www.geologicacarpathica.sk
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, DECEMBER 2010, 61, 6, 495—512 doi: 10.2478/v10096-010-0031-2
Introduction
Middle Miocene (Badenian) shallow marine siliciclastic to
carbonatic deposits from Gârbova de Sus were accumulated
on the eastern border of the Mesozoic structures of the Apuseni
Mountains (see location map – Fig. 1). Different groups of
fossils from Gârbova de Sus have been studied since the late
19
th
century (Herepey 1888; Koch 1900; Vadász 1915; Gábos
& Ghiurcă 1969, Ghiurcă 1974; Nicorici 1975; Filipescu
1996; Filipescu & Gîrbacea 1997). The formation was
placed into the upper part of the Lower Badenian and dis-
plays two distinct sequences (Filipescu & Gîrbacea 1997):
the lower mostly siliciclastic, displaying coastal onlap, and
the second mainly carbonatic, with a regressive character.
This paper describes a recently discovered bryozoan fauna
from Gârbova de Sus. Considering the biomass this fauna is
dominated by small nodular cheilostomes belonging to the
group of the celleporids, a group of bryozoans usually very
poorly preserved. For this reason, precise determination is
difficult and therefore the specimens have been listed in
Table 1 under the name ‘Celloporids’ only.
Material and methods
Two main outcrops exist at Gârbova de Sus. The first (GY-1)
is located on the left side of Pârâul Pietrii (Stone’s creek)
(GPS position: 46° 17.828
’N, 023° 37.233’E, 424 m above
sea level) from where 9 samples were collected. From the
second outcrop (GY-2), located on a slightly higher position
on Pârâul Bobii (Bobii’s creek) (GPS location 46° 17.972
’N,
023° 37.527
’E, 468 m above sea level) only two samples
were taken (Fig. 1).
All of the studied material is deposited in the collections
of the National Museum Prague, designated as NM-PM2.
New Middle Miocene Bryozoa from Gârbova de Sus (Romania)
and their relationship to the sedimentary environment
KAMIL ZÁGORŠEK
1
, SORIN FILIPESCU
2
and KATARÍNA HOLCOVÁ
3
1
Department of Paleontology, National Museum, Václavské nám. 68, CZ-115 79 Praha 1, Czech Republic; kamil_zagorsek@nm.cz
2
Babe -Bolyai University, Department of Geology, Str. Kogălniceanu 1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; sorin.filipescu@ubbcluj.ro
3
Institute of Geology & Paleontology, Charles University Prague, Albertov 6, CZ-12843 Praha 2, Czech Republic; holcova@natur.cuni.cz
(Manuscript received March 3, 2010; accepted in revised form June 10, 2010)
Abstract: The section of Gârbova de Sus contains diverse fossil groups and rich bryozoan assemblages, with 77 species
altogether. Several taxa have been recognized as very important in the assemblage and two new taxa are described in
detail: Poricella garbovensis sp. nov. and Therenia transylvanica sp. nov. Foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil
assemblages were used for biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental interpretations. On the basis of sedimentological
features and micropaleontological data, the sequence of paleoenvironments can be subdivided into two intervals indi-
cating slightly different climatic conditions.
Key words: Middle Miocene, Transylvanian Basin, nannoplankton, Bryozoa, Foraminifera.
Specimens were cleaned by means of ultrasound before sort-
ing under a binocular microscope. Well-preserved and/or
fertile specimens of each species were selected for study us-
ing a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope LV Hitachi
S-3700N at the National Museum Prague. This instrument al-
lowed backscattered electron images to be obtained of uncoated
specimens temporarily mounted to stubs using adhesive carbon
tabs, or affixed to stage mounts with Carbon plastic.
In order to get information on biostratigraphy and paleoenvi-
ronmental settings, foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton
were also studied. Foraminifera were studied from 63—2000 m
fractions after washing of disaggregated rock samples in water.
About 200 specimens of benthic foraminifera and 100 speci-
mens of planktonic foraminifera from each sample were deter-
mined and relative abundances of taxa were calculated.
Evidence of changes caused by taphonomical processes was
based on sorting of tests according to size, damaged tests and
correspondence of paleoecological requirements of species
from the individual assemblages (Murray 1991). Size distribu-
tion of tests was evaluated for rounded tests. The largest diame-
ter of the tests was measured using a VIA video measuring
system and data were summarized in histograms.
Accumulation of small, usually thin-walled tests (rounded
forms < 200 m) indicates suspended load transport; accu-
mulation of large, thick-walled tests ( > 300 m) and absence
of smaller tests characterizes tests which have been trans-
ported as bed load (Murray 1965; Wang & Murray 1983).
Breakages and abrasion of tests were studied using the SEM.
Relative abundances of cibicidoids, large foraminifera, in-
faunal, epiphytic and euryhaline species were used for inter-
pretation of paleoenvironment. For classification of individual
species to the above mentioned groups, the data of Murray
(1991, 2006), Kaiho (1994, 1999), de Stigner et al. (1998),
den Dulk et al. (1998), den Dulk et al. (2000), Spezzaferri et
al. (2002) and Báldi (2006) were used.
496
ZÁGORŠEK, FILIPESCU and HOLCOVÁ
Fig. 1. Position of the studied samples in the profile in the Gârbova de
Sus section (modified after Filipescu & Gîrbacea 1997).
Estimation of paleotemperature changes in the upper layer
of water column was based on the ratio between cool- and
warm-water species of planktonic foraminifera (Spezzaferri
& Ćorić 2001; Spezzaferri et al. 2002; Bicchi et al. 2003;
Rupp & Hohenegger 2008).
Paleodepth was estimated using the relationship between
bathymetry and relative abundance of planktonic forami-
nifera as determined by van der Zwaan et al. (1990). This
depth relationship between abundance of planktonic and
benthic foraminifera is based on the fact that availability of
nutrients on the sea floor depends on depth.
Depth [m] = e
3.58718 + (0.03534 Pc)
where D is estimated depth
in meters, Pc is the corrected ratio of planktonic/benthic
foraminifera:
497
NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE BRYOZOA FROM GÂRBOVA DE SUS (ROMANIA)
Table 1: List of all determined Bryozoa with revision of old material.
TAXA - present designation
GY-
1/1
GY-
1/2
GY-
1/3
GY-
1/4
GY-
1/5
GY-
1/6
GY-
1/7
GY-
1/8
GY-
1/9
GY-
2/1
GY-
2/2
Museum
material
Ghiurca,
1974
original name of taxa given by Ghiurca (1974), if
different as present designation
Adeonella polystomella (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
1
1
1
Adeonellopsis coscinophora (Reuss, 1848)
1
Amphiblestrum appendiculatum (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
1
as Ramphonotus
Biflustra sp.
1
Bobiesipora fasciculata (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
Buffonellaria kuklinskii Zágoršek, 2010
1
1
1
as Buffonellodes
Calloporina decorata (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
as Membranipora clathrata
Calpensia gracilis (Münster, 1826)
1
1
as Calpensia calpensis & Calpensia
Cellaria cf. fistulosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
1
1
1
1
1
Celleporaria palmata (Michelin, 1847)
1
1
1
1
as Holoporella globularis
Celleporids
1
1
1
1
1
1
Celleporina cerioporoides
1
1
as Costazzia crassa
Ceriopora indet.
1
as Ceriopora globulus
Ceriopora tumulifera Canu & Lecointre, 1934
1
1
as C. cylindrica
Coronopora cf. disticha (Hagenow, 1851)
1
1
1
Crisia haueri Reuss, 1848
1
1
Crisia hoernesii Reuss, 1848
1
1
1
1
1
1
as Crisia eburnea
Diplosolen obelium (Johnston, 1838)
1
Disporella cf. hispida (Fleming, 1828)
1
1
1
as Lichenopora
Disporella cf. radiata (Savigny-Audouin, 1826)
1
1
as Lichenopora coronula, L. multifascigera
Disporella goldfussi (Reuss, 1864)
1
1
as Lichenopora deformis
Emballotheca seriata (Reuss, 1874)
1
as Hippoporina rarepunctata
Eokotosokum? bobiesi (David & Pouyet, 1974)
1
1
as Conopeum lacroixii
Escharella tenera (Reuss, 1874)
1
Escharoides coccinea (Abildgaard, 1806)
1
1
1
Exidmonea atlantica David, Mongereau & Pouyet, 1972
1
1
1
1
Exochoecia compressa (Reuss, 1848)
1
Flustrellaria fenestrata (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
as Membranipora ogivalina
Hippopleurifera sedgwicki (Milne-Edwards, 1836)
1
as H. elongata
Hornera cf. frondiculata Lamourox, 1821
1
1
1
1
1
1
as H. striata
Hornera verrucosa Reuss, 1866
1
1
1
1
Christinella pulchra
1
??
