scale bar 120 µm. 9—12 – Radiolarians from sample L52. 9 – Triassocampe scalaris Dumitrică, Kozur & Mostler, scale bar
150 µm. 10 – Muelleritortiinae indet., scale bar 200 µm. 11 – Muelleritortis sp., scale bar 200 µm. 12 – Paurinella sp., scale bar 150 µm.
13—16 – Radiolarians from sample L40. 13—14 – Muelleritortiinae indet., scale bar 200 µm. 15 – Corum kraineri Tekin, scale bar 120 µm.
16 – Corum? sp., scale bar 120 µm. 17—25 – Radiolarians from sample L295. 17 – Dumitricasphaera cf. trialata Tekin & Mostler, scale
bar 200 µm. 18 – Angulopaurinella sp., scale bar 120 µm. 19 – Angulopaurinella cf. dentispinosa Dumitrică & Tekin, scale bar 120 µm.
20 – Annulotriassocampe baldii Kozur, scale bar 150 µm. 21 – Triassocingula cf. perornata (Blome), scale bar 150 µm. This specimen has
wider pore frames than the Norian holotype (see Blome 1984, pl. 14, fig. 4, 9, 12, 14, 18), but it matches well the Early Carnian material from
Turkey (see Castrum perornatum Blome in Tekin 1999, pl. 43, fig. 13). 22 – Corum cf. kraineri Tekin, scale bar 150 µm. 23 – Corum? sp.,
scale bar 150 µm. 24 – Xiphothecaella sp., scale bar 150 µm. 25 – Canesium? cucurbita Sugiyama, scale bar 150 µm. 26—30 – Radiolarians
from sample L26. 26 – Betraccium sp., scale bar 100 µm. 27 – Capnuchosphaera sp., scale bar 100 µm. 28 – Xipha pessagnoi (Nakaseko &
Nishimura), scale bar 100 µm. 29 – Japonocampe sp., scale bar 100 µm. 30 – Pachus? sp., scale bar 100 µm.

EROSION OF JURASSIC NAPPE-STACK IN THE ROSSFELD FORMATION (NORTHERN CALCAREOUS ALPS)

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

Jurassic

The Jurassic assemblages (Table 6, Fig. 9) were dated with

the radiolarian catalogue and zonation of Baumgartner et al.
(1995a,b)  who  established  22  Unitary  Association  Zones
(UAZ) for the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous time
interval. The ranges of species according to this zonation are
included  in  Table 6.  New  data  obtained  in  the  last  years
show  that  some  species  have  longer  ranges  than  previously
established by Baumgartner et al. (1995b). The ranges have
been expanded for three species on the list in Table 6. Eucyr-
tidiellum pustulatum  Baumgartner ranges up to UAZ 9 (see
remarks on the Middle Oxfordian age of Eucyrtidiellum unu-
maense (Yao) s.l. in Beccaro 2004). Striatojaponocapsa syn-
conexa O’Dogherty, Goričan & Dumitrică (it was introduced
as  Tricolocapsa  plicarum  ssp.  A  in  Baumgartner  et  al.
1995a)  now  extends  up  to  UAZ  6-7  (Prela  et  al.  2000;
O’Dogherty et al. 2005).  Zhamoidellum ventricosum  Dumi-
trică ranges down to UAZ 6-7 (Šmuc & Goričan 2005).

Sample L72

Black radiolarite. Gongylothorax aff. favosus Dumitrică

sensu  Baumgartner  et  al.  (1995a)  constrains  the  age  of  the
sample to UAZ 7-8 (Late Bathonian—Early Callovian to Mid-
dle  Callovian—Early  Oxfordian).  The  sample  also  contains
the  genus  Striatojaponocapsa  that  last  occurs  in  the  Late
Callovian (O’Dogherty et al. 2009b).

Sample L89

Greenish-black radiolarite. This sample is not older than

UAZ  5  (latest  Bajocian—Early  Bathonian)  as  inferred  from
the  first  appearance  datum  of  Eucyrtidiellum  pustulatum
Baumgartner.  It  is  probably  not  younger  than  UAZ  7  (Late
Bathonian—Early Callovian) as suggested by the last appear-
ance datum of Dictyomitrella? kamoensis Mizutani & Kido.

Sample L112

Red radiolarite. Based on the range of Eucyrtidiellum

semifactum  Nagai  &  Mizutani,  this  sample  is  assigned  to
UAZ 5—7 (latest Bajocian—Early Bathonian to Late Bathonian—
Early Callovian). Striatojaponocapsa synconexa O’Dogherty,
Goričan  &  Dumitrică  is  also  a  good  stratigraphic  marker.
Gongylothorax  aff.  siphonofer  Dumitrică  sensu  Baumgartner
et al. (1995a) with a conflicting range (UAZ 4 only) is associ-
ated. We note that this species has a very sparse record in the
zonation of Baumgartner et al. (1995b) and its range must be
extended  upwards.  Recently  this  species  was  found  in  the
Callovian (Auer et al. 2007). In the inferred age assignment of
this sample we deliberately ignored the proposed first appear-
ance datum of Parahsuum carpathicum Widz & De Wever (it
was  published  as  Parahsuum  sp.  S  in  Baumgartner  et  al.
1995a) in UAZ 7. This first appearance datum is not consid-
ered fully diagnostic, because Parahsuum carpathicum has a
very  wide  intraspecific  variability  and  many  closely  similar
Parahsuum species existed throughout the Middle Jurassic.

Sample L308

Greenish-black radiolarite. The radiolarians in this sample

are very poor but undoubtedly Jurassic in age. A small nas-
sellarian,  probably  a  Gongylothorax  (Fig. 9.21),  has  very
small  pores  in  a  pore-frame  structure,  which  is  common  in
cryptocephalic  and  cryptothoracic  nassellarians  of  Middle
and Late Jurassic age. The genus Canoptum, whose last oc-
currence is recorded in the Late Bajocian (O’Dogherty et al.
2009b), also occurs.

Importance for provenance discrimination

Our results clearly demonstrate that determinations by the

colour of the radiolarites without microfacies analyses and
without dating cannot result in any interpretation of the prove-

Table 6: Middle Jurassic radiolarian taxa from the mass-flow deposits in the Rossfeld Formation (see section Fig. 4). The second column
gives the zonal ranges of the species according to Baumgartner et al. (1995b); the arrows indicate that the ranges have been subsequently
extended (see the text for references). The zonal assignment of the samples is shown in the bottom row.

Radiolarian taxa samples

UAZ95

L72

L89

L112

L308

Archaeodictyomitra patricki Kocher

Canoptum krahsteinense (Suzuki & Gawlick)

cf.

Dictyomitrella? kamoensis Mizutani & Kido

3–7

cf.

Eucyrtidiellum pustulatum Baumgartner

5–8 X

cf.

Eucyrtidiellum semifactum Nagai & Mizutani

5–7

Gongylothorax aff. favosus Dumitrică sensu Baumgartner et al. (1995a)

7–8 X

Gongylothorax aff. siphonofer Dumitrică sensu Baumgartner et al. (1995a)

4–4

Gongylothorax sp.

Hemicryptocapsa buekkensis (Kozur)

Hemicryptocapsa yaoi (Kozur)

X X

Parahsuum carpathicum Widz & De Wever

7–11

Striatojaponocapsa synconexa

O’Dogherty, Goričan

Dumitrică

4–5 X

Stichomitra? annibill Kocher

Transhsuum brevicostatum (Ozvoldová)

3–11

cf.

Transhsuum maxwelli (Pessagno) gr.

3–10

Zhamoidellum ventricosum Dumitrică

8–11

Age (UAZones 95)

7–8

5–7?

5–7

Colour

black

greenish-

black

red

greenish-

black

KRISCHE, GORIČAN and GAWLICK

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

Fig. 9. Middle Jurassic radiolarians from radiolarite pebbles in the Rossfeld Formation. For each illustration the magnification (length of scale
bar) is indicated. 1—6 – Radiolarians from sample L72. 1 – Archaeodictyomitra patricki Kocher, scale bar 100 µm. 2 – Stichomitra? anni-
bill Kocher, scale bar 100 µm. 3 – Eucyrtidiellum pustulatum Baumgartner, scale bar 100 µm. 4 – Hemicryptocapsa buekkensis (Kozur),
scale bar 100 µm. 5 – Gongylothorax aff. favosus Dumitrică sensu Baumgartner et al. (1995a), scale bar 100 µm. 6 – Striatojaponocapsa
synconexa O’Dogherty, Goričan & Dumitrică, scale bar 100 µm. 7—12 – Radiolarians from sample L89. 7—8 – Archaeodictyomitra patricki
Kocher, scale bar 100 µm. 9 – Transhsuum cf. brevicostatum (Ožvoldová), scale bar 120 µm. 10 – Dictyomitrella? cf. kamoensis Mizutani &
Kido, scale bar 100 µm. This specimen has less pronounced circumferential ridges than the type material and also lacks distinct paired pores
just below and above the ridges. 11 – Eucyrtidiellum pustulatum Baumgartner, scale bar 100 µm. 12 – Hemicryptocapsa yaoi (Kozur),
scale bar 100 µm. 13—20 – Radiolarians from sample L112. 13 – Parahsuum carpathicum Widz & De Wever, scale bar 100 µm.
14 – Transhsuum maxwelli (Pessagno) gr., scale bar 150 µm. 15 – Eucyrtidiellum semifactum Nagai & Mizutani, scale bar 100 µm.
16 – Striatojaponocapsa synconexa O’Dogherty, Goričan & Dumitrică, scale bar 100 µm. 17 – Gongylothorax aff. siphonofer Dumitrică
sensu Baumgartner et al. (1995a), scale bar 100 µm. 18 – Zhamoidellum ventricosum Dumitrică, scale bar 100 µm. 19 – Hemicryptocapsa
buekkensis (Kozur), scale bar 100 µm. 20 – Hemicryptocapsa yaoi (Kozur), scale bar 100 µm. 21—22 – Radiolarians from sample L308.
21 – Gongylothorax sp., scale bar 100 µm. 22 – Canoptum cf. krahsteinense (Suzuki & Gawlick), scale bar 120 µm.

