GeolCarp_Vol63_No2_165

www.geologicacarpathica.sk

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

, APRIL 2012, 63, 2, 165—174 doi: 10.2478/v10096-013-0013-7

Introduction

The Anatolian Peninsula is being uplifted and has been since
the Middle—Late Miocene. After the marine regression, a large
part  of  the  Anatolian  land  was  covered  by  brackish  water
(which is connected to or isolated from the seas) or freshwater
lakes  and  fluvial  systems.  Today,  on  the  Anatolian  and
Thracian  Peninsulas  numerous  big  and  small  lake  systems,
both  natural  and  artificial  are  present.  Especially  during  the
past  ten  years  many  researchers  (both  biologists  and  geolo-
gists) have been investigating these ancient and existing lakes
(Freels  1980;  Alt

nsaçl

& Griffiths 2001; Witt 2003;

Külköylüog˘lu 2004, 2005; Külköylüog˘lu & Dügel 2004;
Matzke-Karasz & Witt 2005; Çenet 2006; Külköylüog˘lu &
Y

lmaz 2006; Külköylüog˘lu et al. 2007; Beker et al. 2008).
The Af in-Elbistan Coal Basin, which is one of the largest

and most important Pliocene-Pleistocene lignite basins of
Turkey, is located in Eastern Anatolia (Fig. 1). The basin is
named after the towns Af in and Elbistan which are located
north of Kahraman Mara City. The basin was formed be-
tween two normal faults with a NE-SW direction and these
faults controlled both the sedimentation and the subsidence.

The age of the Af in-Elbistan Coal Basin is set to the be-

ginning of the Pliocene (5.3 Ma) to Pleistocene (1.8 Ma).
Previous investigations have yielded the following taxa:

Ostracoda (Crustacea) association and a new species

(Dolerocypris anatolia nov. sp.) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene

Af in-Elbistan (Kahraman Mara ) Coal Basin of Turkey

CEMAL TUNOG

˘ LU

, BERK BESBELLI

and I

BRAHI

M KADRI

ERTEKI

Hacettepe University, Department of Geological Engineering, 06800 Beytepe/Ankara, Turkey;

tunay@hacettepe.edu.tr; iertekin@hacettepe.edu.tr

General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, 06520 Ankara, Turkey; besberk@mta.gov.tr

(Manuscript received November 9, 2010; accepted in revised form September 30, 2011)

Abstract: The Af in-Elbistan Coal Basin, which is one of the largest and most important Pliocene-Pleistocene lignite
basins of Turkey, is located in Eastern Anatolia. The basin was formed between two normal faults having NE—SW
direction and these faults controlled both the sedimentation and the subsidence. The coal horizon of over 50 meters in
thickness indicates the balance between the sedimentation and subsidence rates, and was preserved during peat deposi-
tion. Coals were generated in this extensive and shallow freshwater lake and evolved from the Pliocene to Pleistocene.
Typical faunal and floral assemblages of this ancient Af in-Elbistan freshwater lake are Ostracoda, Mollusca (Gas-
tropoda and Pelecypoda), spore-pollen and Characeae (gyrogonites). Eleven Cypridoidea species were identified from
the investigation area. Eight of them are already known (Candona neglecta Sars, Candona iliensis Mandelstam, Candona
aff. candida (Müller), Pseudocandona compressa (Koch), Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine), Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr),
Cypris pubera Müller, Heterocypris salina (Brady)), whereas three belong to open nomenclature – Candona sp. and
Eucypris sp.; Dolerocypris anatolia nov. sp. is proposed as a new species. Dolerocypris Kaufmann is one of the largest
genera among the freshwater Ostracoda. It has a very wide geographical distribution. Representatives of this genus are
actively swimming species found in shallow zones of freshwater lakes and reported from small grassy water bodies with
megascopic plants. Dolerocypris anatolia nov. sp. is recorded from core samples of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Af in-
Elbistan Coal Basin for the first time.

Key words: Pliocene—Quaternary, Anatolia, Af in-Elbistan, coal basin, Ostracoda, Dolerocypris.

Emydidae,  Gerbillinae,  Castor  praefiber,  Promimomys  sp.,
Mimomys  sp.  (Becker-Platen  1970).  Some  ostracod  fossils
were  also  reported  from  the  basin  (Freels  1980)  and  a  pa-
lynological investigation was carried out by Çenet (2006).

In this study eleven Cypridoidea species were identified

from forty six samples of different cores in the investigation
area.