Idmidronea coronopus (Defrance, 1822)
1
1
1
Iodictyum rubeschii (Reuss, 1848)
1
Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
1
1
1
1
1
Mecynoecia proboscidea (Milne-Edwards, 1838)
1
1
1
1
1
as Entalophora anomala, Pustulupora proboscidea
Mesenteripora flabellum (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
as Diaperoecia flabellum, D. rugulosa
Metrarabdotos maleckii Cheetham, 1968
1
1
1
as Trigonopora moniliferum
Micropora parvicella Canu & Lecointre, 1927
1
& M. minuta
Microporella berningi Zágoršek, 2010
1
Myriapora truncata (Pallas, 1766)
1
Oncousoecia? biloba (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
1
1
as O. varians
Onychocella angulosa (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
Phoceana tubulifera (Reuss, 1848)
1
Plagioecia rotula (Reuss, 1848)
1
? as P. eudesiana & ? as Berenicea congesta
Pleuronea pertusa (Reuss, 1848)
1
Poricella garbovensis sp.n.
1
Pseudofrondipora davidi Mongereau, 1970
1
Puellina (Cribrilaria) rarecostata (Reuss, 1848)
1
Puellina venusta (Canu & Bassler, 1925)
1
1
as P. radiata
Pyriporella cf. loxopora (Reuss, 1848)
1
as Hincksina
Reteporella cf. beaniana (King, 1846)
1
Reteporella hluchovensis Zágoršek, 2010
1
1
1
as Phidolopora labiata
Reteporella kralicensis Zágoršek & Holcová & Třasoň, 2008
1
1
Reteporella sp.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Rhynchozoon monoceros (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
1
Scrupocellaria elliptica (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
1
& Sc. gracilis
Schedocleidochasma incisa (Reuss, 1874)
1
1
1
Schizomavella protuberans (Reuss, 1847)
1
Schizomavella tenella (Reuss, 1847)
1
1
1
as S. linearis
Schizoporella teragona (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
Schizoporella? geminipora (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
1
1
1
Schizostomella grinzingensis David & Pouyet, 1974
1
Smittina cervicornis (Pallas, 1766)
1
1
1
1
1
1
Smittina gibbere
1
??
Steginoporella cucullata (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
1
Stomatopora subdivaricata
1
??
Tervia irregularis (Meneghini, 1844)
1
1
1
as T. vibicata
Therenia transylvanica sp.n.
1
Trypostega rugulosa (Reuss, 1874)
1
Tubulipora flabellaris (Fabricius, 1780)
1
1
Tubulipora foliacea Reuss, 1848
1
Turbicellepora coronopus (Wood, 1844)
1
1
as Schizmmopora coronopus
Umbonula macrocheila (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
1
1
1
as U. endlicheri
Umbonula spinosa (Procházka, 1893)
1
1
Vibracella trapezoidea (Reuss, 1848)
1
1
1
1
as Lunulites
Ybselosoecia typica (Manzoni, 1878)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total number of species
0 14 0 3 3 0 23 42 14 4 7 40
46
498
ZÁGORŠEK, FILIPESCU and HOLCOVÁ
Fig. 2. Biostratigraphical correlation of the studied section.
Pc = (P 100)/[P + (Bt—Bi)],
where P is the number of planktonic foraminifera, Bt is the
total number of benthic foraminifera and Bi is the number of
deep infaunal species which are excluded from analysis
because they are not directly dependent on the flux of organ-
ic matter to the sea floor. Calcareous nannoplankton was
analysed by standard methods using an optical microscope.
200—500 specimens of calcareous nannoplankton were deter-
mined from individual samples and relative abundances of
taxa were calculated. Changes of ratio between the most
common taxa Reticulofenestra minuta and Coccolithus pela-
gicus were studied.
Results
The fossil material was collected from the GY-1 and GY-2
sections (Fig. 1). The GY-1 samples were mainly collected
from the late transgressive and highstand intervals of the late
Early Badenian, while the GY-2 samples come from the
highstand interval.
Biostratigraphy
The foraminiferal assemblages from Gârbova de Sus can
be correlated with the Upper Lagenid Zone of the Paratethys
(Papp et al. 1978) and Orbulina suturalis Zone of planktonic
foraminifera (M5b and M6 Zones in the classification of
Berggren et al. 1995).
The absence of the calcareous nannoplankton species Heli-
cosphaera ampliaperta and the occurrence of Sphenolithus
heteromorphus enable a correlation with the NN5 Zone
(Martini 1971; Hohenegger et al. 2007).
The analysed samples may, therefore, be correlated with
the lower part of the NN5 Zone above the FO of Orbulina
(Berggren et al. 1995; Lourens et al. 2004) (Fig. 2).
Taphonomy
As suggested by the sedimentological data and fossil as-
semblages (Filipescu & Gîrbacea 1997), the Badenian sedi-
mentary environments at Gârbova de Sus were situated on a
shallow shelf, affected by storms and tidal currents. The size
sorting of tests as well as their different preservation indicate
two ways of postmortal transport:
1) Occurrence of suspension-transported tests (Fig. 3) can
be expected in samples GY-1/3 and GY-1/5 demonstrated by
peaks of small tests. While in sample GY-1/3 the peak is rep-
resented by benthic foraminifera, only planktonic test were
found in sample GY-1/5.
2) Abundant occurrence of recrystallized infaunal species
(mainly Bolivina spp. and Globocassidulina sp.) together
with well preserved cibicidoids in sample GY-1/5 suggests
reworking of the recrystallized tests. Recrystallized tests also
occur in overlying samples, but only rarely.
Bryozoan assemblages
Bryozoans from Gârbova de Sus are rare, but a very impor-
tant part of the taphocoenosis. Previous research (Ghiurcă
1974) includes only a list of 55 species without any descrip-
tion. During these last investigations 68 species have been rec-
ognized in total. We also tried to revise the material of
499
NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE BRYOZOA FROM GÂRBOVA DE SUS (ROMANIA)
Ghiurcă, partly deposited at Babe -Bolyai University. All pre-
viously known species with revised names, together with re-
cently discovered species are listed in Table 1. The total
number of known Bryozoan species from Gârbova is now 77,
incuding two new species belonging to the genus Poricella
and Therenia.
Systematic paleontology
While a full taxonomic description is presented only for
the new species described in this paper, only brief synony-
mies and remarks, as well as figures, are provided for the
newly mentioned and important species; the other, usually
well known, species have been only listed in Table 1.
Phylum: Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831
Class: Stenolaemata Borg, 1926
Order: Cyclostomata Busk, 1852
Suborder: Tubuliporina Milne Edwards, 1838
Family: Tubuliporidae Johnston, 1838
Genus: Idmidronea Canu & Bassler, 1920
Idmidronea coronopus (Defrance, 1822)
Fig. 4.1—2
v. 1977 Idmidronea coronopus (Defrance, 1822) – Vávra p. 28 (cum syn.)
D i a g n o s i s: Delicate, bifurcating colony with rectangular
apertures arranged in alternating fascicles. Kenozooecia nar-
Fig. 3. Size sorting of rounded foraminiferal tests.
500
ZÁGORŠEK, FILIPESCU and HOLCOVÁ
Fig. 4. 1—2 – Idmidronea coronopus (Defrance, 1822), frontal (1) and dorsal (2) view of the colony. 3 – Bobiesipora fasciculata (Reuss,
1847), general view showing the characteristic basis of the colony. 4 – Coronopora cf. disticha (Hagenow, 1851), part of the colony with long
autozooecial fascicles. 5—7 – Vibracella trapezoidea (Reuss, 1847), general view (5) and details of autozooecia with vibracularium (6 – scale
bar 100 µm) and large endozooecial ovicell with porous frontal wall (7 – scale bar 100 µm). All other scale bars are 1 mm.