nance area. The rock colour can only be used as a descriptive
feature at the outcrop (see Table 1). Weathered rims of sili-
ceous  pebbles  give  evidence  for  their  surface  exposure  and
their  erosion  during  subaerial  weathering.  The  general  sub-
rounded to rounded shape of radiolaritic, magmatic (e.g. ba-
salts,  pyroxenites),  metamorphic  (e.g.  serpentinites)  and
quartz-sandstone  pebbles  give  further  evidence  for  fluvial

transport to the depositional area. It can be expected that these
pebbles were subsequently rounded by cyclic wave activity in
a near-shore setting before being transported to their final dep-
ositional area in the deeper basin together with the contempo-
raneous carbonate and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic material.
The radiolarite pebbles with their differences shown by micro-
facies analyses and biostratigraphic age-dating allow us to re-

EROSION OF JURASSIC NAPPE-STACK IN THE ROSSFELD FORMATION (NORTHERN CALCAREOUS ALPS)

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

construct  their  possible  primary  paleogeographical  origins  as
well as their possible source areas (Table 7). Our results and
comparison  with  data  known  from  the  literature  (e.g.  von
Eynatten  &  Gaupp  1999)  demonstrate  that  radiolarites  and
rocks from the ophiolitic suite were eroded from an ophiolitic
nappe-stack  of  the  Dinarides/Albanides/Hellenides  (Neo-
tethyan Belt according to Missoni & Gawlick 2011b).

Discussion

Investigations of the component spectrum from the differ-

ent mass-flow deposits (see Fig. 1) of the Lower Cretaceous
Rossfeld Formation in the Northern Calcareous Alps resulted
in a subdivision into different rock groups by macro- and mi-
croscopic analysis:

1. Triassic carbonate clasts
Lower and Middle Triassic carbonate material can be ob-

served  at  all  investigated  localities  (Fig. 1B).  From  the  mi-
crofacies  analyses  these  rocks  can  be  described  as  oolitic
limestones  and  densely  packed  shell-rich  limestones  (“Lu-
machellenkalk”) from the uppermost Werfen Formation and
the basal Gutenstein Formation.

Middle to Upper Triassic shallow-water carbonate clasts

from  the  Juvavic  Dachstein  and/or  Berchtesgaden  nappes  as
commonly interpreted on the basis of the colour of the clasts
and without microfacies analyses (Kühnel 1929; Weber 1942;
Medwenitsch 1949, 1958; Del-Negro 1949, 1983; Plöchinger
1955, 1968, 1974, 1990; Pichler 1963) are missing at all the in-
vestigated localities (Fig. 1), and in all mass-flow deposits of
the  Rossfeld  Formation  (Missoni  &  Gawlick  2011a;  Krische
2012) as well as in the equivalent Firza Formation in Albania
(Schlagintweit et al. 2008: Fi in Fig. 1A). The consequence of
the  pebble  analysis  is  that  the  generally  accepted  view  that
these  mass-flows  should  consist  of  the  eroded  material  from
the Juvavic nappes (e.g. Berchtesgaden and Dachstein Nappes
characterized by Triassic carbonate-platform rocks) cannot be
confirmed (see Faupl & Tollmann 1979; Schweigl & Neubauer
1997a,b). No single grain deriving from these Triassic carbon-
ate platforms was found in the mass-flows.

2. Tithonian-Berriasian carbonate clasts
The uppermost Jurassic and lowermost Cretaceous shal-

low-water carbonate clasts derive from the Plassen Carbonate
Platform (e.g. Plassen Formation) or represent slope-to-basi-
nal carbonate pebbles (Oberalm Formation and Barmstein
Limestone).

Age range

Possible paleogeographical origin

Anisian/Ladinian

Meliata facies (continental slope) or Neotethys ocean floor

Ladinian

Meliata facies (continental slope) or Neotethys ocean floor

Ladinian/Early Carnian

Meliata facies (continental slope) or Neotethys ocean floor

Late Carnian/Norian

Neotethys ocean floor

Late Bajocian/Early Callovian

Matrix rock from radiolaritic-ophiolithic mélange

Late Bathonian/Late Callovian

Matrix rock from radiolaritic-ophiolithic mélange

Table 7: Paleogeographical origin of the investigated radiolarite pebbles of the Gartenau
section.

3. Valanginian to Hauterivian carbon-

ate clasts

Carbonate clasts (probably Valangin-

ian  to  Hauterivian)  prove  the  existence
of a contemporaneous shallow-water car-
bonate  platform  or  ramp.  Especially  the
existence  of  contemporaneous  shallow-
water carbonate areas, proved by carbon-
ate litho- and bioclasts, was more or less
unknown  from  the  Rossfeld  Formation
but such clasts were described from other

similar  time-equivalent  mass-flow  deposits  like  the  Firza-
Flysch  (Fi  in  Fig. 1A;  Gardin  et  al.  1996;  Bortolotti  et  al.
1996)  or  Firza  Formation  (Fi  in  Fig. 1A;  Firza  mass-flows,
see  Gawlick  et  al.  2008;  Schlagintweit  et  al.  2008),  the
Paraflysch of the Vardar Zone (Pa in Fig. 1A; Dimitrijević &
Dimitrijević  2009),  and  the  Bosnian  Flysch  (Vr  in  Fig. 1A;
Mikes et al. 2008).

4. Middle, Upper Triassic, and Middle Jurassic Radiolarite

clasts and other siliceous pebbles

The results show that the siliceous pebbles can be classi-

fied  by  their  microfacies  into  different  groups:  radiolarites,
ophicalcitic  rocks,  siliceous  (deep-sea)  clays,  microcrystal-
line cherts and brown-black siliceous marlstones. The char-
acteristic  microfacies  of  Anisian/Ladinian  (see  Gawlick  et
al. 2008; Gawlick et al. 2009b) and Upper Triassic radiolar-
ites (see Gawlick et al. 2009b) allow a rough age assignment.
This  microfacies  classification  for  the  siliceous  pebbles  of
the  Gartenau  section  can  also  be  used  at  other  locations
where  siliceous  pebble  bearing  conglomerate  and  breccia
beds of the Rossfeld Formation occur (e.g. Bad Ischl, Ross-
feld, Weitenau, see Krische 2012).

The investigations of the resedimented siliceous and radio-

laritic clasts result in a reconstruction of their possible primary
depositional area and give further hints on the geodynamic as
well  as  on  the  paleogeographical  evolution.  In  the  Late  Ani-
sian to Late Langobardian/Early Carnian time interval radio-
larites were relatively widespread in the Neotethys realm and
occurred in the distal shelf areas as red (Bódvalenke-type slide
blocks  of  Kovács  et  al.  1989)  or  grey  radiolarites,  together
with basalts (Dimitrijević et al. 2003). Upper Anisian to Car-
nian red-brown radiolaritic rocks from the passive continental
slope  (Meliata  facies)  were  described  by  Mandl  &  Ondrejič-
ková  (1991)  and  Kozur  &  Mostler  (1992)  in  the  Callovian
Florianikogel  Formation  (Northern  Calcareous  Alps),  and  by
Mock (1980) in the Meliata area. From the Late Carnian on, a
mixed  siliciclastic-carbonate  sedimentation  dominated  the
Meliata  facies-region  (e.g.  Mock  1980;  Mandl  &  Ondrejič-
ková  1991).  Uppermost  Ladinian  to  Upper  Triassic  radiolar-
ites were not detected until now on the distal continental shelf
margins towards the Neotethys Ocean, so and they are not ex-
pectable  within  this  facies  zone  (Gawlick  et  al.  1999,  2008).
Shedding from the late Middle and Late Triassic shallow-wa-
ter carbonate ramps and platforms led to an accumulation of a
huge amount of fine-grained carbonate mud on the distal shelf
and partly in the oceanic domain (Gawlick & Böhm 2000), for
most of the time except the Julian. Accordingly, radiolarites of
this age can only be expected in distal oceanic areas (Gawlick

KRISCHE, GORIČAN and GAWLICK

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

et al. 2008). For this reason uppermost Ladinian to Upper Tri-
assic ribbon radiolarites are of special interest because they in-
dicate fragments of the Neotethys oceanic realm. Ophicalcitic
rocks and colourful siliceous (deep-sea) clays complete the
pebble spectrum derived from the ocean floor.