Dolerocypris Kaufmann, is the only genus of subfamily

Dolerocypridinae  Triebel.  Its  carapace  is  generally  2 mm
long, elongated and laterally compressed. It comprises eight
extant species (Meisch 2000). Two of them are known from
Palaearctic  regions  (D.  fasciata  and  D.  sinensis).  Three  of
them are known from the former Soviet Union (D. fasciata,
D. sinensis and D. pellucida – Bronshtein, 1947). There are
no  fossil  records  of  D.  sinensis,  D.  fasciata  is  known  from
Pleistocene to Recent (Meisch 2000). This genus and related
species  are  widespread  in  the  Mediterranean,  Balkans,  Eur-
asia,  Central  Asia,  North  and  South  America,  Europe,  the
Middle East and Far East (Bronshtein 1947; Meisch 2000).

The aim of this investigation is to present and discuss the

taxonomy  and  paleoecology  of  the  proposed  species,
Dolerocypris  anatolia nov. sp. and the rest of the ostracod
community, and also to perform a paleoenvironmental inter-
pretation  of  the  Af in-Elbistan  Basin  with  the  help  of  the
identified ostracod community.

168

TUNOG

LU, BESBELLI

and ERTEKI

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2012, 63, 2, 165—174

croscope (EVO50-Zeiss) located in the Department of Geo-
logical Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.

Systematic description

Eleven Cypridoidea species were identified in the investiga-

tion  area.  Eight  of  them  are  already  known,  whereas  two  of
them are still open in the nomenclature. Dolerocypris anatolia
nov.  sp.  is  proposed  as  new.  Scanning  electron  microscope
images of D. anatolia nov. sp. and the other ostracods are giv-
en  in  Figs. 6  and  7.  For  generic  classification,  Moore  (1961)
and Morkhoven (1962, 1963), Hartmann & Puri (1974) have
been  used.  For  species  identification,  the  Catalogue  of
Ostracoda  (Ellis  &  Messina  1953—1981),  Bronshtein  (1947)
and Meisch (2000) were used. The material is archived at the
Geological Engineering Department of Hacettepe University.

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea Pennant, 1777

Class: Ostracoda Latreille, 1806

Order: Podocopida Sars, 1866

Suborder: Podocopina Sars, 1866

Infraorder: Cypridocopina Jones,1901

Superfamily: Cypridoidea Baird, 1845

Family: Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900

Genus: Candona Baird, 1845

Fig. 5. Distribution of the ostracod species in the samples from the
measured stratigraphic section (MSS).

Table 1: Distribution of the ostracod species in 25 samples gathered from the fossiliferous levels of different drilling cores.

ore

(sa

pli

ng d

epth)

ana

lia

a negle

and

ona

a c

and

ona

udo

press

thalm

pris

ibb

s pub

ero

lin

HD 292 A (87.7)

38° 18' 27" N

37° 04' 22" E

HD 292 B (131.5)

38° 18' 32" N

37° 04' 32" E

HD 292 C (94.7)

38° 18' 07" N

37° 04' 23" E

HD 292 D (97.5)

38° 18' 58" N

37° 04' 25" E

HD 309 (90.1)

38° 18' 03" N

37° 04' 16" E

HD 334 (115)

38° 18' 02" N

37° 03' 52" E

HD 343 (72)

38° 20' 11" N

37° 03' 27" E

HD 344 (90)

38° 19' 50" N

37° 03' 32" E

HD 345 (93.3)

38° 19' 39" N

37° 04' 32" E

HD 346 (99)

38° 19' 31" N

37° 03' 30" E

HD 348 (99.7)

38° 19' 15" N

37° 03' 33" E

HD 350 (115.6)

38° 19' 06" N

37° 03' 33" E

HD 351 (117.5)

38° 18' 57" N

37° 03' 31" E

HD 377 (71.8)

38° 20' 22" N

37° 03' 04" E

HD 378 (76)

38° 20' 08" N

37° 03' 05" E

HD 379 (97.6)

38° 19' 50" N

37° 03' 04" E

HD 380 (100)

38° 19' 38" N

37° 03' 06" E

HD 381 (103.9)

38° 19' 31" N

37° 03' 06" E

HD 384 (117)

38° 19' 06" N

37° 03' 06" E

HD 392 (145)

38° 19' 24" N

37° 02' 52" E

HD 393

38° 19' 06" N

37° 02' 54" E

HD 404 (93)

38° 18' 54" N

37° 02' 41" E

HD 411 (32)

38° 17' 40" N

37° 02' 45" E

HD 411 A (29.5)

38° 17' 26" N

37° 02' 43" E

HD 421 (52.5)