501
NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE BRYOZOA FROM GÂRBOVA DE SUS (ROMANIA)
row, parallel to colony axis, rarely opened on dorsal side of
the colony. Gonozooecium not observed.
R e m a r k s: This species is usually regarded as a deep wa-
ter species (Zágoršek et al. 2008), but it may also often be
found in a shallow water facies (Vávra 1974).
Suborder: Cerioporina Hagenow, 1851
Family: Cerioporidae Reuss, 1866
Genus: Bobiesipora Vávra, 1978
Bobiesipora fasciculata (Reuss, 1847)
Fig. 4.3
*
v. 1847 Apsendesia fasciculata sp.n. – Reuss p. 40, pl. 6, fig. 8
v. 2003 Bobiesipora fasciculata (Reuss) – Zágoršek p. 119, pl. 5,
Fig. 3 (cum syn.)
D i a g n o s i s: Colony erect, with circular basal part. The
branches budding regularly around the basis and develop
three-dimensional conical fans. Autozooecial tubes regularly
alternating, perforated by large apertures and kenozooecia.
The gonozooecium was not observed. Dorsal side of the colo-
ny is covered by typically arranged pores surrounded by a nar-
row and low rim.
R e m a r k s: Only a somewhat dubious structure, which
might be a gonozooecium with broken frontal wall was ob-
served. Hovewer, the characteristic development of the colo-
ny and the pores on the branches are sufficient to identify
this species.
Bobiesipora is usually listed under the Unassigned Cyclo-
stome genera, but due to the presence of kenozooecia and the
general characteristics of the colony it may be placed – with
a question mark’ – into the family Cerioporidae.
Suborder: Fasciculina d’Orbigny, 1853
Family: Lichenoporidae Smitt, 1867
Genus: Coronopora Gray, 1848
Coronopora cf. disticha (Hagenow, 1851)
Fig. 4.4
*
? 1851 Defrancia disticha sp.n. – von Hagenow p. 142, pl. 4, fig. 1
D i a g n o s i s: Colony is lobate, encrusting. Autozooecia
are arranged in biserial to multiserial radial rows with very
long peristomes. Gonozooecium not found.
R e m a r k s: The species is often reported as belonging to
“Tubulipora”. The true Tubulipora does not develop this
kind of fascicle and have large globular gonozooecia (Hay-
ward & Ryland 1985). Identical specimens with studied ma-
terial found in Kralice nad Oslavou (Zágoršek 2010a) shows
the same character of fascicles and have gonozooecia and the
position of the oeciopore characteristic for the genus Coro-
nopora as described by Hayward & Ryland (1985). Al-
though Coronopora should grow in nodular colonies
(Hayward & Ryland 1985), the studied specimen represents
perhaps an encrusting base.
To confirm the identification, the type material of Defran-
cia disticha has still to be studied, however.
Class: Gymnolaemata Allman, 1896
Order: Cheilostomata Busk, 1852
Unassigned Anascan Genera
Genus: Vibracella Waters, 1891
Vibracella trapezoidea (Reuss, 1847)
Fig. 4.5—7
*
1847 Cellepora trapezoidea m. – Reuss p. 96, pl. 11, fig. 21
v. 1977 Vibracella trapezoidea (Reuss) – Vávra p. 91 (cum syn.)
D i a g n o s i s: Colony is free. Autozooecia are rhomboidal to
oval with well-developed cryptocyst and large, triangular ope-
sia. Vibracularia are adventitious, elongated without pivotal
bar, but with protruding lateral lips. Endozooecial ovicell as
large as autozooecia with porous frontal wall.
R e m a r k s: Free living colonies of this species require a
hard substrate to lie on. Usually this species is rare in other
Miocene sections in the Alpine-Carpathian region (Zágoršek
2003), but here it is one of the most common species. It may
indicate a hard bottom of the sea.
Suborder: Ascophora Levinsen, 1909
Infraorder: Acanthostega Levinsen, 1902
Superfamily: Arachnopusioidea Jullien, 1888
Family: Arachnopusiidae Jullien, 1888
Genus: Poricella Canu, 1904
Poricella garbovensis sp. nov.
Fig. 5.1—3
D i f f e r e n t i a l d i a g n o s i s: The characteristic features of
this species include a deeply immersed ovicell, a very small
umbo on the frontal wall, prominent marginal areolar pores,
five oral spines in non-ovicelled autozooecia and 2 spines in ov-
icelled ones, and small interzooidal avicularia with pivotal bar.
H o l o t y p e: The specimen depicted in Fig. 5.1, from Gâr-
bova de Sus, sample GY-1/8 deposited in the National Mu-
seum Prague under number PM2 – P 1931.
P a r a t y p e: One specimen from Gârbova de Sus, sample
GY-1/8 deposited in the National Museum Prague under
number PM2 – P 1932.
D e r i v a t i o n o m i n i s: According to the name of the lo-
cality (Gârbova de Sus), where the species has been found.
L o c u s t y p i c u s: Gârbova de Sus, sample GY-1/8.
S t r a t u m t y p i c u m: Langhian—Lower Badenian.
D i m e n s i o n s (in micrometers =
m; = average): Length
of autozooecia: 416—560; = 437. Width of autozooecia:
333—450; = 395. Length of autozooecial aperture: 101—165;
= 135. Width of autozooecial aperture: 79—125; = 105.
Length of ovicell: 175—205; = 181. Width of ovicell: 193—
215; = 204. Length of adventitious avicularium: 185—257;
= 203. Width of adventitious avicularium: 126—198; = 157.
D e s c r i p t i o n: Colony encrusting unilaminar. Autozooe-
cia oval, separated by deep grooves. Frontal wall very convex,
with two to six rounded and/or semilunar, crescent-shaped fo-
ramina in the central area. The outer, convex margin of foram-
ina may have small dentitions, the inner margin usually carries
one large condyle. Marginal areolar pores are large, circular
502
ZÁGORŠEK, FILIPESCU and HOLCOVÁ
Fig. 5. 1—3 – Poricella garbovensis sp. nov., general view of the holotype with visible ovicells (1), part of another colony with well devel-
oped avicularia (2 – scale bar 100 µm), detail of autozooecia (3 – scale bar 100 µm). 4 – Adeonella polystomella (Reuss, 1847), general
view of the colony. 5—7 – Umbonula spinosa (Procházka, 1893), general view of the colony (5), detail of the autozooecia showing “spines”
on frontal wall (6 – scale bar 100 µm), detail of the spatulate avicularium (7 – scale bar 100 µm). All other scale bars are 1 mm.
503
NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE BRYOZOA FROM GÂRBOVA DE SUS (ROMANIA)
usually more than 20 around each autozooecium. The suboral
umbo is very small, almost not observable. Apertures longer
than wide, rounded distally and slightly concave proximally,
with two short condyles. Oral spines large, five around distal
margin of the aperture. The ovicelled autozooecia have only
two oral spines. Avicularia small, interzooidal, oval to drop-
like, with enlarged distal part of the rostrum. Pivotal bar rarely
present. Ovicells globular, immersed into the distal part of a
zooid with nonporous frontal wall.
C o m p a r i s o n: The most similar species is Tremogasteri-
na areolata (Reuss, 1874) re-described by David & Poyuet
(1974). The main differences are in the presence of central
pores (T. areolata has three while P. garbovensis has often
5—6 pores), in size of oral spines (P. garbovensis has very
prominent spine basis while T. areolata has small traces de-
scribed, not visible in picture) and in size of marginal areolar
pores (they are much larger in P. garbovensis than in T.
areolata). Moreover ovicells are not illustrated in T. areolata.
The other similar species is Poricella bugei (el Hajjaji,
1987), re-described recently by Berning (2006). Poricella
garbovensis sp. nov. differs mainly by the smaller size of au-
tozooecia, the deeply immersed ovicell, the almost complete
absence of an umbo on the frontal wall, by having more
prominent marginal areolar pores, by less oral spines, and by
the presence of avicularia.
The measurements for Poricella bugei as described by
Berning (2006) are for autozooecia 495—667 301—476, for ap-
ertures 129—162 113—154 and for ovicells 200—253 192—241
(all in µm), thus it is in all dimensions larger than our new spe-
cies. Moreover, P. bugei has a very prominent ovicell and an
umbo on the frontal wall, almost invisible marginal areolar
pores, more oral spines (6) and it has neither interzooidal nor
vicarious avicularia. However, Cook (1977) mentioned that
this feature may be extremely rare in some species, and
therefore rarely observed in fragments of fossil colonies.