The localities with preserved Neotethyan ophiolites includ-

ing Middle to lower Upper Jurassic ophiolitic-radiolaritic mé-
langes show that primary radiolarite deposition also occurred
directly on top of the oceanic crust. For example, in the Mirdita
Zone of Albania (Fi, Pe in Fig. 1A), reddish-black, red-green
and red, well bedded Upper Anisian to Lower Carnian and red
Upper Carnian to ?Lower Norian and Norian-Rhaetian radio-
larites (Chiari et al. 1996; Bortolotti et al. 2006; Gawlick et al.
2006, 2008; Bortolotti et al. 2013) occur as primary sedimen-
tary cover of the oceanic crust as well as single blocks of dif-
ferent  size  within  the  Upper  Bajocian  to  Oxfordian  Perlat
Mélange (Pe in Fig. 1A; e.g. Chiari et al. 2004; Gawlick et al.
2008). From the Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt of the Zlatibor Mé-
lange  (Zl  in  Fig. 1A;  Lower  Callovian  to  Middle  Oxfordian)
Upper  Ladinian  to  Lower  Carnian  and  Norian  radiolarites
were described (Gawlick et al. 2010b). Another locality near
Sjenica (Zlatar Mountains, Sj in Fig. 1A) contains Lower La-
dinian (Fassanian, Gawlick et al. 2009b) and red-green, bed-
ded  Upper  Carnian  to  Lower/Middle  Norian  (Obradović  &
Goričan  1988;  Goričan  et  al.  1999)  radiolarite  blocks  within
the Upper Bathonian to Lower/Middle Callovian or Callovian
to  Oxfordian  mélange  (Gawlick  et  al.  2009b).  Remnants  of
Late  Triassic  to  Jurassic  ocean  floor  are  also  documented  in
the Vardar segment of the Neotethys ( = Vardar) Ocean to the
east (Obradović & Goričan 1988; Pamić et al. 2002; Karamata
2006).  Remnants  of  a  Jurassic  accretionary  complex  of  the
Neotethys with occurrences of Middle and Upper Triassic ra-
diolarites on top of ocean floor basalts were reported from the
Medvednica  and  Kalnik  Mountains  in  northern  Croatia
(Halamić  &  Goričan  1995;  Pamić  et  al.  2002;  Goričan  et  al.
2005). This ophiolitic mélange is similar to that in the Darnó
Unit in the Pannonian Basin (Kovaćs et al. 2008), which occur
here in a narrow zone within the Zagorje-Mid-Transdanubian
Unit  along  the  Mid-Hungarian  Lineament  (Haas  et  al.  2000;
Kiss et al. 2008). Occurrences of Middle and Upper Triassic
radiolarites  on  top  of  ocean  floor  basalts  in  the  Avdella  Mé-
lange  of  the  Northern  Pindos  Mountains  of  Greece  (Av  in
Fig. 1A;  Ozsvárt  et  al.  2012),  Argolis  (Chiari  et  al.  2013)  or
other areas in the Hellenic belt (see Bortolotti et al. 2013 for
latest  review)  are  also  comparable.  Therefore  the  proof  of
Middle  and  Upper  Triassic  and  Middle  Jurassic  radiolarite
pebbles together with ophiolitic material in the Lower Creta-
ceous Rossfeld Formation is a strong argument for the erosion
of an ophiolitic nappe-stack similar to those of the Dinaridic-
Hellenic  belt  south  of  the  present  day  Northern  Calcareous
Alps at that time.

5. Volcanites, ophiolitic suite
Ophiolite detritus (e.g. pyroxenites, chromium spinel, …),

volcanic material (e.g. basalts) and metamorphic rocks (ser-
pentinites) are comparably long known clasts of the Rossfeld
component suite and herein confirmed (see also Krische
2012). The ophiolitic clast spectrum of the Rossfeld Forma-
tion can also be documented at other localities with time-

equivalent mass-flow deposits including the Firza-Flysch (Fi
in Fig. 1A; Gardin et al. 1996; Bortolotti et al. 1996) or Firza
Formation  (Firza  massflows,  see  Gawlick  et  al.  2008),  the
Paraflysch of the Vardar Zone (Pa in Fig. 1A; Dimitrijević &
Dimitrijević  2009),  the  Bosnian  Flysch  (Vr  in  Fig. 1A;
Mikes  et  al.  2008),  the  Pogari  Formation  (Po  in  Fig. 1A;
Blanchet et al. 1970; Pamić & Hrvatović 2000; Neubauer et
al.  2003)  and  the  Oštrc  Formation  (Os  in  Fig. 1A;  Lužar-
Oberiter et al. 2009, 2012).

6. Siliciclastic rock clasts
The investigated siliciclastic rocks such as quartz-sand-

stones, siltstones and singular quartz-grains complete the
mixed conglomerate and breccia component suite.

Jurassic and Cretaceous geodynamic evolution

It is important to note that the Triassic radiolaritic and ac-

companying siliceous rocks are preserved together with their
primary underlying sequences like oceanic crust in the ophio-
lite belt striking from the Dinarides to the Hellenides, partly as
blocks within the ophiolitic-radiolaritic mélanges. In the geo-
dynamic  evolution  of  the  central  Northern  Calcareous  Alps
the  Rossfeld  Formation  represents  the  final  stage  of  a  sedi-
mentary cycle which had already started in the Late Permian.
After a time of crustal extension (Permian to Middle Triassic),
and  the  evolution  of  a  passive  continental  margin  (Middle
Triassic  to  Early  Jurassic),  the  situation  changed  in  the  late
Early Jurassic. Intra-oceanic thrusting started in the Toarcian
(Karamata 2006; Gawlick et al. 2008), ophiolite obduction onto
the  distal  margin  (Meliata  and  Hallstatt  zones)  started  most
probably  in  the  Bajocian/Bathonian  (e.g.  Frisch  &  Gawlick
2003;  Gawlick  et  al.  2008;  Missoni  &  Gawlick  2011a).  In
Callovian-Oxfordian  times  the  whole  former  passive  margin
became incorporated in this nappe-stack. The accretion of the
former passive shelf margin was accompanied by contempora-
neous resedimentation into the newly formed carbonate-clas-
tic,  radio-laritic  wildflysch  basins  (e.g.  Gawlick  et  al.  1999;
Gawlick  2000;  Gawlick  &  Frisch  2003;  compare  Karamata
2006;  Schmid  et  al.  2008).  These  deep-water  trench-like  ba-
sins  were  formed  in  front  of  the  advancing  and  rising  Neo-
tethys oceanic crust nappe-pile and its sedimentary cover (e.g.
Gawlick et al. 1999, 2008; Schlagintweit et al. 2008).

The investigated brown-black siliceous marlstones can be

interpreted together with the Middle Jurassic radiolarites (Ta-
ble 7) as matrix rocks of these mélanges. According to previ-
ous  and  current  results  the  ages  of  the  ophiolitic  radiolaritic
mélanges along the Neotethyan Belt are Middle to early Late
Jurassic, similar to the radiolaritic carbonate-clastic trench fills
( = Hallstatt Mélange) in the Northern Calcareous Alps (?Bajo-
cian/Bathonian  to  Oxfordian,  Gawlick  &  Frisch  2003),  and
in  the  Western  Carpathians  ( = Meliata  Mélange,  e.g.  Kozur
& Mock 1985, 1995; Mock et al. 1998; Aubrecht et al. 2010,
2012). Resedimented ophiolitic material in the Northern Cal-
careous  Alps  first  occurs  in  the  ?Bajocian  to  Callovian
Florianikogel Formation (Neubauer et al. 2007) and in the Up-
per  Kimmeridgian/Lower  Tithonian  Sillenkopf  Formation
(Missoni  et  al.  2001).  The  Hallstatt  Mélange  in  the  Eastern
Alps and the Meliata Mélange in the Western Carpathians are

EROSION OF JURASSIC NAPPE-STACK IN THE ROSSFELD FORMATION (NORTHERN CALCAREOUS ALPS)

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

interpreted  as  a  result  of  the  partial  closure  of  the  Neotethys
Ocean  (Meliata  Ocean  in  the  sense  of  several  authors)  (e.g.
Kozur  1991;  Channell  &  Kozur  1997;  Gawlick  et  al.  1999;
Frisch & Gawlick 2003; Csontos & Vörös 2004). Slightly older
and age equivalent ?Early/Middle Jurassic (late Early Jurassic
to  Bajocian  according  to  Babić  et  al.  2002  and  Bajocian  to
Callovian according to Halamić et al. 1998, 1999) ophiolitic-
radiolaritic mélanges occur in Croatia (e.g. Halamić et al. 1999;
Babić et al. 2002), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Hrvatović 2006),
Serbia (Dimitrijević et al. 2003; Gawlick et al. 2009a,b; Kovács
et al. 2011), Albania (Bortolotti et al. 2005, 2013; Gawlick et
al.  2008)  and  Greece  (Jones  &  Robertson  1991;  Jones  et  al.
1992; Stampfli et al. 2003; Bortolotti et al. 2004; Chiari et al.
2012; Ozsvárt et al. 2012; Robertson 2012). Enhanced pres-
sure  and  temperature  together  with  fluid-flow  within  the  ac-
creted ophiolite nappes and the mélanges led to recrystallization
and partial loss of colour of different radiolarites. Brittle tec-
tonic  forces  cleaved  parts  of  the  radiolarites  and  silica-rich
fluid-flows induced siliceous cemented rims and veins.