38° 17' 45" N

37° 02' 13" E

169

OSTRACODA FROM THE PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE AF IN-ELBISTAN COAL BASIN OF TURKEY

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2012, 63, 2, 165—174

Candona neglecta Sars, 1887

Fig. 6.1—5

1887  Candona neglecta nov. sp. – Sars, p. 107, pl. 15, figs. 5—7, pl. 19
1947  Candona neglecta Sars – Bronshtein, p. 300—303, pl. 13, figs. 1—3
1957  Candona neglecta Sars – Wagner, p. 21, 22, pl. 3
1975a  Candona  neglecta  Sars  –  Diebel  &  Pietrzeniuk,  p. 33,  pl. 2,

figs. 6—8

1978 Candona cf. neglecta Sars – Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, pl. 49, figs.

3—5, 7, 8

1979 Candona neglecta Sars – De Deckker, p. 302—303, pl. 32,

figs. 13, 14

1980  Candona neglecta Sars – Freels, p. 94, pl. 16, figs. 8—11
1998  Candona neglecta Sars – Gliozzi & Mazzini, pl. 1, fig.e
2000  Candona neglecta Sars – Meisch, p. 77—81, figs. 26, 27
2005  Candona neglecta Sars – Mischke, p. 135—136, pl. 1, figs. 6—9
2005  Candona  neglecta  Sars  –  Pipík  &  Bodergat,  p. 296—297,  pl. 2,

figs. 1—5

2005 Candona (Neglecandona) aff. neglecta Sars – Matzke-Karasz &

Witt, p. 120—121, pl. 1, figs. 6—7

2008 Candona neglecta Sars – Beker, Tunog˘lu & Ertekin, p. 13—14,

pl. 2, fig. 1

G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e w o r l d a n d

T u r k e y : This species is common in freshwater systems of
different regions (Europe, Middle East, North Africa, Asia and
North America) as well as in Anatolia (Lake Ulubat/Turkey
– (Alt

nsaçl

& Griffiths 2001; Af in-Elbistan Coal Basin, in

this study).

Candona iliensis Mandelstam, 1963

Fig. 6.6—10

1963 Candona iliensis Mandelstam sp. n., – Mandelstam & Snejder,

p. 146, pl. 21, fig. 12

1980 Candona iliensis Mandelstam – Freels, p. 84—85, pl. 14, figs. 1—4

G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e w o r l d a n d

T u r k e y : Kazakhstan, I

li-Depression, Pliocene (Mandel-

stam 1963); Turkey, Ankara, Ad

yaman, Mu , Kayseri,

Gaziantep, Konya and Af in-Elbistan Basin, Upper Miocene
to Late Pleistocene (Freels 1980).

Candona aff. candida (Müller, 1776)

Fig. 6.11—14

A f f i n i t i e s : Candona candida has slightly rounded dor-

sal and posterior margin. Our taxon has very straight dorsal
and posterior margin. Postero-dorsal and postero-ventral cor-
ners are evident. Postero-dorsal area has tapering. Anterior
margin narrower than the other C. candida specimen. For
this reason, “aff.” has been used for this specimen.

G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e w o r l d a n d

T u r k e y : This species belongs to the candida Group of
Candona. It lives in almost every different type of freshwater
bodies. It occurs generally in Eurasia and North America but it
is found rarely in the southern hemisphere and its stratigraphic
range is from Late Pliocene to Recent (Meisch 2000).

Candona sp.

Fig. 6.15

D e s c r i p t i o n : Triangular shape in lateral view, dorsal

margin  strongly  convex  and  tapering,  anterior  margin  nar-
row  and  well  rounded,  posterior  margin  diagonal,  straight
and  postero-ventral  area  like  a  beak  shape.  Ventral  margin
slightly concave. Posterior end more tapering than the anteri-
or at the dorsal view. Valve surface smooth. Anterior vesti-
bule  wide,  hinge  and  muscle  scars  are  characteristic  of  the
genus.

Dimensions: length: 1.15—1.25 mm; height: 0.50—0.60 mm;

width: 0.25—0.30 mm.

M a t e r i a l : 3 valves.
A f f i n i t i e s : This taxon has been left open in the nomen-

clature due to insufficient material. This taxon differs from
known species which have long, straight and diagonal poste-
rior margins and slowly tapering postero-ventral corners
from lateral and dorsal view.