Another similar species is P. pouyetae (Cook, 1977) from
the Middle Miocene of southern France, which, however, dif-
fers in having four to six spines, an enlarged distal margin of
the aperture, no suboral umbo, more numerous and conspicu-
ous marginal areolar pores and larger interzooidal avicularia.
Due to the presence of semilunar central pores, interzooi-
dal avicularia, large oral spines and small ovicells, the spe-
cies is listed under the Poricella (Canu, 1904).
Infraorder: Umbonulomorpha Gordon, 1989
Superfamily: Adeonoidea Busk, 1884
Family: Adeonidae Busk, 1884
Genus: Adeonella Busk, 1884
Adeonella polystomella (Reuss, 1847)
Fig. 5.4
*
v. 1847 Eschara polystomella m. – Reuss p. 70, pl. 8, fig. 27—28
1989 Adeonella polystomella (Reuss) – Schmid p. 34, pl. 9, figs. 3,
4, 6 (cum syn.)
D i a g n o s i s: Erect, bilaminar colonies. Autozooecia rhom-
boidal in the central part, longitudinal on marginal part of the
colony. Lateral tubercles sometimes preserved on the margin
of the autozooecia. Aperture has a crossbar structure, forming
proximally a small spiramen and carrying a pair of small, oral
avicularia. Internal brooding, no ovicell developed.
R e m a r k: This is a very common species, it occurs in al-
most all studied sections in Alpine-Carpathian region
(Zágoršek et al. 2007, 2008, 2009). Usually it is regarded as
a tropical element in the fauna (Holcová & Zágoršek 2008).
Superfamily: Lepralielloidea Vigneaux, 1949
Family: Umbonulidae Canu, 1904
Genus: Umbonula Hincks, 1880
Umbonula spinosa (Procházka, 1893)
Fig. 5.5—7
*
v. 1893 Eschara spinosa nov. spec. – Procházka p. 51 (67), pl. 12,
fig. 5a—g
v. 2009 Umbonula spinosa (Procházka, 1893) – Zágoršek et al.,
p. 480, fig. 11D—G
D i a g n o s i s: Colony erect, massive with oval cross-sec-
tion. Autozooecia with small marginal areolar pores (about
10—15 pores around each autozooecium). Frontal wall with
one “usual” large umbo with a small, adventitious aviculari-
um without pivotal bar and additional small tubercles (um-
bones), resembling short spines, without any avicularia. An
additional spatulate avicularium may be present. Primary ori-
fice with wide lyrula. Ovicell not observed.
R e m a r k s: Although no ovicell has been recognized in the
studied material, the characteristic development of the frontal
wall clearly characterizes this species. This occurrence is the
first outside the Carpathian Foredeep in Moravia. Detailed de-
scription and discussion is given by Zágoršek et al. (2009).
Infraorder: Lepraliomorpha Gordon, 1989
Superfamily: Smittinoidea Levinsen, 1909
Family: Bitectiporidae MacGillivray, 1895
Genus: Schizomavella Canu & Bassler, 1917
Schizomavella protuberans (Reuss, 1847)
Fig. 6.1
*
v. 1847 Cellepora protuberans m. – Reuss p. 89, pl. 10, fig. 26
v. 2007 Schizomavella protuberans (Reuss, 1847) – Zágoršek et al.
p. 211, fig. 9A—B (cum syn.)
D i a g n o s i s: Colonies are encrusting, multilamellar, with
autozooecia arranged in chaotic rows. Autozooecia are rect-
angular in shape, with a strongly perforated and convex fron-
tal wall. Apertures have a prominent sinus and condyles. No
oral spines. Avicularia are adventitious, suboral with pivotal
bar always situated proximally and very close to the aperture
in a median position, tapering proximally and associated
with a prominent umbo. No ovicell observed.
R e m a r k s: This is the first occurrence outside the Car-
pathian Foredeep in Moravia. Detailed description and dis-
cussion is given by Zágoršek et al. (2007).
Superfamily: Schizoporelloidea Jullien, 1882
Family: Escharinidae Tilbrook, 2006
504
ZÁGORŠEK, FILIPESCU and HOLCOVÁ
Fig. 6. 1 – Schizomavella protuberans (Reuss, 1847), general view showing sinus of the aperture. 2—3 – Therenia transylvanica sp. nov.,
general view of the holotype showing arrangement of autozooecia (2 – scale bar 1 mm), detail of autozooecia showing laterally situated
avicularium and porous frontal wall (3). 4—5 – Microporella cf. inamoena (Reuss, 1874), general view showing budding pattern (4 – scale
bar 1 mm), detail of autozooecium showing the ovicell and paired avicularia (5). 6 – Reteporella kralicensis Zágoršek, Holcová & Třasoň,
2008, detail of the frontal surface of the colony showing large avicularia and ovicells with characteristic fissure. 7—8 – Schedocleidochasma
incisa (Reuss, 1874), general view (7) and detail showing autozooecia with scattered marginal areolar pores and drop-like aviculaium (8).
All other scale bars are 100 µm.
505
NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE BRYOZOA FROM GÂRBOVA DE SUS (ROMANIA)
Genus: Therenia David & Pouyet, 1978
Therenia transylvanica sp. nov.
Fig. 6.2—3
D i f f e r e n t i a l d i a g n o s i s: This species differs from all
other known species of Therenia in having a very narrow
and shallow sinus, a globular, recumbent ovicell, large mar-
ginal areolar pores and by the absence of any peristome.
H o l o t y p e: The specimen depicted in 6.2, from Gârbova
de Sus, sample GY-1/8 deposited in the National Museum
Prague under number PM2 – P 1933.
D e r i v a t i o n o m i n i s: According to the name of the area
(Transylvanian Basin), where the species has been found.
L o c u s t y p i c u s: Gârbova de Sus, sample GY-1/8.
S t r a t u m t y p i c u m: Langhian—Lower Badenian.
D i m e n s i o n s (in micrometers = µm; = average): Length
of autozooecia: 530—617; = 574. Width of autozooecia:
463—614; = 504. Length of autozooecial aperture: 100—115;
= 105. Width of autozooecial aperture: 127—145; = 135.
Length of ovicell: 151. Width of ovicell: 219. Length of
avicularium: 56—75; = 64. Width of avicularium: 87—108;
= 95.
D e s c r i p t i o n: Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooe-
cia rhomboidal, hexagonal or polygonal, separated by dis-
tinct grooves. Frontal wall slightly convex, very finely
granular, perforated by numerous small pseudopores. Cen-
tral area almost nonporous. Marginal areolar pores very
large, rare, usually three of them are situated in the proximal
corners of the autozooecium.
Apertures semicircular with straight proximal margin and
a very narrow and shallow sinus. No peristome. Condyles
small, more or less parallel to the proximal margin of the ap-
erture. Avicularium situated proximolaterally from the aper-
ture, circular to semicircular, with distinct, medial columella.
Ovicell globular, recumbent without completely preserved
frontal wall. Ancestrula not clearly observable because of
overgrowth by younger autozooecia.
C o m p a r i s o n: Therenia peristomata Berning et al., 2008
from Madeira is the most similar species. The new species
differs mainly by its shorter autozooecia (the length of auto-
zooecia in T. peristomata is 567 to 718 µm), the absence of
any peristome, the recumbent ovicell (T. peristomata has a
deeply immersed ovicells) and the size of marginal areolar
pores. The other features, for example the characteristic
shape of avicularia with columella, the size of pseudopores
on the frontal wall, and parallel condyles with proximal mar-
gin of the aperture are identical for these two species.
Another similar species is Herentia montenati (Pouyet,
1976) from the Miocene to Pliocene of Spain, placed into the
genus Therenia by Berning (2006). It differs however from
our new species in having larger frontal pores, a complete
crossbar, no columella of the avicularia and circular aper-
tures with a longer sinus. The size of the autozooecia is also
slightly larger than in Therenia transylvanica sp. nov. (523—
738 415—615 µm). Moreover, Therenia porosa (Smitt) as
described by Berning et al. (2008) has much larger pores on
its frontal wall, a complete pivotal bar of the avicularia and a
larger sinus.