Shallow-water carbonate platforms evolved from the Late

Oxfordian (Auer et al. 2009) on top of the uplifting nappes
(Schlagintweit et al. 2003, 2005; Gawlick et al. 2007, 2008),
on top of the ophiolites (Schlagintweit et al. 2008, 2012b) and
on top of the nappe-stack of the former passive Tethyan mar-
gin (e.g. Schlagintweit et al. 2003, 2005; Gawlick et al. 2007,
2008). The life cycle of these platforms was different. On top
of the ophiolites uplift and erosion started in the Late Titho-
nian (compare Kilias et al. 2010; Kostaki et al. 2013) whereas
formation of shallow-water carbonates prevailed on top of the

southern  Tirolic  nappe-stack  until  the  earliest  Cretaceous.
With the final drowning of the Plassen Carbonate Platform in
the Late Berriasian (Gawlick & Schlagintweit 2006), the sedi-
mentation pattern also changed in the more northern parts of
the Northern Calcareous Alps. At first fine-grained siliciclas-
tic  rocks  (Schrambach  Formation)  and  later  coarser-grained
siliciclastic components (Rossfeld Formation) are characteris-
tic. This material was eroded from the uplifting Middle to Late
Jurassic nappe-stack or orogen (Neotethyan Belt of Missoni &
Gawlick 2011b, see Fig. 10) and started to fill up the remnant
basins between the areas of the drowned carbonate platforms.
The  observed  different,  biostratigraphically  controlled  con-
strained fining upward sequences within the Rossfeld Forma-
tion  can  be  best  explained  by  sea-level  changes  within  a
sedimentary  basin  of  relative  tectonic  quiescence  or  decreas-
ing tectonic activity. Pulses of erosional activity in the Early
Cretaceous in combination with sea-level changes (for timing
see  Gradstein  et  al.  2004)  and  some  tectonic  activity  (see
Schlagintweit et al. 2012b) were important triggers for the for-
mation  of  the  oligo-  to  polymictic  conglomerate  and  breccia
beds  of  the  Firza,  Pogari  and  Rossfeld  Formations  and  also
most  probably  for  the  Vranduk  and  Oštrc  Formations.  Their
component spectra are quite similar but an increase in round-
ness is observed in a direction approximately perpendicular to
the orogen. This trend was induced by fluvial transportation of
the  radiolaritic,  magmatic  and  siliciclastic  rocks  from  the
proximal deposits close to the Neotethyan Belt in contrast to
their  distal  depositional  area  like  the  Rossfeld  Basin  of  the
Northern Calcareous Alps.

Fig. 10. Evolution of the basal conglomerates of the Rossfeld Formation of Gartenau. After the main sea-level lowstand in the late Early
Valanginian the conglomerates were brought by fluvial systems from the exposed hinterland and shelf area to the deeper parts of the basin.
Local material from breccia fans was also incorporated in the conglomerates. During the sea-level rise in the Late Valanginian the typical
fining-upward sequences of the Rossfeld Formation were deposited, today clearly visible at several outcrops in Bad Ischl, Gartenau,
Weitenau and on Rossfeld.

KRISCHE, GORIČAN and GAWLICK

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

Conclusions

The Upper Triassic radiolarites together with components

of the ophiolite suite and Middle Jurassic radiolarites in the
Lower Cretaceous Rossfeld Formation of the central Northern
Calcareous Alps suggest the following conclusions:

In Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous times an obducted

ophiolite nappe-pile with intercalated ophiolitic-radiolaritic
mélanges was present south of the today’s Northern Calcare-
ous Alps;

These ophiolitic thrust sheets and mélanges must have

been similar to those of the Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt in Serbia,
the Mirdita ophiolite suite in Albania or the Hellenide ophio-
lite nappe stack in Greece;

The Middle Triassic radiolarites represent erosional

products of the original sedimentary cover of the Triassic to
Early Jurassic Neotethys Ocean floor or less probably from
the Meliata facies zone of the passive continental margin;

The Upper Triassic radiolarites represent erosional prod-

ucts of the original sedimentary cover of the Triassic to Early
Jurassic Neotethys Ocean floor;

The Middle Jurassic radiolarites together with the sili-

ceous marlstones represent erosional products from the ma-
trix of the radiolaritic-ophiolitic mélanges, identical in age
and microfacies to those known from the Dinaridic Ophiolite
Belt in Serbia or the Mirdita ophiolite suite in Albania or the
ophiolitic mélanges in the Hellenides;

Slightly metamorphosed radiolarites and cleaved radio-

larites with siliceous cemented veins prove the existence of
enhanced pressure and temperature conditions within the
nappe-stack as known from the Dinaridic-Hellenidic realm;

The Jurassic nappe-stack of the Northern Calcareous Alps

was induced by (in today’s geographical direction) northward
directed  ophiolite  obduction.  The  Northern  Calcareous  Alps
together  with  the  Western  Carpathians,  the  units  in  the  Pan-
nonian realm (e.g. Transdanubian Range), the Southern Alps,
the  Dinarides,  the  Albanides,  and  the  Hellenides  attained  a
lower plate position and a thin-skinned orogen was formed in
front of the northward propagating obducted ophiolites;

This Jurassic nappe-stack was sealed by Kimmeridgian/

Tithonian platforms which prevailed partly until the earliest
Cretaceous. Mountain uplift from the latest Jurassic onwards
resulted in erosion of the platforms and the underlying
nappe-stack. In Early Cretaceous times these erosional prod-
ucts reached the far-away foreland basins;

The sedimentary cycles in these Rossfeld basins reflect

either a) pulses of the decreasing tectonic activity during the
Early Cretaceous and/or b) sea-level changes. This resulted in
deep erosion of the nappe-stack and is reflected by the coarse-
grained mass flows, interpreted as lowstand wedges or low-
stand fans, deposited during a relative sea-level lowstand or
during the transgressive phase just after maximum regression;

Resedimented bioclasts in the Rossfeld Formation give

evidence for a contemporaneous shallow-water platform/ramp
between the today’s Northern Calcareous Alps and the eroded
ophiolite stack during the Valanginian to Hauterivian time-
span, representing a coastal and shallow-marine environment;

Sedimentological features and component analyses of

the Rossfeld Formation support the interpretation of an un-

derfilled foreland basin setting affected by sea-level fluctua-
tions and local tectonics;

Components of the Triassic to Jurassic passive margin se-

quence  of  the  Northern  Calcareous  Alps  are  missing  in  the
component  spectrum,  not  a  single  component  of  a  proposed
“Juvavic”  nappe  occurs.  Therefore,  the  Early  Cretaceous  as
the  main  nappe-thrusting  time  in  the  Northern  Calcareous
Alps as formerly interpreted cannot be confirmed.

Acknowledgments:  We  gratefully  thank  the  permission  of
DI Johannes Theiss to work in the Gartenau/Hangendenstein
quarry  (“Leube  quarry”,  Gartenau).  We  express  our  grati-
tudes to Luis O’Dogherty of Cádiz, Milan Sudar of Belgrade
and  Ugur  Kagan  Tekin  of  Ankara,  for  their  helpful  sugges-
tions  on  an  earlier  version  of  the  manuscript.  The  research
was  supported  by  the  UZAG  programme  (Universitätszen-
trum  für  Angewandte  Geowissenschaften)  of  Styria  and  the
University  of  Leoben.  Š.G.  was  financed  by  the  Slovenian
Research Agency (research program P1-0008).

References

Aubrecht R., Gawlick H.-J., Missoni S., Suzuki H., Plašienka D.,

Kronome K. & Kronome B. 2010: Middle Jurassic matrix radio-
larians from the Meliata ophiolite mélange at the type Meliatic
sites Meliata and Jaklovce (Western Carpathians): palaeogeo-
graphic evidence. Geol. Balcanica 39, 33—34.

Aubrecht R., Gawlick H.-J., Missoni S. & Plašienka D. 2012: Meliata

type locality revisited: Evidence for the need of reinvestigation
of the Meliata Unit and redefinition of the Meliata Mélange.
Miner. Slovaca 44, 71.

Auer M., Suzuki H., Schlagintweit F. & Gawlick H.-J. 2007: The late

Middle to Late Jurassic Sedimentary Rocks of the Knallalm-
Neualm Area north of Gosau (northwestern Dachstein Block,
central Northern Calcareous Alps). J. Alpine Geol. 48, 117—140.

Auer M., Gawlick H.-J., Suzuki H. & Schlagintweit F. 2009: Spatial

and temporal development of siliceous basin and shallow-water
carbonate sedimentation in Oxfordian Northern Calcareous
Alps. Facies 56, 63—87.

Babić L., Hochuli P.A. & Zupanić J. 2002: The Jurassic ophiolitic

mélange in the NE Dinarides: Dating, internal structure and
geotectonic implications. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 95, 263—275.

Baumgartner P.O., O’Dogherty L., Goričan Š., Dumitrică-Jud R.,

Dumitrică P., Pillevuit A., Urquhart E., Matsuoka A., Danelian
T., Bartolini A., Carter E.S., De Wever P., Kito N., Marcucci M.
& Steiger T. 1995a: Radiolarian catalogue and systematics of
Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Tethyan genera and species.
In: Baumgartner P.O., O’Dogherty L., Goričan Š., Urquhart E.,
Pillevuit A. & De Wever P. (Eds.): Middle Jurassic to Lower
Cretaceous radiolaria of Tethys: Occurrences, systematics, bio-
chronology. Mém. Géol. (Lausanne) 23, 37—685.

Baumgartner P.O., Bartolini A., Carter E.S., Conti M., Cortese G.,

Danelian T., De Wever P., Dumitrică P., Dumitrică-Jud R.,
Goričan Š., Guex J., Hull D.M., Kito N., Marcucci M., Matsuoka
A., Murchey B., O’Dogherty L., Savary J., Vishnevskaya V.,
Widz D. & Yao A. 1995b: Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous
radiolarian biochronology of Tethys based on Unitary Associa-
tions. In: Baumgartner P.O., O’Dogherty L., Goričan Š., Urquhart
E., Pillevuit A. & De Wever P. (Eds.): Middle Jurassic to Lower
Cretaceous radiolaria of Tethys: Occurrences, systematics, bio-
chronology. Mém. Géol. (Lausanne) 23, 1013—1038.