Genus: Pseudocandona Kaufmann, 1900

Pseudocandona compressa (Koch, 1837)

Fig. 6.16—20

1837  Cypris compressa nov. sp. – Koch, Nr. XVI
1957  Candona compressa (Koch) – Wagner, p. 20—21, pl. 2
1962  Candona compressa (Koch) – Jordan et al., p. 74, pl. 6, fig. 77
1975b Candona compressa (Koch) – Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, p. 33, pl. 2,

figs. 9,10

1977 Candona compressa (Koch) – Pietrzeniuk, p. 342, pl. 9, figs. 5—8
1978 Candona compressa (Koch) – Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, pl. 23,

figs. 9, 10

1979 Candona compressa (Koch) – De Deckker, p. 300—302, pl. 32,

fig. 12

1980 Candona (Pseudocandona) compressa (Koch) – Freels, p. 64—66,

pl. 10, figs. 1—10

1998  Candona compressa (Koch) – Gliozzi & Mazzini, pl. 2, fig. f
2000  Pseudocandona compressa (Koch) – Meisch, p. 179—182, fig. 76
2005  Pseudocandona  compressa  (Koch)  –  Mischke,  p. 135—136,

pl. 2, figs. 7—10

2005 Pseudocandona cf. compressa (Koch) – Matzke-Karasz & Witt,

p. 121—122, pl. 1, fig. 11

2008 Pseudocandona compressa (Koch) – Beker, Tunog˘lu & Ertekin,

p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 9

G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e w o r l d a n d

T u r k e y : This species lives in the shallow zones of permanent
and temporary lakes (Meisch 2000). It has been observed in Eu-
rope, Turkey, Iran, Siberia and North America (Meisch 2000).

Subfamily: Cyclocypidinae Kaufmann, 1900

Genus: Cyclocypris ovum Brady & Norman, 1889

Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine, 1820)

Fig. 6.21—26

1820 Cyclocypris ovum Jurine, Hist. Monocles env. Geneve, 179,

pl. 19, figs. 18, 19

1984 Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine) – Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, p. 304,

pl. 45, figs. 7, 8

1988 Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine) – Bronshtein, p. 223, 224, pl. 10,

figs. 1, 2

2000 Cyclocypris ovum (Jurine) – Meisch, p. 238—242, figs. 101—102

171

OSTRACODA FROM THE PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE AF IN-ELBISTAN COAL BASIN OF TURKEY

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2012, 63, 2, 165—174

G e o g r a p h i c a l di s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e wo r l d a n d

T u r k e y : Very common and widespread species in the world
and also in Turkey. It is very tolerant to different environmen-
tal factors. C.  ovum lives commonly in permanent, temporary,
stagnant,  flowing  waters  and  littoral  zone  of  lakes.  Common
species in the former Soviet Union in the European part, Cau-
casus, Siberia and Asian part and it has been recorded in Swe-
den,  Norway,  British  Isles,  Germany,  Switzerland  and  North
America  (Bronshtein  1988).  Its  stratigraphic  range  is  from
Miocene, Pleistocene to Recent and Holactic (Meisch 2000).

Family: Ilyocyprididae Kaufmann, 1900

Subfamily: Ilyocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900

Genus: Ilyocypris Brady & Norman, 1889

Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr, 1808)

Fig. 7.1—7

1808 Cypris gibba nov. sp. – Ramdohr, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin

2, 91, pl. 3, 13, 14, 17

1947  Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr) – Bronshtein, p. 109—110, figs. 5, 6
1957  Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr) – Wagner, p. 32—33, pl. 10
1962  Ilyocypris  gibba  (Ramdohr)  –  Jordan  et  al.,  p. 83,  figs. 5,  6,

pl. 4, figs. 44—48

1975a Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr) – Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, p. 32,

figs. 9, 10, pl. 6, figs. 12—14

1978 Ilyocypris gibb, (Ramdohr) – Diebel and Pietrzeniuk, p. 212—213,

pl. 52, figs. 1, 2, pl. 53, figs. 1, 2

1979 Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr) – De Deckker, p. 298, pl. 33, fig. 15
1979 Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr) – Van Harten, p. 71—75, pl. 1,

figs. 1a, 2a,b, pl. 2, figs. 1a, 2a

1998  Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr) – Gliozzi & Mazini, pl. 2, fig. a
2000  Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr) – Meisch, p. 245—248, fig. 104
2008  Ilyocypris gibba (Ramdohr) – Beker, Tunog˘lu & Ertekin, p. 12—13,

pl. 1, figs. 10, 11

G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e w o r l d a n d

T u r k e y : I. gibba is known very well from nearly all the
European countries (Griffiths 1995), North Africa, the Mid-
dle East, Central Asia, China and North America (Meisch
2000), the former Soviet Union and North America (Bronsh-
tein 1988) and Turkey (Külköylüog˘lu 2004).

Family: Cyprididae Baird, 1845

Subfamily: Eucypridinae Bronshtein, 1947

Genus: Eucypris Vávra, 1891

Eucypris sp.