Family: Microporellidae Hincks, 1879
Genus: Microporella Hincks, 1877
Microporella berningi Zágoršek, 2010
Fig. 6.4—5
?1997 Microporella inamoena (Reuss) – Pouyet p. 67, pl. 6, fig. 1,
pl. 7, fig. 8 (cum syn.)
*v. 2010b Microporella berningi sp.n. – Zágoršek p. 156, pl. 116, fig.
1—5 (cum syn.)
D i a g n o s i s: Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooecia
(sub)hexagonal to oval, with frontal wall perforated by nu-
merous large pores. Marginal areolar pores very rare, only
two to three around each autozooecium. Aperture semicircu-
lar, wider than long, with a straight proximal margin and five
to seven oral spines (one pair of spines in ovicelled autozoo-
ecia). Ascopore with crescent lumen situated very close to
the aperture. Nonporous area is developed between the asco-
pore and proximal margin of the aperture. Avicularia adven-
titious, in pairs, suboral, tapering distally with complete
pivotal bar. Ovicell small, globular, deeply immersed into
frontal wall of distal autozooecium, with nonporous frontal
wall. Ancestrula oval without avicularia.
R e m a r k s: The studied specimens are identical with the
material described by Zágoršek (2010b) from section Holu-
bice (south Moravia – Czech Republic).
Microporella inamoena (Reuss, 1874) is very similar spe-
cies differs however in having much smaller frontal pores,
larger and less immersed ovicells and larger apertures with-
out nonporous area developed between the ascopore and
proximal margin of the aperture.
The specimens described by Pouyet (1997) from Poland
exhibit identical features, however without detailed SEM
study of this material questions of a possible synonymy re-
main unclear.
Family: Phidoloporidae Gabb & Horn, 1862
Genus: Reteporella Busk, 1884
Reteporella kralicensis Zágoršek & Holcová & Třasoň, 2008
Fig. 6.6
*
v 2008 Reteporella kralicensis sp.n. – Zágoršek et al. p. 843, fig. 7
D i a g n o s i s: Colonies reticulating, with biserial or triseri-
al branches. Frontal wall is smooth with small areolar pores
only and a pseudo-spiramen. Apertures with sinus and a pair
of oral spines. Large, adventitious avicularia forming sepa-
rate polymorphs on the frontal wall, tapering usually proxi-
mally and having a complete pivotal bar. Rarely also small
avicularia present, immersed into the frontal wall. Ovicells
deeply immersed with open wide frontal fissure; frontal wall
always damaged.
R e m a r k s: The characteristic separate polymorphs –
large avicularia – are present in the studied material. Even
if the frontal walls of ovicells are always damaged, the open
wide frontal fissure is recognizable and therefore an exact
determination was possible.
506
ZÁGORŠEK, FILIPESCU and HOLCOVÁ
Fig. 7. A – Quantitative paleoecological indexes used for paleoenvironmental interpretation. B – Reconstruction of paleobiotopes in the
Gârbova de Sus section.
507
NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE BRYOZOA FROM GÂRBOVA DE SUS (ROMANIA)
Genus: Schedocleidochasma Soule, Soule & Chaney, 1991
Schedocleidochasma incisa (Reuss, 1874)
Fig. 6.7—8
*
v. 1874 Lepralia incisa m. – Reuss p. 168, pl. 3, fig. 4
2006 Schedocleidochasma incisa (Reuss, 1874) – Berning p. 130,
fig. 173—175 (cum syn.)
D i a g n o s i s: Colony encrusting. Autozooecia oval with
nonporous frontal wall, separated by grooves and prominent,
scattered, rare marginal areolar pores. Apertures rounded
cleithridiate, with well developed condyles. Avicularia sin-
gle, adventitious, situated laterally from the aperture as sepa-
rate polymorphs, with complete pivotal bar. No oral spines,
no ovicells observed.
R e m a r k s: The studied specimen do not show any ovi-
cells, but due to the presence of a cleithridiate aperture, the
small avicularia forming separate polymorphs and the absence
of oral spines, the identification of this species is confirmed.
Paleoecology
Bryozoans are generally rare in the sections at Gârbova de
Sus and form only a part of the whole fauna studied (Koch
1900; Vadász 1915; Gábos & Ghiurcă 1969; Nicorici 1975;
Filipescu 1996).
Indigenous benthic foraminifera usually indicate shallow-
water (tens of meters), and a normal marine, well aerated pa-
leoenvironment. The assemblages are well comparable with
foraminifera from bryozoan-rich sediments in the Carpathian
Foredeep (Zágoršek et al. 2007, 2008; Holcová & Zágoršek
2008) characterizing a similar paleoenvironment connected
with a large transgression around the Middle Miocene Cli-
matic Optimum. Bryozoa settled the narrow shallow-water
zone of the basin earlier with a fauna typical for a high-energy
environment, later with faunas indicating seagrass meadows.
A detailed analysis enables us to distinguish two intervals:
the first one (samples GY-1/1 to GY-1/5) with generally
warmer conditions than the second one (samples GY-1/6 to
GY-1/9) (Fig. 7).
In the first interval, the foraminiferal assemblages show a
progressive colonization during the transgression (Filipescu
& Gîrbacea 1997). The transgressive trend can be observed
in the lower samples of section GY-1 (GY-1/1, GY-1/2).
Cibicidoides lopjanicus dominates among the first benthic
foraminifera that colonized the substrate and continues to be
present together with encrusting bryozoans up to sample
GY-1/5. In calcareous nannoplankton assemblages, abun-
dances of the opportunistic species Reticulofenestra minuta
decrease in line with increase of abundance of Coccolithus
pelagicus as a eutrophic indicator. Bloom of small reticu-
lofenestrids characterizes transgression events in the Central
Paratethys (Holcová 2009) and may indicate penetration of
the warm-water during the Early Badenian transgression
(Ćorić & Rögl 2004). The bloom can also be well correlated
with conclusions by Haq (1980) that Reticulofenestra minuta
dominates nannoplankton assemblages along continental
margins. The species can probably tolerate oscillations of sa-
linity (Wade & Bown 2006).
Bryozoa are most abundant in sample GY-1/2, where the
environment was suitable for benthic organisms. This may
prove the hypothesis of pioneer colonization behaviour of
bryozoans as shown already in the section of Kralice nad
Oslavou in the Moravian part of the Carpathian Foredeep
(Zágoršek et al. 2008). The species composition is also simi-
lar, dominated by species of Reteporella and Idmidronea.
Depth estimation based on the plankton/benthos (P/B) ratio
yields 60—110 m. The reliability of the calculated paleodepth
can be biased by the observation that the P/B-ratio is not
only influenced by depth, but also by changes in oxygen-
ation of bottom waters (Sen-Gupta & Machain-Castillo
1993; Jorissen et al. 1995). A discrepancy between calculat-
ed paleodepth and sedimentology has been pointed out, for
example, in the Middle Miocene of the Central Paratethys
(Hohenegger 2005). Therefore, the estimation of paleodepth
using a modified P/B-ratio was compared with depth ranges
of individual taxa (Culver & Buzas 1980, 1981; Murray
1991, 2006; Hohenegger 2005; van Hinsbergen et al. 2005).
The paleodepth 20—70 m was estimated from these depth
ranges (Fig. 8). This is also supported by sedimentological
data (tempestites, tidal currents).
Fig. 8. Estimation of paleodepth from the depth ranges of indigenous benthic foraminiferal taxa. Depth ranges of species based on data of
Culver & Buzas (1980, 1981), Murray (1991, 2006), Hohenegger (2005), van Hinsbergen et al. (2005).
508
ZÁGORŠEK, FILIPESCU and HOLCOVÁ
Dominant cibicidoids represent typical oxyphylic species
(Kaiho 1994). In the Carpathian Foredeep, the “Cibicidoides
assemblage” accompanied by rich bryozoan assemblages
was recorded in the higher energy environment (Holcová &
Zágoršek 2008).
The assemblage in sample GY-1/5 contains many recrys-
tallized probably reworked taxa and rare but well preserved
specimens, mainly cibicidoids which may represent an in-
digenous part of an oryctocoenosis. Therefore, a paleoeco-
logical interpretation based on the whole assemblages can be
biased and a decrease of oxygen content and deepening
(Fig. 7) cannot be expected. Mixing of taxa may cause the
highest diversity of benthic foraminifers. The high abun-
dance of reworked tests characterizes regressive sediments
(Holcová 1999).