Beccaro P. 2004: Upper Jurassic radiolarians from Inici Mt. area

EROSION OF JURASSIC NAPPE-STACK IN THE ROSSFELD FORMATION (NORTHERN CALCAREOUS ALPS)

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

(north-western Sicily, Italy): biochronology and calibration by
ammonites. Riv. Ital. Paleont. Stratigr. 110, 1, 289—301.

Blanchet R., Durand Delga M., Moullade M. & Sigal J. 1970: Con-

tribution à l’étude du Crétacé des Dinarides internes: la region
de Maglaj, Bosnie (Yougoslavie). Bull. Soc. Géol. France 12,
6, 1003—1009.

Blatt H. 1967: Provenance determinations and recycling of sedi-

ments. J. Sed. Petrology 37, 1031—1044.

Blome C.D. 1984: Upper Triassic radiolaria and radiolarian zonation

from Western North America. Bull. Amer. Paleont. 85, 1—88.

Boorová D., Lobitzer H., Skupien P. & Vašíček Z. 1999: Biostrati-

graphy and facies of Upper Jurassic—Lower Cretaceous pelagic
carbonate sediments (Oberalm-, Schrambach- and Roßfeld-For-
mation) in the Northern Calcareous Alps, South of Salzburg.
Abh. Geol. Bundesanst. 56, 2, 273—218.

Bortolotti V., Kodra A., Marroni M., Mustafa F., Pandolfi L., Prin-

cipi G. & Saccani E. 1996: Geology and petrology of ophiolitic
sequences in the Mirdita region (northern Albania). Ofioliti 21,
3—20.

Bortolotti V., Chiari M., Marcucci M., Marroni M., Pandolfi L.,

Principi G. & Saccani E. 2004: Comparison among the Alba-
nian and Greek ophiolites: in search of constraints for the evo-
lution of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean. Ofioliti 29, 1, 19—35.

Bortolotti V., Marroni M., Pandolfi L. & Principi G. 2005: Mesozoic

to Tertiary tectonic history of the Mirdita ophiolites, northern
Albania. Island Arc 14, 471—493.

Bortolotti V., Chiari M., Kodra A., Marcucci M., Marroni M., Mus-

tafa F., Prela M., Pandolfi L., Principi G. & Saccani E. 2006:
Triassic MORB magmatism in the southern Mirdita zone (Al-
bania). Ofioliti 31, 1—9.

Bortolotti V., Chiari M., Marroni M., Pandolfi L., Principi G. &

Saccani E. 2013: Geodynamic evolution of ophiolites from Al-
bania to Greece (Dinaric-Hellenic belt): one, two, or more oce-
anic basins? Int. J. Earth Sci. 102, 783—811.

Bujtor L., Krische O. & Gawlick H.-J. 2013: Late Berriasian am-

monite assemblage and biostratigraphy of the Leube quarry
near Salzburg (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). N. Jb. Geol.
Paläont. Abh. 267, 3, 273—295.

Channell J.E.T. & Kozur H.W. 1997: How many oceans? Meliata,

Vardar, and Pindos oceans in Mesozoic Alpine paleogeography.
Geology 25, 183—186.

Chiari M., Marcucci M., Cortese G., Ondrejičková A. & Kodra A.

1996: Triassic radiolarian assemblages in the Rubik area and
Cukali zone, Albania. Ofioliti 21, 77—84.

Chiari M., Marcucci M. & Prela M. 2004: Radiolarian assemblages

from the Jurassic cherts of Albania: new data. Ofioliti 29,
95—105.

Chiari M., Bortolotti V., Marcucci M., Photiades A., Principi G. &

Saccani E. 2012: Radiolarian biostratigraphy and geochemistry
of the Koziakas massif ophiolites (Greece). Bull. Soc. Géol.
France 183, 4, 287—306.

Chiari M., Baumgartner P.O., Bernoulli D., Bortolotti V., Marcucci

M., Photiades A. & Principi G. 2013: Late Triassic, Early and
Middle  Jurassic  Radiolaria  from  ferromanganese-chert  “nod-
ules”  (Angelokastron,  Argolis,  Greece):  evidence  for  pro-
longed  radiolarite  sedimentation  in  the  Maliac-Vardar  Ocean.
Facies 59, 391—424.

Császár G. & B. Árgyelán G. 1994: Stratigraphic and micromineral-

ogic investigations on Cretaceous formations of the Gerecse
Mountains, Hungary and their palaeogeographic implications.
Cretaceous Research 15, 417—434.

Császár G., Haas J., Sztanó O. & Szinger B. 2012: From Late Trias-

sic passive to Early Cretaceous active continental margin of
dominantly carbonate sediments in the Transdanubian Range,
Western Tethys. J. Alpine Geol. 54, 33—99.

Csontos L. & Vörös A. 2004: Mesozoic plate tectonic reconstruc-

tion of the Carpathian region. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol. 210, 1—56.

Darga R. & Weidich K.F. 1986: Die Lackbach-Schichten, eine klas-

tische Unterkreide-Serie in der Unkener Mulde (Nördliche
Kalkalpen, Tirolikum). Mitt. Bayer. St.-Samml. Paläont. hist.
Geol. 26, 93—112.

Decker K., Faupl P. & Müller A. 1987: Synorogenic sedimentation

on the Northern Calcareous Alps during the Early Cretaceous.
In: Flügel H.W. & Faupl P. (Eds.): Geodynamics of the Eastern
Alps. Deuticke, Wien, 126—141.

Del Negro W. 1949: Geologie von Salzburg. Wagner, Innsbruck,

1—348.

Del Negro W. 1960: Salzburg. Verh. Geol. Bundesanst., Bundesländer-

serie, 1—55.

Del Negro W. 1983: Geologie des Landes Salzburg. Schr. Landes-

pressebüros: Ser. Sonderpublikationen 45, 1—152.

Dimitrijević M.N. & Dimitrijević M.D. 2009: The Lower Creta-

ceous Paraflysch of the Vardar Zone: composition and fabric.
Ann. Geol. Penins. Balk. 70, 9—21.

Dimitrijević M.N., Dimitrijević M.D., Karamata S., Sudar M.,

Gerzina N., Kovács S., Dostály L., Gulácsi Z., Less G. & Pe-
likán P. 2003: Olistostrome/mélanges – an overview of the
problems and preliminary comparison of such formations in
Yugoslavia and NE Hungary. Slovak Geol. Mag. 9, 1, 3—21.

Dimo A. 1997: Le mécanisme de mise en place des ophiolites

d’Albanie. Thése, Université Paris-Sud, 1—308.

Dimo-Lahitte A., Monié P. & Vergély P. 2001: Metamorphic soles

from the Albanian ophiolites: Petrology,

Ar/

Ar geochro-

nology, and geodynamic evolution. Tectonics 20, 78—96.

Dorner R., Höfling R. & Lobitzer H. 2009: Nördliche Kalkalpen in

der Umgebung Salzburgs (Exkursion H am 17. April 2009).
Jb. Mitt. Oberrheinischer Geol. Verein NF 91, 317—366.

Dumitrică P., Tekin U.K. & Bedi Y. 2013: Taxonomic study of

spongy spumellarian Radiolaria with three and four coplanar
spines or arms from the middle Carnian (Late Triassic) of the
Köseyahya nappe (Elbistan, SE Turkey) and other Triassic local-
ities. Paläont. Z. 87, 345—395. Doi: 10.1007/s12542-012-0161-1

Faupl P. 1978: Zur räumlichen und zeitlichen Entwicklung von

Breccien- und Turbiditserien in den Ostalpen. Mitt. Gesell.
Geol. Bergbaustud. Österr. 25, 81—110.

Faupl P. & Pober E. 1991: Zur Bedeutung detritischer Chromspinelle

in den Ostalpen: Ophiolithischer Detritus aus der Vardarsutur.
Jubiläumsschrift 20 Jahre Geologische Zusammenarbeit Öster-
reich—Ungarn, Teil 1, 133—143.

Faupl P. & Tollmann A. 1979: Die Roßfeldschichten: Ein Beispiel für

Sedimentation im Bereich einer tektonisch aktiven Tiefseerinne
aus der kalkalpinen Unterkreide. Geol. Rdsch. 68, 1, 93—120.

Faupl P. & Wagreich M. 2000: Late Jurassic to Eocene palaeogeo-

graphic and geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Alps. Mitt.
Österr. Geol. Gesell. 92, 79—94.

Flügel E. 2004: Microfacies of carbonate rocks. Analysis, interpre-

tation and application second edition. Springer, Berlin/Heidel-
berg, 1—984.

Frisch W. & Gawlick H.-J. 2003: The nappe structure of the central

Northern Calcareous Alps and its disintegration during Mio-
cene tectonic extrusion – a contribution to understanding the
orogenic evolution of the Eastern Alps. Int. J. Earth Sci. 92, 5,
712—727.

Fuchs W. 1968: Eine bemerkenswerte, tieferes Apt belegende Fora-

miniferenfauna aus den konglomeratreichen Oberen Roßfeld-
schichten von Grabenwald (Salzburg). Verh. Geol. Bundesanst.
1—2, 87—89.