Fig. 7.8,9

D e s c r i p t i o n : Valves are very large; carapace with trian-

gular shape in lateral view. Dorsal margin strongly convex,
ventral  margin  straight  or  slightly  concave,  anterior  margin
broad  and  well  rounded.  Carapace  subovate  in  dorsal  view,
anterior margin more tapering than the posterior. Maximum
length in near or the ventral. Maximum height at the antero-
center. Maximum length at the center. Valve surface smooth
and  interior  features  of  the  valves  (muscle  scars,  vestibule,
hinge and marginal zone) are characteristic to the genus.

D i m e n s i o n s : length: 2.14—2.40 mm; height: 0.90—

1.00 mm; width: 0.90—1.00 mm.

R e m a r k s : This taxon is very different from known

Eucypris species. It closely resembles E. virens (Jurine), but
the dorsal margin of our specimen is very strongly convex
and the maximum height is in the front of the center.

Subfamily: Cypridinae Baird, 1845

Genus: Cypris Müller, 1776

Cypris pubera Müller, 1776

Fig. 7.10

1776 Cypris pubera nov. sp. Müller, Zool. Danicae Prodr., 198
1947 Cypris  pubera Müller – Bronshtein, p. 127—128, pl. 2, fig. 9
1978 Cypris  pubera Müller – Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, pl. 24, figs. 9, 10
1980 Cypris  pubera Müller – Freels, p. 4, pl. 2, figs. 11,12
1998 Cypris bispinosa Müller – Gliozzi & Mazzini, pl. 1, fig. d
2000 Cypris pubera Müller – Meisch, p. 272—274, fig. 114

G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e w o r l d a n d

T u r k e y : Its general geographical distribution is in Europe,
North  Africa,  Middle  East,  Central  Asia,  China  and  North
America  (Meisch  2000).  In  Turkey:  Afyon/Dinar,  Isparta/
Yalvaç  (Freels  1980);  Lake  Ulubat  (Alt

nsaçl

& Griffits

2001) and Af in-Elbistan Coal Basin (this study).

Subfamily: Cyprinotinae Bronshtein, 1947

Genus: Heterocypris Claus, 1892

Heterocypris salina (Brady, 1868)

Fig. 7.11—14

1868 Cypris salina nov. sp. – Brady, p. 368
1962 Cyprinotus salinus salinus (Brady) – Jordan et al., p. 76, pl. 1,

figs. 6—8, pl. 3, fig. 8

1975b Cyprinotus salinus (Brady) – Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, p. 35—36,

pl. 4, figs. 1, 2

1978 Cyprinotus salinus (Brady) – Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, pl. 24, figs. 5, 6
1993 Heterocypris salina (Brady) – Meisch & Broodbakker, p. 10—15,

figs. 2—5

1998  Heterocypris salinus (Brady) – Gliozzi & Mazzini, pl. 1, fig. a
2003  Heterocypris salina (Brady) – Witt, p. 100—101, pl. 1, figs. 14—16
2005  Heterocypris  salina  (Brady)  –  Matzke-Karasz  &  Witt,  p. 126,

pl. 3, fig. 4

2008 Heterocypris salina (Brady) – Beker, Tunog˘lu & Ertekin, p. 18—19,

pl. 3, figs. 6, 8

G e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e w o r l d a n d

T u r k e y :  Its  fossil  records  are  from  Late  Miocene  (Freels
1980)  to  Recent.  This  species  has  a  very  wide  geographical
distribution in fresh and brackish water bodies of some Euro-
pean, Middle Eastern and North African countries. This speci-
men  is  Holarctic,  but  known  in  the  southern  hemisphere
(Meisch 2000).

Subfamily: Dolerocypridinae Triebel, 1961

Genus: Dolerocypris Kaufmann, 1900

Dolerocypris anatolia nov.sp.

Fig. 7.15—19; Fig. 8.1—5

D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : Anadolu, Anatolia, Asian part

of Turkey.

173

OSTRACODA FROM THE PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE AF IN-ELBISTAN COAL BASIN OF TURKEY

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2012, 63, 2, 165—174

H o l o t y p e : Left valve, Collection No: H.Ü. JMB-001-07.
P a r a t y p e s : 15 carapaces.
T y p e l o c a l i t y : Af in-Elbistan Coal Basin.
T y p e - l e v e l : Pliocene—Pleistocene.
D i a g n o s i s : Carapace elongated in lateral view. Dorsal

margin  strongly  convex  and  oblique  to  the  ventral.  Ventral
margin concave near the antero-center. Anterior margin well
rounded. Posterior margin oblique and acute at the postero-
ventral.  Valves  slightly  swollen  in  the  central  are  and  both
ends  equally  tapering  in  dorsal  view.  Valve  surface  smooth
and  polished.  Maximum  length  near  the  ventral  margin,
maximum  height  between  posterior  and  center.  Maximum
width  at  the  center  of  the  carapace.  Inner  lamella  wide  at
both  ends.  Central  muscle  scar  pattern  characteristic  of  the
genus. Right valve overlaps left valve at both ends.