Asterigerinata planorbis and Lobatula lobatula dominate
the benthic foraminiferal assemblages; these typical epiphyt-
ic species indicate seagrass meadows (Murray 1991, 2006).
Increases of relative abundance of small Reticulofenestra
and small globigerinids (samples GY-1/6 to GY-1/9) can be
related to floodings at the beginning of the parasequences.
Abundances of the opportunistic species Reticulofenestra
minuta decreasing in line with an increase of the abundance
of Coccolithus pelagicus.
The more diversified bryozoan assemblage, dominated by
shallow water encrusters (see McKinney & Jackson 1989
and Hageman et al. 1997) and tropical elements (Poricella,
Vibracella and Therenia), identified in sample GY-1/8, sug-
gests warmer water conditions compared with the Car-
pathian Foredeep or the Vienna Basin.
Conclusions
Two new Bryozoa species were described in detail and ad-
ditional species, not yet reported from the Transylvanian Ba-
sin, were shortly described and illustrated. After the revision
of Ghiurcă’s (1974) material, altogether 77 species are
known from the section at Gârbova de Sus now.
Foraminiferal and calcareous nannoplankton assemblages
support the paleoenvironmental interpretations and suggest
shallow marine conditions (first tens of meters) and two distinct
paleoenvironmental settings, both in the later part of the Early
Badenian. A high abundance of warm-water planktonic fora-
minifera and the presence of tropical elements among Bryozoa
may indicate the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum.
Acknowledgments: The study was supported by the
Projects GACR 205/09/0103 and the Ministry of Culture of
Czech Republic number DE06P04OMG009. Many thanks
also go to Norbert Vávra from the Department of Palaeontol-
ogy, Vienna University who supported us with fieldwork
(through the FWF-Project P19337-B17) and helpful com-
ments on the paper. We wish to pay tribute to the memory of
Prof. Virgil Ghiurcă. We are also thankful to Stjepan Ćorić
and Norbert Vávra who improved the quality of the paper
with their comments and corrections from their review of the
paper.
References
Báldi K. 2006: Paleoceanography and climate of the Badenian (Mid-
dle Miocene, 16.4—13.0 Ma) in the Central Paratethys based on
foraminifera and stable isotope (
18
O and
13
C) evidence. Int. J.
Earth Sci. (Geol. Rundsch.) 95, 119—142.
Berggren W.A., Kent D.V., Swisher III C.C. & Aubry M.P. 1995: A
revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In:
Berggren W.A., Kent D.V. & Hardenbol J. (Eds.): Geochronolo-
gy, time scale and global stratigraphic correlations: a unified
temporal framework for an historical geology. Soc. Econ. Pale-
ont. Mineralogists, Spec. Publ. 54, 129—212.
Berning B. 2006: The cheilostome bryozoan fauna from the Late
Miocene of Niebla (Guadalquivir Basin, SW Spain): environ-
mental and biogeographic implications. Mitt. Geol.-Paläont.
Inst. Univ. Hamburg 90, 7—156.
Berning B., Tilbrook K.J. & Rosso A. 2008: Revision of the north-
eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean species of the genera Heren-
tia and Therenia (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata). J. Nat. Hist. 42,
21—22, 1509—1547.
Bicchi E., Ferrero E. & Gonera M. 2003: Palaeoclimatic interpreta-
tion based on Middle Miocene planktonic Foraminifera: the
Silesia Basin (Paratethys) and Monferrato (Tethys) records.
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 196, 265—303.
Canu F. 1904: Etude des Bryozoaires tertiaires recueillis en 1885 et
1886 par M. Ph. Thomas dans la region sud de la Tunisie. Ex-
plor. Sci. Tunisie, 1—37.
Cook P.L. 1977: The genus Tremogasterina Canu (Bryozoa, Cheilos-
tomata). Bull. British Mus. (Natur. Hist.), Zoology 35, 103—165.
Ćorić S. & Rögl F. 2004: Roggendorf-1 borehole, a key-section for
Lower Badenian transgressions and the stratigraphic position of
the Grund Formation (Molasse Basin, Lower Austria). Geol.
Carpathica 55, 165—178.
Culver S.J. & Buzas M. 1980: Distribution of recent benthic foramin-
ifera of the North American Atlantic Coast. Smithsonian Contr.
Mar. Sci. 6, 1—512.
Culver S.J. & Buzas M. 1981: Distribution of recent benthic fora-
minifera in the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contr. Mar. Sci.
8, 1—898.
David L. & Pouyet S. 1974: Revision des Bryozoaires Cheilostomes
miocenes du Bassin de Vienne (Austriche). Doc. Lab. Geol.
Fac. Sci. Lyon 60, 83—257.
de Stigter H.C., Jorissen F.J. & van der Zwaan G.J. 1998: Bathymet-
ric distribution and microhabitat partitioning of live (Rose Ben-
gal stained) benthic Foraminifera along a shelf to bathyal
transect in the southern Adriatic Sea. J. Foram. Res. 28, 40—65.
den Dulk M., Reichardt G.J., Memon G.M., Roelofs E.M.P., Zacha-
riasse W.J. & van der Zwaan G.J. 1998: Benthic foraminiferal re-
sponse to variations in surface water productivity and oxygenation
in the northern Arabian Sea. Mar. Micropaleont. 35, 43—66.
den Dulk M., Reichardt G.J., VanHeyst S., Zachariasse J. & van der
Zwaan G.J. 2000: Benthic Foraminifera as proxies of organic
matter flux and bottom water oxygenation? A case history from
the northern Arabian Sea. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeo-
ecol. 161, 337—359.
el Hajjaji K. 1987: Bryozoaires nouveaux du Messinien de Mellilla
(Maroc nord-oriental). Geobios 20, 5, 687—694.
Filipescu S. 1996: Stratigraphy of the Neogene from the western bor-
der of the Transylvanian Basin. Studia Univ. Babe -Bolyai,
Geol. 41, 2, 3—78.
Filipescu S. & Gîrbacea R. 1997: Lower Badenian sea level drop on
the western border of the Transylvanian Basin: foraminiferal
paleobathymetry and stratigraphy. Geol. Carpathica 48, 5,
325—334.
Gábos L. & Ghiurcă V. 1969: Echinide mici din faciesul recifal al
509
NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE BRYOZOA FROM GÂRBOVA DE SUS (ROMANIA)
Tortonianului din Transilvania. Stud. Univ. Babe -Bolyai, Geol.-
Geogr. 2, 81—91.
Ghiurcă V. 1974: Briozoarele tortoniene de la Gârbova de Sus (jud.
Alba) (XI). Stud. Univ. Babe -Bolyai, Geol.-Mineral. 1, 57—62.
Gordon D. 1994: Tertiary Bryozoan genera in the present-day Aus-
tralasian fauna – implications for classification and biogeogra-
phy. Invertebrate Taxonomy 8, 283—298.
Hageman S., Bone Y. & McGowran B. 1997: Bryozoan colonial
growth-forms as paleoenvironmental indicators: Evaluation of
methodology. Palaios 12, 405—419.
Haq B.U. 1980: Biogeographic history of Miocene calcareous nanno-
plankton and paleoceanography of the Atlantic Ocean.
Micropaleontology 26, 4, 414—443.
Hardenbol J., Thierry J., Farley M.B., Jacquin T., de Graciansky P.C.
& Vail P.R. 1998: Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence chronos-
tratigraphic framework of European basins. In: de Graciansky
P.C., Hardenbol J., Jacquin T. & Vail P.R. (Eds.): Mesozoic and
Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy of European basins. SEPM
Spec. Publ. 60, 3—14.
Hayward P.J. & Ryland J.S. 1985: Cyclostome bryozoans. In: Ker-
mack D.M. & Barnes R.S.K. (Eds.): A new series synopses of
the British Fauna. Academic Press, London 34, 1—147.
Herepey K. 1888: A Felsö-Orboi lejtamészröl. Orvos-Természet-
tudományi. Értesitő X, 197.
Hohenegger J. 2005: Estimation of environmental paleogradient val-
ues based on presence/absence data: a case study using benthic
foraminifera for paleodepth estimation. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocli-
matol. Palaeoecol. 217, 115—130.
Hohenegger J., Ćorić S., Khatun M., Pervesler P., Rögl F., Rupp Ch.,
Selge A., Uchman A. & Wagreich M. 2007: Cyclostratigraphic
dating in the Lower Badenian (Middle Miocene) of the Vienna
Basin (Austria) – the Baden-Sooss core. Int. J. Earth Sci.