Gardin S., Kici V., Marroni M., Mustafa F., Pandolfi L., Pirdini A. &

Xhomo A. 1996: Litho- and biostratigraphy of the Firza Flysch,
ophiolite Mirdita Nappe, Albania. Ofioliti 21, 47—54.

Gawlick H.-J. 1993: Triassische Tiefwasserfazieskomponenten

KRISCHE, GORIČAN and GAWLICK

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

(Kieselkalke, Radiolarite) in der jurassischen Strubbergbrekzie
am Tennengebirgsnordrand (Nördliche Kalkalpen, Österreich).
Jb. Geol. Bundesanst. 136, 2, 347—350.

Gawlick H.-J. 1996: Die früh-oberjurassischen Brekzien der Strub-

bergschichten im Lammertal – Analyse und tektonische Be-
deutung (Nördliche Kalkalpen, Österreich). Mitt. Gesell. Geol.
Bergbaustud. Österr. 39, 40, 119—186.

Gawlick H.-J. 2000: Die Radiolaritbecken in den Nördlichen Kalkal-

pen (hoher Mittel-Jura, Ober-Jura). Exkursionsführer Sediment
2000, Mitt. Gesell. Geol. Bergbaustud. Österr. 44, 97—156.

Gawlick H.-J. & Böhm F. 2000: Sequence and isotope stratigraphy

of Late Triassic distal periplatform limestones from the North-
ern Calcareous Alps (Kälberstein Quarry, Berchtesgaden Hall-
statt Zone). Int. J. Earth Sci. 89, 108—129.

Gawlick H.-J. & Frisch W. 2003: The Middle to Late Jurassic car-

bonate clastic radiolaritic flysch sediments in the Northern
Calcareous Alps: sedimentology, basin evolution and tectonics
– an overview. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 230, 163—213.

Gawlick H.-J. & Schlagintweit F. 2006: Berriasian drowning of the

Plassen carbonate platform at the type-locality and its bearing
on the early Eoalpine orogenic dynamics in the Northern Cal-
careous Alps (Austria). Int. J. Earth Sci. 95, 451—462.

Gawlick H.-J., Schlagintweit F. & Suzuki H. 2007: Die Ober-Jura bis

Unter-Kreide  Schichtfolge  des  Gebietes  Höherstein-Sandling
(Salzkammergut, Österreich) – Implikationen zur Rekonstruk-
tion  des  Block-Puzzles  der  zentralen  Nördlichen  Kalkalpen,
der  Gliederung  der  Radiolaritflyschbecken  und  der  Plassen-
Karbonatplattform. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 243, 1, 1—70.

Gawlick H.-J., Dumitrică P., Missoni S. & Hoxha L. 2006: The

Steinmann trinity of the Triassic Miraka section in the Mirdita
zone (Albania) evidenced by Late Anisian rifting in the Neo-
tethys Ocean. In: Sudar M., Ercegovac M. & Grubić A. (Eds.):
Proceedings XVIIIth Congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geologi-
cal Association (Belgrade, 2006). National Committee of the
Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association, Serb. Geol. Soc.,
155—158.

Gawlick H.-J., Missoni S., Schlagintweit F. & Suzuki H. 2010a:

Tiefwasser Beckengenese und Initiierung einer Karbonatplatt-
form im Jura des Salzkammergutes (Nördliche Kalkalpen,
Österreich). Exkursionsführer PANGEO 2010, J. Alpine Geol.
53, 63—136.

Gawlick H.-J., Missoni S., Schlagintweit F. & Suzuki H. 2012: Ju-

rassic active continental margin deep-water basin and carbon-
ate platform formation in the north-western Tethyan realm
(Austria, Germany). J. Alpine Geol. 54, 189—291.

Gawlick H.-J., Sudar M., Missoni S., Suzuki H., Jovanović D. & Lein

R. 2010b: Age and provenance oft the Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt
in the Zlatibor area (SW Serbia). J. Alpine Geol. 52, 118—119.

Gawlick H.-J., Frisch W., Vecsei A., Steiger T. & Böhm F. 1999:

The change from rifting to thrusting in the Northern Calcare-
ous Alps as recorded in Jurassic sediments. Geol. Rdsch. 87,
644—657.

Gawlick H.-J., Frisch W., Hoxha L., Dumitrică P., Krystyn L., Lein

R., Missoni S. & Schlagintweit F. 2008: Mirdita Zone ophio-
lites and associated sediments in Albania reveal Neotethys
Ocean origin. Int. J. Earth Sci. 97, 4, 865—881.

Gawlick H.-J., Missoni S., Schlagintweit F., Suzuki H., Frisch W.,

Krystyn L., Blau J. & Lein R. 2009a: Jurassic tectonostratigra-
phy of the Austroalpine Domain. J. Alpine Geol. 50, 1—152.

Gawlick H.-J., Sudar M., Suzuki H., Derić N., Missoni S., Lein R. &

Jovanović D. 2009b: Upper Triassic and Middle Jurassic radio-
larians from the ophiolitic mélange of the Dinaridic Ophiolite
Belt, SW Serbia. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 253, 2—3, 293—311.

Goričan Š., Karamata S. & Batočanin-Srećković D. 1999: Upper

Triassic (Carnian-Norian) radiolarians in cherts of Sjenica
(SW Serbia) and the time span of the oceanic realm ancestor of

the Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt. Bull. Acad. Serbe Sci. Arts,
Classe Sci. Mat. Nat., Sci. Nat. 39, 141—149.

Goričan Š., Halamić J., Grgasović T. & Kolar-Jurkovšek T. 2005:

Stratigraphic evolution of Triassic arc—backarc system in
northwestern Croatia. Bull. Soc. Géol. France 176, 3—22.

Gradstein F., Ogg J. & Smith A. 2004: A Geologic Time Scale.

Univ. Press Cambridge, Cambrige, 1—589.

Haas J., Mioć P., Pamić J., Tomljenović B., Árkai P., Bérczi-Makk

A., Koroknai B., Kovács S. & Felgenhauer E.R. 2000: Com-
plex structural pattern of the Alpine-Dinaridic-Pannonian tri-
ple junction. Int. J. Earth Sci. 89, 377—389.

Halamić J. & Goričan Š. 1995: Triassic radiolarites from Mts.

Kalnik and Medvednica (Northwestern Croatia). Geol. Croatica
48, 129—146.

Halamić J., Slovenec D. & Kolar-Jurkovšek T. 1998: Triassic pe-

lagic limestones in the Orešje quarry near Gornja Bistra, Med-
venica Mt. (NW Croatia). Geol. Croatica 51, 33—45.

Halamić J., Goričan Š., Slovenec D. & Kolar-Jurkovšek T. 1999: A

Middle Jurassic radiolarite-clastic succession from the Med-
venica Mt. (NW Croatia). Geol. Croatica 52, 29—57.

Hauser M., Martini R., Burns S., Dumitrică P., Krystyn L., Matter

A., Peters T. & Zaninetti L. 2001: Triassic stratigraphic evolu-
tion of the Arabian-Greater India embayment of the southern
Tethys margin. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 94, 29—62.

Hrvatović H. 2006: Geological Guidebook through Bosnia and

Herzegovina. Geol. Surv. Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Sarajevo, 1—172.

Immel H. 1987: Die Kreideammoniten der Nördlichen Kalkalpen.

Zitteliana 15, 3—163.

Jablonský J., Sýkora M. & Aubrecht R. 2001: Detritic Cr-spinels in

Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Western Carpathians (over-
view of the latest knowledge). Miner. Slovaca 33, 487—498.

Jones G. & Robertson A.H.F. 1991: Tectono-stratigraphy and evo-

lution of the Mesozoic Pindos ophiolite and related units,
northwestern Greece. J. Geol. Soc. 148, 267—288.

Jones G., De Wever P. & Robertson A.H.F. 1992: Significance of

radiolarian age data to the Mesozoic tectonics and sedimentary
evolution of the northern Pindos Mountains, Greece. Geol.
Mag. 129, 385—400.

Karamata S. 2006: The geological development of the Balkan Penin-

sula related to the approach, collision and compression of Gond-
wanian and Eurasian units. In: Robertson A.H.F. & Mountrakis
D. (Eds.): Tectonic development of the Eastern Mediterranean
Region. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 260, 155—178.

Kilias A., Frisch W., Avgerinas A., Dunkl I., Falalakis G. & Gawlick

H.-J. 2010: Alpine architecture and kinematics of deformation
of the Northern Pelagonian nappe pile in the Hellenides. Aus-
trian J. Earth Sci. 103, 4—28.

Kiss G., Molnár F. & Palinkaš L.A. 2008: Volcanic facies and hy-

drothermal processes in Triassic pillow basalts from the Darnó
Unit, NE Hungary. Geol. Croatica 61, 2—3, 385—394.

Kostaki G., Kilias A., Gawlick H.-J. & Schlagintweit F. 2013:

?Kimmeridgian-Tithonian shallow-water platform clasts from
mass flows on top oft he Vardar/Axios ophiolites. Bull. Geol.
Soc. Greece, XLVII, 10 p.

Kovács S., Less G., Piros O., Réti Z. & Róth L. 1989: Triassic for-

mations of the Aggtelek-Rudabánya Mountains (Northeastern
Hungary). Acta Geol. Hung. 32, 1—2, 31—63.