D e s c r i p t i o n : Carapace nearly 2.5 mm long and elon-

gated in lateral view. Dorsal margin strongly convex. Maxi-
mum  height  at  the  posterior  part  of  dorsal  margin.  Dorsal
margin posteriorly sloping more steeply than anteriorly. An-
terodorsal and posterodorsal areas not angular. Anterior mar-
gin well rounded and fallen to the ventral. Posterior margin
oblique and acute at the posteroventral. Ventral margin con-
cave  near  the  anterocenter.  Surface  of  valves  smooth.  Both
ends  equally  tapering  in  dorsal  view.  Right  valve  overlaps
the left valve. Carapace nearly narrow in dorsal view. Maxi-
mum length near the ventral, maximum height between pos-
terior  and  center.  Maximum  width  at  the  center  of  the
carapace.  Inner  lamella  wide  at  both  ends.  Central  muscle
scar pattern characteristic of the genus.

D i m e n s i o n s : length: 2.14—2.40 mm; height: 0.90—

1.00 mm; width : 0.90—1.00 mm.

R e m a r k s : D. fasciata Müller and D. sinensis Sars have

very  similar  outlines  to  D.  anatolia  nov. sp.  according  to
other known species of Dolerocypris. But, D. anatolia nov.
sp. has much higher posterior half. Its greatest height is situ-
ated  just  between  posterior  and  center  of  carapace  and  its
dorsal margin is sloping more steeply posteriorly. D. anato-
lia is much more swollen than the other two known species
in  the  dorsal  view.  The  ventral  margin  of  D.  anatolia  is
markedly concave in the lateral view, but the other two spe-
cies have slightly concave or straight ventral margins.

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l i n t h i s

s t u d y : Af in-Elbistan Coal Basin, Pliocene—Pleistocene.

Environmental interpretation

The Af in-Elbistan Coal Basin was an ancient freshwater

environment during the Pliocene—Pleistocene period and the
Af in-Elbistan  coals  were  generated  in  this  extensive  and
shallow freshwater lake which evolved from the Pliocene to
Recent. Typical faunal and floral assemblages of this ancient
Af in-Elbistan  freshwater  lake  are  Ostracoda,  Mollusca
(Gastropoda  and  Pelecypoda),  spore-pollen  and  Characeae
(gyrogonites).  Eleven  Cypridoidea  species  were  identified
from the investigation area.

Cypris pubera is known as a common component of semi-

arid zone temporary water faunas, usually inhabiting lake
margins (littoral) or (often slightly saline) waters that dry out

(Alt

nsaçl

& Griffiths 2001). C. candida and C. neglecta oc-

cur in stagnant or slowly running waters on muddy sub-
strates. Heterocypris salina is known mostly in freshwater
and brackish-water environments (Meisch 2000).

D. sinensis has been reported from grassy small water bod-

ies and the macrophyte belts of lakes (Meisch 2000), while
D. fasciata is an actively swimming species found in the lit-
toral zones of lakes. The new species Dolerocypris anatolia
nov. sp. has been found in association with abundant
Characeae, Gastropoda and grassy debris. For this reason,
this specimen must have lived in the littoral and grassy zones
of these ancient Pliocene-Pleistocene lakes.

The ostracod and the other faunal and floral associations

of the thick coal-bearing sediments are more varied in the
different parts of the basin and indicate a shallow, low ener-
gy, freshwater habitat.

Conclusions

The Af in-Elbistan Coal Basin is one of the largest coal

basins in Turkey. It holds many clues which shed light on
the Pliocene—Quaternary paleoclimatic, paleogeographical
and paleolimnologic evolution of Anatolia.

However, the discovery of these records requires consider-

ation of all the fauna and flora elements (gastropods, pelecy-
pods, spore-pollen, characeae, gyrogonite and others).
Determination of the characteristics of these fauna and flora
elements by experts would prove their paleoecological signifi-
cance. Meanwhile, both whole-rock analysis, and isotope analy-
sis of shells will shed light on the paleoclimatic processes.

This study allows us to assess only a small part of the

Af in-Elbistan Basin. Considering the gross size of the ba-
sin, it is possible that even a larger and more diverse fauna
and flora are present within the sediments.