(Geol. Rundsch.). DOI 10.1007/s00531-007-0287-7.
Holcová K. 1999: Postmortem transport and resedimentation of fora-
miniferal tests: relations to cyclical changes of foraminiferal as-
semblages. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 145,
157—182.
Holcová K. 2009: Response of calcareous nannoplankton assemblag-
es to transgression and regression events in the intramountain
basins (the Oligocene and Early Miocene of the Western Car-
pathians). In: Integrated Studies of evolution, taxonomy, ecolo-
gy and geochemistry. Abstracts of the Foraminifera and
Nannofossil Groups Joint Spring Meeting 2009, Zurich, 37.
Holcová K. & Zágoršek K. 2008: Bryozoa, foraminifera and calcare-
ous nannoplankton as environmental proxies of the “bryozoan
event” in the Middle Miocene of the Central Paratethys (Czech
Republic). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 267, 3,
216—234.
Jorissen F.J., De Stigter H.C. & Widmark J.G.V. 1995: A conceptual
model explaining benthic foraminifera microhabitat. Mar. Mi-
cropaleont. 26, 3—15.
Kaiho K. 1994: Benthic foraminiferal dissolved-oxygen index and
dissolved oxygen levels in the modern ocean. Geology 22,
719—722.
Kaiho K. 1999: Effect of organic carbon flux and dissolved oxygen
on the benthic foraminiferal oxygen index (BFOI). Mar. Micro-
paleont. 37, 67—76.
Koch A. 1900: Die Tertiärbildungen des Beckens der Siebenbürgis-
chen Landestheile. II Neogene Abtheilung, Budapest, 1—370.
Lourens L., Hilgen F., Shackleton N.J., Laskar J. & Wilson D. 2004:
The Neogene period. In: Gradstein F., Ogg J. & Smith A. (Eds.):
A geological time scale. Cambridge University Press, 409—440.
Martini E. 1971: Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nano-
plankton zonation. Proceeding of 2nd Planktonic Conference,
Roma 1970, 739—785.
McKinney F.K. & Jackson J.B.C. 1989: Bryozoan Evolution. Unwin
Hyman, Boston, 1—238.
Murray J.W. 1965: Significance of benthic foraminiferids in plankton
samples. J. Paleontology 39, 56—157.
Murray J.W. 1991: Ecology and paleoecology of benthic Foramin-
ifera. Longman Scientific & Technical, London, 1—397.
Murray J.W. 2006: Ecology and applications of benthic foraminifera.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1—422.
Nicorici E. 1975: Contributions
a
la connaisance des Pectinides
badéniennes de la Roumanie (I). Studia Universitatis Babe -
Bolyai, Geol.-Geogr. 20, 32—37.
Papp A., Cicha I., Seneš J. & Steininger F. 1978: Chronostratigraphie
und Neostratotypen: Miozän der Zentralen Paratethys. Bd. VI:
M4, Badenien (Moravien, Wielicien, Kosovien). VEDA, Bra-
tislava, 1—594.
Pouyet S. 1976: Bryozoaires Cheilostomes du Pliocene d’Aguilas (Es-
pagne meridionale). Nouvelles Archives du Museum d’Histoire
Nat. Lyon 14, 53—82.
Pouyet S. 1997: Les Bryozoaires du Badenien (Miocene Moyen)
d’Olimpow (Pologne). Doc. Lab. Géol. Fac. Sci. Lyon 145, 1—124.
Procházka V.J. 1893: Miocene around Kralice by Náměš na Moravě.
Věst. Královské České Společnosti Nauk, Třída Mathematicko-
Přírodovědná 6, 1—84.
Reuss A.E. 1847: Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiärbeckens.
Ein monographischer Versuch. Naturwiss. Abh. 2, 1, 1—109.
Reuss A.E. 1874: Die fossilen Bryozoen des österreichisch-un-
garischen Miocäns. Denkschr. K. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Nat. Kl.
33, 1, 141—190.
Rögl F., Ćorić S., Harzhauser M., Jimenez-Moreno G., Kroh A.,
Schultz O., Wessely G. & Zorn I. 2008: The Middle Miocene
Badenian stratotype at Baden-Sooss (Lower Austria). Geol.
Carpathica 59, 367—374.
Rupp C. & Hohenegger J. 2008: Paleoecology of planktonic foramin-
ifera from the Baden-Sooss section (Middle Miocene, Badenian,
Vienna Basin, Austria). Geol. Carpathica 59, 425—445.
Sandulescu M., Kräutner H., Borcos M., Nastaseanu S., Patrulius D.,
Stefanescu M., Ghenea C., Lupu M., Savu H., Bercia I. & Mari-
nescu F. 1978: Geological map of Romania 1 : 1,000,000. Inst.
Geol. Geofiz., Bucharest.
Schmid B. 1989: Cheilostome Bryozoen aus dem Badenien (Miozan)
von Nussdorf (Wien). Beitr. Paläont. Österr. 15, 1—101.
Sen-Gupta B.K. & Machain-Castillo M.L. 1993: Benthic foramin-
ifera in oxygen-poor habitats. Mar. Micropaleont. 20, 183—201.
Spezzaferri S. & Ćorić S. 2001: Ecology of Karpatian (Early Mi-
ocene) foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton from Laa an
der Thaya, Lower Austria: a statistical approach. Geol. Car-
pathica 52, 361—374.
Spezzaferri S., Ćorić S., Hohenegger J. & Rögl F. 2002: Basin-scale
paleobiogeography and paleoecology: an example from Karpa-
tian (Latest Burdigalian) benthic and planktonic foraminifera
and calcareous nannofossils from the Central Paratethys. Geo-
bios 35, 1, 241—256.
Vadász E.M. 1915: Mediterranean age echinoderms from Hungary.
(Magyarország mediterran tüskésbörüi.) Geol. Hung. 1, 67—227
(in Hungarian).
van der Zwaan G.J., Jorissen F.J. & DeStigter H.C. 1990: The depth
dependency of planktonic/benthic foraminiferal ratios: con-
straints and applications. Mar. Geol. 95, 1—16.
van Hinsbergen D.J.J., Kouwenhoven T.J. & van der Zwaan G.J.
2005: Paleobathymetry in the backstripping procedure: correc-
tion for oxygenation effects on depth estimates. Palaeogeogr.
Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 221, 3—4, 245—265.
Vávra N. 1974: Cyclostome Bryozoen aus dem Badenien (Mittelmi-
ozän) von Baden bei Wien (Niederosterreich). Neu. Jb. Geol.
Paläont. 147, 343—375.
Vávra N. 1977: Bryozoa tertiaria. In: Zapfe (Ed.): Catalogus Fossili-
um Austriae. Heft Vb/3, 1—210.
à
510
ZÁGORŠEK, FILIPESCU and HOLCOVÁ
Vávra N. 1984: A litoral bryozoan assemblage from the Korytnica
Clays (Middle Miocene, Holy Cross Mountains, Central Po-
land). Acta Geol. Pol. 34, 3—4, 223—237.
von Hagenow F. 1851: Die Bryozoen der Maastrichter Kreidebildung
Vol. pp. 1-xvi, 111. Fischer, Cassel.
Wade B.S. & Bown P.R. 2006: Calcareous nannofossils in extreme en-
vironments: The Messinian Salinity Crisis, Polemi Basin, Cyprus.
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 233, 271—286.
Wang P. & Murray J.W. 1983: The use of Foraminifera as indicators of
tidal effects in estuarine deposits. Mar. Micropaleont. 51, 239—250.
Zágoršek K. 2003: Eocene Bryozoa from Waschberg Zone (Austria).
Beitr. Paläont. 28, 101—263.
Zágoršek K. 2010a: Bryozoa from the Langhian (Miocene) of the
Czech Republic. Part I: Geology of the studied sections, system-
atic description of the orders Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata and
“Anascan” Cheilostomata (Suborders Malacostega Levinsen,
1902 and Flustrina Smitt, 1868). Acta Mus. Nat. Prague, Ser. B,
Hist. Nat. 66, 1—2, 3—136.