Kovács S., Gawlick H.-J., Haas J., Missoni S., Ozsvárt P. & Suzuki

H. 2008: New Triassic and Jurassic biostratigraphic constraints
for precision of the age of Darnó ophiolitic melange (NE Hun-
gary). J. Alpine Geol., Wien 49, 57.

Kovács S., Sudar M., Grădinaru E., Gawlick H.-J., Karamata S.,

Haas J., Péró C., Gaetani M., Mello J., Polák M., Aljinović D.,
Ogorelec B., Kolar-Jurkovšek T., Jurkovšek B. & Buser S.
2011: Triassic evolution of the tectonostratigraphic units of the

EROSION OF JURASSIC NAPPE-STACK IN THE ROSSFELD FORMATION (NORTHERN CALCAREOUS ALPS)

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

Circum-Pannonian Region. Jb. Geol. Bundesanst. 151, 3—4,
199—280.

Kozur H. 1991: The evolution of the Meliata-Hallstatt ocean and its

significance for the early evolution of the Eastern Alps and
Western Carpathians. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol.
87, 109—135.

Kozur H. 2003: Integrated ammonoid, conodont and radiolarian zo-

nation of the Triassic. Hallesches Jb. Geowiss. 25, 49—79.

Kozur H. & Mock R. 1985: Erster Nachweis von Jura in der Meliata-

Einheit der südlichen Westkarpaten. Geol.-Paläont. Mitt. Inns-
bruck 13, 223—238.

Kozur H. & Mock R. 1995: First evicence of Jurassic in the Folk-

mar Suture Zone of the Meliaticum in Slovakia and ist tectonic
implications. Miner. Slovaca 27, 301—307.

Kozur H. & Mostler H. 1992: Erster paläontologischer Nachweis von

Meliaticum und Süd-Rudabányaicum in den Nördlichen Kalkal-
pen (Österreich) und ihre Beziehungen zu den Abfolgen in den
Westkarpaten. Geol.-Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck 18, 87—129.

Kozur H. & Mostler H. 1994: Anisian to Middle Carnian radiolarian

zonation and description of some stratigraphically important
radiolarians. Geol.-Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 3,
39—255.

Kozur H. & Mostler H. 1996: Longobardian (Late Ladinian) Muelleri-

tortiidae (Radiolaria) from the Republic of Bosnia-Hercegowina.
Geol.-Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 83—103.

Krische O. 2012: Die Platznahme der Alpinen Haselgebirge Mé-

lange: Die geodynamische Entwicklung der zentralen Nördli-
chen Kalkalpen im höchsten Ober-Jura und in der Unter-Kreide.
Unveröffentlichte Dissertation Montanuniversität Leoben,
Leoben, 1—340.

Krische O. & Gawlick H.-J. 2010: Berriasian turbidites in the cen-

tral Northern Calcareous Alps (Salzburg, Austria): palaeo-
geography and hinterland reconstructions. Schrift. Deutsch.
Gesell. Geowiss. 72, 1—60.

Krische O., Bujtor L. & Gawlick H.-J. 2013: Calpionellid and am-

monoid biostratigraphy of uppermost Jurassic to Lower Creta-
ceous sedimentary rocks in the northwestern Neo-Tethyan
realm (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria). Austrian J. Earth
Sci. 106, 1, 26—45.

Kühnel J. 1929: Geologie des Berchtesgadener Salzberges. N. Jb.

Mineral., Geol. Paläont., Beil. B 61, 17—22.

Lewis D.W. 1984: Practical sedimentology. Hutchinson Ross,

Stroudsburg, 1—229.

Lužar-Oberiter B., Mikes T., von Eynatten H. & Babić L. 2009:

Ophiolitic detritus in Cretaceous clastic formations of the Di-
narides (NW Croatia): evidence from Cr-spinel chemistry. Int.
J. Earth Sci. 98, 1097—1108.

Lužar-Oberiter B., Mikes T., Dunkl I., Babić L. & von Eynatten H.

2012: Provenance of Cretaceous synorogenic sediments from
the NW Dinarides (Croatia). Swiss J. Geosci. 105, 377—399.

Mandl G.W. & Ondrejičková A. 1991: Über eine triadische Tief-

wasserfazies (Radiolarite, Tonschiefer) in den Nördlichen Kal-
kalpen – ein Vorbericht. Jb. Geol. Bundesanst. 134, 309—318.

Mandl G.W. & Ondrejičková A. 1993: Radiolarien und Conodonten

aus dem Meliatikum im Ostabschitt der Nördlichen Kalkalpen
(Österreich). Jb. Geol. Bundesanst. 136, 841—871.

Medwenitsch W. 1949: Die Geologie der Hallstätterzone von Ischl—

Altaussee (mit einer Situationsskizze 1 : 50,000, mit einem
N-S- und einem W-E- Tektonogramm 1 : 25,000 als Beilagen).
Mitt. Gesell. Geol. Bergbaustud. Wien I./Heft 2, 1—27.

Medwentisch W. 1958: Die Geologie der Salzlagerstätten Bad Ischl

und Alt-Aussee (Salzkammergut). Mitt. Gesell. Geol. Berg-
baustud. Wien 1957/50, 133—200.

Mikes T., Christ D., Petri R., Dunkl I., Frei D., Baldi-Beke M., Reit-

ner J., Wemmer K., Hratović H. & von Eynatten H. 2008: Prov-
enance of the Bosnian Flysch. Swiss J. Geosci. 101, 1, 31—54.

Missoni S. 2003: Analyse der mittel- und oberjurassischen Becken-

entwicklung in den Berchtesgadener Kalkalpen – Stratigraphie,
Fazies und Paläogeographie. Unveröffentlichte Dissertation
Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, 1—150.

Missoni S. & Gawlick H.-J. 2011a: Jurassic mountain building and

Mesozoic-Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of the Northern Cal-
careous Alps as proven in the Berchtesgaden Alps (Germany).
Facies 57, 1, 137—186.

Missoni S. & Gawlick H.-J. 2011b: Evidence for Jurassic subduction

from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Berchtesgaden; Austro-
alpine, Germany). Int. J. Earth Sci. 100, 7, 1605—1631.

Missoni S., Schlagintweit F., Suzuki H. & Gawlick H.-J. 2001: Die

oberjurassische Karbonatplattformentwicklung im Bereich der
Berchtesgadener Kalkalpen (Deutschland) – eine Rekonstruk-
tion auf der Basis von Untersuchungen polymikter Brekzien-
körper in pelagischen Kieselsedimenten (Sillenkopf-Formation).
Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil I 1, 2, 117—143.

Mišík M., Jablonský J., Fejdi P. & Sýkora M. 1980: Chromian and

ferrian spinels from Cretaceous sediments of the West Car-
pathians. Miner. Slovaca 12, 209—228.

Mock R. 1980: Triassic of the West Carpathians. In: Schönlaub H.-P.

(Ed.): Second European Conodont Symposium – ECOS II.
Abh. Geol. Bundesanst. 35, 129—144.

Mock R., Sýkora M., Aubrecht R., Ožvoldová L., Kronome B., Reich-

walder P. & Jablonský J. 1998: Petrology and stratigraphy of the
Meliaticum near the Meliata and Jaklovce Villages, Slovakia.
Slovak Geol. Mag. 4, 223—260.

Neubauer F., Pamić J., Dunkl I., Handler R. & Majer V. 2003: Exotic

granites in the Cretaceous Pogari Formation overstepping the
Dinaric Ophiolite Zone mélange in Bosnia. Ann. Univ. Sci.
Budapestinensis, Sect. Geol. 35, 133—134.

Neubauer F., Friedl G., Genser J., Handler R., Mader D. &

Schneider D. 2007: Origin and tectonic evolution of the East-
ern Alps deduced from dating of detrital white mica: a review.
Austrian J. Earth Sci. 100, 8—23.

Oberhauser R. 1980: Der geologische Aufbau Österreichs. XIX.

Springer, Wien/New York, 1—701.

Obradović J. & Goričan Š. 1988: Siliceous deposits in Yugoslavia:

occurrences, types and ages. In: Hein J. & Obradović J. (Eds.):
Siliceous deposits of the Tethys and Pacific regions. Springer,
New York, 51—64.

O’Dogherty L., Bill M., Goričan Š., Dumitrică P. & Masson H.

2005: Bathonian radiolarians from an ophiolitic mélange of the
Alpine Tethys (Gets Nappe, Swiss-French Alps). Micropale-
ontology 51, 425—485.

O’Dogherty L., Carter E.S., Dumitrică P., Goričan Š., De Wever P.,

Hungerbühler A., Bandini A.N. & Takemura A. 2009a: Cata-
logue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera. Part 1: Triassic. Geodi-
versitas

31, 213—270.

O’Dogherty L., Carter E.S., Dumitrică P., Goričan Š., De Wever P.,

Bandini A.N., Baumgartner P.O. & Matsuoka A. 2009b: Cata-
logue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera. Part 2: Jurassic-Creta-
ceous. Geodiversitas 31, 271—356.

O’Dogherty L., Carter E.S., Goričan Š. & Dumitrică P. 2010: Triassic

radiolarian biostratigraphy. In: Lucas S.G. (Ed.): The Triassic
Timescale. Geol. Soc., Spec. Publ. 334, 163—200.

Ozsvárt P., Dosztály L., Migiros G., Tselepidis V. & Kovács S.

2012: New radiolarian biostratigraphic age constraints on Mid-
dle Triassic basalts and radiolarites from the Inner Hellenides
(Northern Pindos and Othris Mountains, Northern Greece) and
their implications for the geodynamic evolution of the early
Mesozoic Neotethys. Int. J. Earth Sci. 101, 6, 1487—1501.