There are two active large thermical reactors present in the

area and they contribute a considerable amount of electricity
to  the  energy  production  of  Turkey.  Two  additional  thermal
reactors are being constructed within the same basin and with
coal  reserves  of  well  over  4000  million  tones,  the  Af in-El-
bistan area plays a significant role in Turkey’s economy. Un-
fortunately  this  immense  economic  importance  of  the  basin
greatly  surpasses  its  scientific  significance.  Thousands  of
drilling  cores  had  only  been  used  to  calculate  coal  reserves
and a multi-disciplinary scientific work, which could be very
easy  to  perform  with  this  vast  amount  of  core  samples  has
never been initiated. Thus it is necessary to make it possible
for scientists to examine this material. Development of coun-
tries is achieved not only by economic growth but with a co-
operation of scientific background and economic power.

Acknowledgments:  The  authors  thank  Steffen  Mischke
(Universty of Potsdam, Berlin) and Martin Gross (Universal-
museum Joanneum, Graz, Austria)  for their many useful com-
ments,  discussions  and  corrected  the  English  in  the  earlier
version of the manuscripts as referees. The authors also thank
the  MTA  (General  Directorate  of  Mineral  Research  and
Exploration) for permission to take samples and assistance.

174

TUNOG

LU, BESBELLI

and ERTEKI

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 2012, 63, 2, 165—174

References

Alt

nsaçl

S. & Griffiths H.I. 2001: Ostracoda (Crustacea) of Lake

Ulubat (Apolyont Gölü), Bursa Province, Turkey. Limnologica
31, 109—117.

Becker-Platen J.D. 1970: Lithostratigraphische Untersuchungen im

Känozoikum Südwest-Anatoliens (Türkei). Beiheft Geol. Jb.
97, 1—244.

Beker K., Tunog˘lu C. & Ertekin I

.K. 2008: Pliocene—Lower Pleis-

tocene Ostracoda fauna from I

nsuyu Limestone (Karap

nar-

Konya/Central Turkey) and its paleoenvironmental implica-
tions. Geol. Bull. Turkey 51, 1—31.

Brady G.S. 1868: A monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda.

Trans. Linnean Soc. London 26, 353—495.

Bronshtein Z.S. 1947: Faune de I’URSS. Crustaces. Volume 2, nu-

mero 1: Ostracodes des eaux douces. Zoologicheskiy Institut
Akademi Nauk SSSR 31, 1—339 (English translation, Freshwa-
ter ostracoda, 1988, Oconian Press, New Delhi, for the U.S.
Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia).

Çenet M. 2006: The paleofloristic investigation of Kahramanmara

Af in-Elbistan Coal of Basin. KSÜ. Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi
9, 1—11 (in Turkish).

De Deckker P. 1979: The Middle Pleistocene ostracod fauna of the

west Runton freshwater Bed, Norfolk. Paleontology 22, 293—316.

Diebel K. & Pietrzeniuk E. 1975a: Ostracoden aus dem holozänen

Travertin von Bad Langensalza. Quartärpaläontologie 1, 27—55.

Diebel K. & Pietrzeniuk E. 1975b: Die Ostracodenfauna aus den

jungpleistozänen (weichselkaltzeitlichen) Deckschichten von
Burgtonna in Thüringen. Quärtarpaläontologie 3, 207—221.

Diebel K. & Pietrzeniuk E. 1978: Die Ostrakodenfauna des eem-

interglazialen Travertins von Burgtonna in Thüringen.
Quartärpaläontologie 3, 87—91.

Ellis & Messina 1953—1981: Catalogue of Ostracoda and their sup-

plements. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York.

Freels D. 1980: Limnische Ostrakoden aus Jungtertiär und Quartär

der Türkei. Geol. Jb., Reihe B, Heft 39, Hannover, 1—172.

Gliozzi E. & Mazzini I. 1998: Palaeoenvironmental analysis of the

250,000 years Quaternary sediment core of vale di Castiglione
(Latium, Italy) using Ostracods. In: Crasquin-Soleau, Braccini
& Lethiers (Eds.): What about Ostracoda. Elf., 69—81.

Griffiths H.I. & Brancelj A. 1996: Preliminary list of freshwater os-

tracoda (Crustacea) from Slovenia. Ann. Istrian and Mediter-
ranean Studies, 201—210.

Hartmann G. & Puri H. 1974: Summary of neontological and paleon-

tological classification of Ostracoda. Mitt. Hamburg. Zoolog.
Mus. Inst. 70, 7—73.

Jordan H., Bernstorff U. & Gründel J. 1962: Die Ostracoden des

Älteren Travertins (Pleistozän) von Mühlhausen (Thür).
Freiburger Forschungshefte C, 65—118.