Zágoršek K. 2010b: Bryozoa from the Langhian (Miocene) of the
Czech Republic. Part II. Systematic description of the suborder
Ascophora Levinsen, 1909 and paleoecological reconstruction
of the studied paleoenvironment. Acta Mus. Nat. Prague, Ser.
B, Hist. Nat. 66, 3—4, 139—255.
Zágoršek K., Vávra N. & Holcová K. 2007: New and unusual Bryozoa
from the Badenian (Middle Miocene) of the Moravian part of the
Vienna Basin (Central Paratethys, Czech Republic). Neu. Jb.
Geol. Paläont. 243, 201—215.
Zágoršek K., Holcová K. & Třasoň T. 2008: Bryozoan event from
Middle Miocene (Early Badenian) lower neritic sediments from
the locality Kralice nad Oslavou (Central Paratethys, Moravian
part of the Carpathian Foredeep). Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol.
Rundsch.) 97, 835—850.
Zágoršek K., Holcová K., Nehyba S., Kroh A. & Hladilová Š. 2009:
The invertebrate fauna of the Middle Miocene (Lower Badenian)
sediments of Kralice nad Oslavou (Central Paratethys, Moravian
part of the Carpathian Foredeep). Bull. Geosci. 84, 3, 465—496.
511
NEW MIDDLE MIOCENE BRYOZOA FROM GÂRBOVA DE SUS (ROMANIA)
Appendix 1a: List of benthic foraminiferal species and their relative abundances.
GY-1 GY-2 GY-3 GY-4 GY-5 GY-7 GY-8 GY-9
Ammonia beccarii (Linné)
0.00 2.11 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ammonia viennensis (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 3.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45 1.67
Amphistegina bohdanowiczi Bieda
0.00 7.37 6.10 5.06 0.58 24.09 6.86 1.67
Asterigerinata planorbis (d’Orbigny)
0.00 10.53 13.41 21.91 2.50 21.17 25.98 25.56
(?) Bitubulogerina reticulata Cushman
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bolivina antiqua d’Orbigny
0.00 1.05 6.10 3.93 8.67 0.73 1.47 2.78
Bolivina dilatata Reuss
0.00 3.16 0.00 1.69 2.77 0.00 1.96 0.56
Bolivina scalprata Cushman
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.89 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bolivina hebes Macfadyen
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.56
Bolivina plicatella Cushman
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.00 2.22
Bolivina pokornyi Cicha & Zapletalova
0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 2.89 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bolivina sp. (recrystallized)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.21 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bulimina elongata d’Orbigny
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.96 1.11
Bulimina striata d’Orbigny
0.00 1.05 2.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cassidulina laevigata d’Orbigny
0.00 3.16 6.10 2.25 4.05 1.46 4.41 4.44
Cibicidoides lopjanicus (Mjatluk)
0.00 22.11 20.73 26.40 8.67 0.00 3.21 17.22
Cibicidoides austriacus (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73 0.00 0.98 0.00
Cibicidoides pachyderma (Rzehak)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.49 4.29 0.00
Cibicidoides ungerianus (d’Orbigny)
0.00 8.42 2.44 2.81 4.62 1.46 0.00 1.11
Coryphostoma digitalis (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.00
Elphidium fichtellianum (d’Orbigny)
0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56
Elphidium cf. subtypicum Papp
0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.15 1.11
Elphidium macellum Fichtel & Moll
0.00 11.58 4.88 5.06 2.89 5.11 4.01 0.00
Elphidium rugosum (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.33
Elphidium sp. (juvenile)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00
Eponides repandus (Fichtel & Moll)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fursenkoina acuta (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00 0.00
Globocassidulina oblonga (Reuss)
0.00 1.05 1.22 1.69 1.16 1.46 0.98 1.11
Hansenisca soldanii (d’Orbigny)
0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.73 0.00 0.00
Hanzawaia boueana (d’Orbigny)
0.00 1.05 0.00 3.93 1.16 1.46 0.00 0.00
Heterolepa dutemplei (d’Orbigny)
0.00 4.21 1.22 1.12 1.73 5.84 3.43 2.22
Hoeglundina elegans (d’Orbigny)
0.00 1.05 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Karreriella chilostoma (Reuss)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00
Lagena hexagona Williamson
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00
Lapugyina schmidi Popescu
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lenticulina inornata (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.66 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lenticulina sp. (juvenile)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00
Lobatula lobatula (Walker & Jacob)
0.00 10.53 19.51 12.03 13.87 13.14 20.10 24.44
Melonis pompiloides (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 2.89 0.73 0.98 1.11
Nonion commune (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 1.22 0.56 0.00 2.19 0.49 1.11
Nonion sp.
0.00 2.11 3.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.94 2.78
Pararotalia aculeata (d’Orbigny)
0.00 1.05 0.00 1.69 0.00 0.00 0.49 2.22
Planostegina costata (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.00
Porosononion granosum (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Pullenia bulloides (d’Orbigny)
0.00 1.05 0.00 0.56 1.16 0.00 0.49 0.00
Reussella spinulosa (Reuss)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00
Rosalina obtusa d’Orbigny
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.89 0.00 0.00 0.00
Rosalina sp.
0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sigmavirgulina tortuosa (Brady)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00
Siphonina reticulata (Czjzek)
0.00 1.05 1.22 0.00 1.36 0.73 0.00 0.00
Spirorutilus carinatus (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 0.00 5.62 0.58 0.73 0.49 0.00
Stilostomella elegans (d’Orbigny)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 0.73 0.00 0.56
Textularia gramen d’Orbigny
0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.00 4.38 3.92 0.00
Textularia sp.
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Trifarina bradyi Cushman
0.00 1.05 0.00 0.56 2.89 0.00 0.98 0.56
Uvigerina macrocarinata Papp & Turnovsky
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Uvigerina pygmoides Papp & Turnovsky
0.00 0.00 0.00 1.12 7.51 0.00 0.00 0.00
Valvulineria complanata (d’Orbigny)
0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Turborotalita quinqueloba (Natland) group
0 10 19 0 0 39 5 52
Globigerina praebulloides Blow group
0 48 28 49 62 0 95 0
Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny
0 3 0 0 0
28 0
23
(?) Globoturborotalita druryi (Akers)
0 0 0 0 0
22 0 3
Globigerinoides bisphericus Todd
0 4
16 4 3 0 0 0
Globigerinoides quadrilobatus (d’Orbigny)
0 0 5
10 0 0 0 3
Globigerinoides trilobus (Reuss)
0 20 12 16 19 0 0 3
Orbulina suturalis Bronnimann
0 0 0 0
10 11 0 0
Globigerinella regularis (d’Orbigny)
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Paragloborotalia mayeri (Cushman & Ellisor)
0 5
15 21 4 0 0
11
Globorotalia bykovae (Aisenstat)
0 8 0 0 1 0 0 5
Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman & Jarvis)
0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0
Globigerinita uvula (Ehrenberg)
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
P/B-ratio
0 28.57 20.39 14.83 32.42 11.61 8.11 15.89
512
ZÁGORŠEK, FILIPESCU and HOLCOVÁ
Appendix 2: List of calcareous nannoplankton species and their relative abundances.
GY-1 GY-2 GY-3 GY-4 GY-5 GY-7 GY-8 GY-9
Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich)
Schiller
3.92 15.24 29.03 37.14 18.27 9.52 20.37 33.93
Reticulofenestra minuta Roth
86.27 79.05 61.29 55.24 79.33 85.71 75.93 62.50
Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus (Gartner) Gartner
1.96 2.86 4.84 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Cyclicargolithus abisectus (Müller) Wise
0.00
1.90
1.61
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Reticulofenestra bisecta (Hay) Roth
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.79
Cyclicargolithus floridanus (Roth & Hay) Bukry
0.00 0.00 1.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Helicosphaera carteri (Wallich) Kamptner
0.00 0.95 0.00 0.95 0.48 0.00 1.85 0.00
Helicosphaera walbersdorfensis (Müller) Theodoridis
1.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44 0.00 0.00 0.00
Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sphenolithus heteromorphus Deflandre
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.79
Pontosphaera multipora (Kamptner) Roth
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.00 1.85 0.00
Micrantholithus sp.
0.00 0.00 0.00 1.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Thoracosphaera sp.
5.88 0.00 1.61 1.90 0.00 4.76 0.00 0.00
ra
re
ra
re
ve
ry
ra
re
com
m
on
ab
un
da
nt
ra
re
ra
re
ra
re