Pamić J. & Hrvatović H. 2000: Dinaride Ophiolite Zone (DOZ). In:

Pamić J. & Tomljenović B. (Eds.): Pancardi 2000 Fieldtrip
Guidebook 37, 2, 60—68.

Pamić J., Tomljenović B. & Balen D. 2002: Geodynamic and petro-

KRISCHE, GORIČAN and GAWLICK

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2014, 65, 1, 3—24

genetic evolution of Alpine ophiolites from the central and
NW Dinarides: an overview. Lithos 65, 13—142.

Pichler H. 1963: Geologische Untersuchungen im Gebiet zwischen

Roßfeld und Markt Schellenberg im Berchtesgadener Land.
Beihefte Geol. Jb. 48, 129—204.

Plöchinger B. 1955: Zur Geologie des Kalkalpenabschnittes vom

Torrener Joch zum Ostfuß des Untersberges; die Göllmasse
und die Halleiner Hallstätter Zone. Jb. Geol. Bundesanst. 98,
93—144.

Plöchinger B. 1968: Die Hallstätter Deckscholle östlich von Kuchl/

Salzburg und ihre in das Aptien reichende Roßfeldschichten-
Unterlage. Verh. Geol. Bundesanst. 1—2, 80—86.

Plöchinger B. 1974: Gravitativ transportiertes permisches Haselge-

birge in den Oberalmer Schichten (Tithonium, Salzburg). Verh.
Geol. Bundesanst. 1, 71—88.

Plöchinger B. 1990: Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich

1 : 50,000, Erläuterungen zu Blatt 94 Hallein. Geol. Bundesanst.,
Wien, 1—76.

Prela M., Chiari M. & Marcucci M. 2000: Jurassic radiolarian bio-

stratigraphy of the sedimentary cover of ophiolites in the Mirdita
area, Albania: new data. Ofioliti 25, 55—62.

Reháková D., Michalík J. & Ožvoldová L. 1996: New microbio-

stratigraphical data from several Lower Cretaceous pelagic se-
quences of the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria (preliminary
results). Geol.-Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonderband 4, 57—81.

Robertson A.H.F. 2012: Late Palaeozoic-Cenozoic tectonic devel-

opment of Greece and Albania in context of alternative recon-
structions of Tethys in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Int.
Geol. Rev. 54, 373—454.

Roddick J.F., Cameron W.E. & Smith A.G. 1979: Permo-Triassic

and Jurassic Ar-Ar ages from Greek ophiolithes and associated
rocks. Nature 279, 788—790.

Sayit K., Tekin U.K. & Göncüog˘lu M.C. 2011: Early-middle Car-

nian radiolarian cherts within the Eymir Unit, Central Turkey:
Constraints for the age of the Palaeotethyan Karakaya Com-
plex. J. Asian Earth Sci. 42, 398—407.

Schlagintweit F., Gawlick H.-J. & Lein R. 2003: Die Plassen-For-

mation der Typlokalität (Salzkammergut, Österreich) – neue
Daten zur Fazies, Sedimentologie und Stratigraphie. Mitt. Ge-
sell. Geol. Bergbaustud. Österr. 46, 1—34.

Schlagintweit F., Gawlick H.-J. & Lein R. 2005: Mikropaläontologie

und Biostratigraphie der Plassen-Karbonatplattform der Typ-
lokalität (Ober-Jura bis Unter-Kreide, Salzkammergut, Öster-
reich). J. Alpine Geol. 47, 11—102.

Schlagintweit F., Gawlick H.-J., Missoni S., Hoxha L., Lein R. &

Frisch W. 2008: The eroded Late Jurassic Kurbnesh carbonate
platform in the Mirdita Ophiolite Zone of Albania and its bear-
ing on the Jurassic orogeny of the Neotethys realm. Swiss J.
Geosci. 101, 125—138.

Schlagintweit F., Krische O. & Gawlick H.-J. 2012a: First findings

of orbitolinids (larger benthic foraminifera) from the Early
Cretaceous Rossfeld Formation (Northern Calcareous Alps,
Austria). Jb. Geol. Bundesanst. 152, 145—158.

Schlagintweit F., Gawlick H.-J., Lein R., Missoni S. & Hoxha L.

2012b: Onset of an Aptian carbonate platform overlying a
Middle-Late Jurassic radiolaritic-ophiolithic mélange in the
Mirdita Zone of Albania. Geol. Croatica 65, 1, 29—40.

Schmid S.M., Bernoulli D., Fügenschuh B., Matenco L., Schefer S.,

Schuster R., Tischler M. & Ustaszewski K. 2008: The Alpine-
Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolu-
tion of tectonic units. Swiss J. Geosci. 101, 139—182.

Schorn A. & Neubauer F. 2011: Emplacement of an evaporitic mé-

lange nappe in central Northern Calcareous Alps: evidence
from the Moosegg klippe (Austria). Austrian J. Earth Sci. 104,
2, 22—46.

Schuster R., Koller F. & Frank W. 2007: Pebbles of upper amphibo-

litefacies amphibolites of the Gosau Group from the Eastern
Alps: relics of a metamorphic sole? Abstract Volume 8th
Workshop on Alpine Geological Studies, 1—74.

Schweigl J. & Neubauer F. 1997a: New structural, sedimentological

and geochemical data on the Cretaceous geodynamics of the
central Northern Calcareous Alps (Eastern Alps). Zbl. Geol.
Paläont. Teil I 3, 4, 329—343.

Schweigl J. & Neubauer F. 1997b: Structural evolution of the central

Northern Calcareous Alps: Significance for the Jurassic to Ter-
tiary geodynamics in the Alps. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 90, 303—323.

Spray J.G. & Roddick J.C. 1980: Petrology and

Ar/

Ar geochro-

nology of some Hellenic subophiolithic metamorphic rocks.
Contr. Mineral. Petrology 72, 4—5.

Stampfli G.M., Vavassis I., De Bono A., Rosselet F., Matti B. &

Bellini M. 2003: Remnants of Paleotethys oceanic suture-zone
in the western Tethyan area. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. Serv. Geol.
Ital. Spec. 2, 1—23.

Steiger T. 1992: Systematik, Stratigraphie und Palökologie der Ra-

diolarien des Oberjura-Unterkreide-Grenzbereiches im Oster-
horn-Tirolikum (Nördliche Kalkalpen, Salzburg und Bayern).
Zitteliana 19, 1—188.

Sugiyama K. 1997: Triassic and Lower Jurassic biostratigraphy in

the siliceous claystone and bedded chert units of the southeast-
ern Mino Terrane, Central Japan. Bull. Mizunami Fossil Mus.
24, 79—193.

Suzuki H., Schuster R., Gawlick H.-J., Lein R. & Faupl P. 2007:

Neotethys  derived  obducted  ophiolite  nappes  in  the  Eastern
Alps:  informations  from  radiolarite  pebbles  in  the  Gosau
Group.  Abstract  Volume  8th  Workshop  on  Alpine  Geological
Studies, 79—80.

Sztanó O. 1990: Submarine fan-channel conglomerate of Lower Cre-

taceous, Gerecse Mts., Hungary. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont., Abh. 7,
431—446.

Šmuc A. & Goričan Š. 2005: Jurassic sedimentary evolution of a

carbonate platform into a deep-water basin, Mt. Mangart (Slo-
venian-Italian border). Riv. Ital. Paleont. Stratigr. 111, 45—70.

Tekin U.K. 1999: Biostratigraphy and systematics of late Middle to

Late Triassic radiolarians from the Taurus Mountains and An-
kara region, Turkey. Geol.-Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck, Sonder-
band 5, 1—297.

Tekin U.K. & Göncüog˘lu M.C. 2007: Discovery of oldest (upper

Ladinian to middle Carnian) radiolarian assemblages from the
Bornova Flysch Zone in western Turkey: Implications for the
evolution of the Neotethyan Izmir-Ankara Ocean. Ofioliti 32,
131—150.

Tekin U.K. & Mostler H. 2005: Longobardian (Middle Triassic)

Entactinarian and Nassellarian Radiolaria from the Dinarides
of Bosnia and Herzegovina. J. Paleontology 79, 1—20.

Tollmann A. 1976: Monographie der Nördlichen Kalkalpen. Teil II.

Analyse des klassischen nordalpinen Mesozoikums. Stratigra-
phie, Fauna und Fazies der Nördlichen Kalkalpen. Deuticke,
Wien, 1—580.

von Eynatten H. & Gaupp R. 1999: Provenance of Cretaceous syn-

orogenic sandstones in the Eastern Alps: constraints from
framework petrography, heavy mineral analysis and mineral
chemistry. Sed. Geol. 124, 81—111.

Weber E. 1942: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Roßfeldschichten und

ihrer Fauna. N. Jb. Mineral., Geol. Paläont. Beil. Abt. B, Geol.
Paläont. 86, 247—281.

Woletz G. 1963: Charakteristische Abfolgen der Schwermineralge-

halte in Kreide- und Alttertiär-Schichten der nördlichen Ostal-
pen. Jb. Geol. Bundesanst. 106, 89—119.

Zuffa G.G. 1980: Hybrid arenites: their composition and classifica-

tion. J. Sed. Petrology 50, 1, 21—29.

Zuffa G.G. 1985: Provenance of arenites. D. Reidel Publ., Dor-

drecht, 1—408.