Kaufmann A. 1900: Über zwei neue Candona-Arten aus der Schweiz.

Zoolog. Anzeiger 23, 608, 108—110.

Külköylüog˘lu O. 2004: On the use of ostracods (Crustacea) as bio-

indicator species in different aquatic habitats in the Bolu re-
gion, Turkey. Ecological Indicators 4, 139—147.

Külköylüog˘lu O. 2005: Ecology and phenology of freshwater ostra-

cods in Lake Gölköy (Bolu, Turkey). Aquatic Ecology 39,
295—304.

Külköylüog˘lu O. & Dügel M. 2004: Ecology and spatiotemporal

patterns of Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Lake Gölcük (Bolu,
Turkey). Archiv Hydrobiologie 160, 67—83.

Külköylüog˘lu O. & Y

lmaz F. 2006: Ecological requirements of

Ostracoda (Crustacea) in three types of springs in Turkey.
Limnologica 36, 172—180.

Külköylüog˘lu O., Dügel M. & K

ç M. 2007: Ecological require-

ments of Ostracoda (Crustacea) in a heavily polluted shallow lake,
Lake Yeniçag˘la (Bolu, Turkey). Hydrobiologia 585, 119—133.

Latreille P.A. 1806: Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum. 1, 1—303.
Matzke-Karasz R. & Witt W. 2005: Ostracods of the Paratethyan

Neogene K

ç and Yalakdere Formations near of Alova (I

zmit

Province, Turkey). Zitteliana A 45, 115—133.

Meisch C. 2000: Freshwater Ostracoda of Western and Central Europe.

Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, 1—522.

Meisch C. & Broodbakker N.W. 1993: Freshwater Ostracoda

(Crustacea) collected by Prof. J.H. Stock on the Canary and
Cape Verde Islands. With an annotated checklist of the fresh-
water Ostracoda of the Azores, Madeira, the Canary, the Sel-
vagens and Cape Verde Islands, rav. Sci. Nat. Hist. Nat.
Luxembourg 19 (Ostracoda), 1—75.

Mischke S. 2005: Metropolitan ostracods from the Spree River. 15.

Int. Sym. on Ostracoda, Freie Universität Berlin, September,
12—15, 2005, Program and Abtracts Book, 135—140.

Moore R.C. 1961: Treatise on invertebrate Paleontology. Part Q,

Arthropoda 3, Crustacea, Ostracoda. Geol. Soc. Amer. Univ.
Kansas, New York, 1—442.

Pietrzeniuk E. 1977: Ostracoden aus Thermokarstseen und

Altwässern in Zentral-Jakutien. Mitt. Zoolog. Mus. Berlin 53,
2, 331—364.

Pipík R. & Bodergat A.-M. 2005: Species of the group Candona

candida, Candona neglecta and some mophologically prob-
lematic Candona (Candonidae, Ostracoda) from he Turiec Ba-
sin (Slovakia). Ann. de Paléont. 91, 279—309.

Reilinger R., McClusky S., Vernant P., Lawrence S., Ergintav S.,

Çakmak R. & Özener H. 2006: GPS constraints on continental
deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision
zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions.
J. Geophys. Res. 05411, 111.

Sars G.O. 1866: Oversigt af Norges marine ostracoder, Förhandl

Vidensk. Selskab Christiania 7, 1—130.

Van Harten D. 1979: Some new shell characters to diagnose the

species of the Ilyocypris gibba-biplicata-bradyi group and
their ecological significance. VII International Symposium on
Ostracodes, Belgrad, 71—75.

Van Morkhoven F.P.C.M. 1962: Post Paleozoic Ostracoda, their

morphology, taxonomy and economic use. I. Elsevier Publica-
tions, Netherlands, 1—204.

Van Morkhoven F.P.C.M. 1963: Post Paleozoic Ostracoda, their

morphology, taxonomy and economic use. II. Elsevier Publi-
cations, Netherlands, 1—477.

Wagner C.W. 1957: Sur les Ostracodes du Quaternaire Récent des

Pays-Bas et leur utilisation dans l’étude géologique des dèpôts
Holocènes. Ph.D. Thèse, Fac. Sci. Univ. Paris, 1—259.

Witt W. 2003: Freshwater ostracods from Neogene deposits of

Develiköy (Manisa Turkey). Zittelina A 43, 93—108.

Wouters K. 1983: Contributions to the study of Belgian Ostracoda,

1. The Ostracoda from the environs of Buzenol. Bull. Inst. Roy.
Sci. Natur. Belg., Biologie 55, 4, 1—9.