GeolCarp_Vol60_No4_307

www.geologicacarpathica.sk

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, AUGUST 2009, 60, 4, 307—318 doi: 10.2478/v10096-009-0022-3

Introduction

The studied area is located southwest and southeast of
Seyitgazi town which lays about 40 km to the south of
Eski ehir city (western Turkey) (Fig. 1). Petrascheck
(1963), Ak

(1967), Özkaya (1976), Sunder (1980),

Gözler et al. (1985), Kulaks

z & Philips (1985), Özcan

et al. (1989), Kibici (1990), Sar

iz (1990), Özgenç

(1993), Çoban (1994), Da˘g et al. (1994), Genço˘glu &

Irkeç (1994), Kado˘glu (1994), Karaka & Varol (1994),

Kibici et al. (1994), Altunel & Barka (1998) have con-
ducted various studies on the hydrogeology and indus-
trial raw material potential in the vicinity of the study
area.

Biostratigraphic studies in successions of the Ilerd-

ian-Cuisian  unit  of  the  Eski ehir region  focused  on
larger  foraminifers,  particularly  Alveolinidae  (Dizer
1964;  Özgen  Erdem  et  al.  2007).  Numerous  calcare-
ous  algae,  which  previously  had  not  been  studied,
have been found in some of the analysed foraminiferal
limestones.  These  algal  materials,  Bryopsidales  and
Dasycladales, are the subjects of our two-article study.
In  this  paper  representatives  of  the  family  Halimeda-
cae (Bryopsidales) will be presented.

Geological setting

Location and stratigraphy

The studied area is situated on Anatolide-Tauridae

Block, south of the

I zmir – Ankara Suture Zone. This

Anatoliacodium

gen. nov. (Halimedaceae, Green algae) from

the Ilerdian-Cuisian in the Eski ehir region

(Western Central Turkey)

NAZIRE ÖZGEN ERDEM

and RAJKA RADOICIC

Cumhuriyet University, Department of Geological Engineering, 58140 Sivas, Turkey; nozgen@cumhuriyet.edu.tr

Kralja Petra I 38, 11000 Beograd, Serbia; rradoicic@sezampro.yu

(Manuscript received June 5, 2008; accepted in revised form December 18, 2008)

Abstract: A new genus Anatoliacodium (Halimedaceae, Green algae) is described from the Ilerdian-Cuisian shallow-
water sediments of Eski ehir region, central-western Turkey. These sequences consist of limestones, clayey limestones,
sandy limestones and claystones. Anatoliacodium gen. nov. is characterized by erected calcareous segments with well
differentiated inner structure: prevailing with large medulla of more or less densely set parallel filaments and cortical
zone of prevailing horizontal to subhorizontal cortical filaments, once branching and without constriction. It is sup-
posed that poorly and rarely preserved noncalcareous structures on the skeleton surface could be reproductive struc-
tures. The type species of the new genus is Anatoliacodium xinanmui gen. nov. sp. nov. A further new species is also
described: Anatoliacodium merici gen. nov. sp. nov. Finally Gymnocodium nummuliticum Pfender, 1966 is emended
and transferred to the genus Anatoliacodium.

Key words: Tertiary (Ilerdian—Cuisian), Turkey, Anatolia, new taxa (new genus and new species, emended species),
green algae, Halimedaceae.

Fig. 1. Location map of the investigated area.

308

ÖZGEN ERDEM and RADOICIC

region was named the Tav anl

Zone by Okay (1986) and

Kütahya-Bolkarda˘g

Tectonic Belt by Özcan et al. (1989).

The basement rocks consist of cherty-dolomitic limestones
of Triassic—Cretaceous age. Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleo-
cene ophiolitic rocks overlie the basement unit tectonically
(Özcan et al. 1989).

The ophiolite unit is unconformably overlain by a shallow

water Ilerdian-Cuisian unit, which is also unconformably
overlain by tuffite and lacustrial limestones of Late Miocene
age. The Upper Miocene unit is followed by Lower Pliocene
volcano-sediments and Upper Pliocene-Quaternary tuff, ag-
glomerate, basalt and alluvium, respectively.

The Ilerdian-Cuisian unit and stratigraphic sections

The shallow water Ilerdian-Cuisian unit is largely distrib-

uted in the southern Eski ehir region, central Anatolia. It is
observed  as  large  and  widespread  outcrops  to  the  southeast
of Seyitgazi town and as small and scattered outcrops to the
southwest.  The  unit  is  formed  by  limestones,  sandy  and
clayey limestones and claystones. Characteristic components
of this unit are foraminiferal and algal limestones with abun-
dant  larger  foraminifers,  particularly  Alveolina  assemblage

(Özgen Erdem et al. 2007). In some levels algal flora is also
found.

The present Halimedacean inventory is based mainly on

limestones outcropping in the Yan

k and Kozyaka sec-

tions. They are also found in the K

latepe and Sar

bay

sections (Fig. 1).

Yan

k section, measured in northeast of Yan

k hill

which  is  situated southeast  of  Seyitgazi  town  (4  343  250  lati-
tude, 318 400 longitude) is the type locality of Anatoliacodium
xinanmui gen. nov. sp. nov. This section, on which only Early-
Middle  Ilerdian  levels  outcrop,  is  composed  of  limestones,
sandy  and  marly  limestones.  The  foraminiferal  assemblage  of
the  22 m  thick  Early  Ilerdian  consists  of  Idalina  sinjarica
Grimsdale,  Glomalveolina  karsica  Sirel,  G.  lepidula  (Schwa-
ger), A. ellipsoidalis Schwager. The 30 m thick Middle Ilerdian
is characterized by G. lepidula (Schwager), A. moussoulensis
Hottinger, Alveolina decipiens Schwager and Orbitolites com-
planatus  Lamarck.  This  section  is  rather  poor  in  algal  flora.
The type level of Anatoliacodium xinanmui gen. nov. sp. nov.
falls within the interval 24 to 27 meters. A. xinanmui gen. nov.
sp. nov. is associated with  G. lepidula (Schwager), A. mous-
soulensis Hottinger,  Alveolina decipiens Schwager and Orbi-
tolites complanatus Lamarck in its type level (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Yan

k measured section.

The Kozyaka section, mea-

sured  1 km  west  of  Kozyaka
village (4 360 900 latitude, 294
200  longitude),  is  the  type  lo-
cality of Anatoliacodium meri-
ci  gen.  nov.  sp.  nov.  In  this
section, the Early-Late Ilerdian
levels are 47 m thick and char-
acterized  by  Idalina  sinjarica
Grimsdale, Glomalveolina kar-
sica Sirel, G. lepidula (Schwa-
ger), A. ellipsoidalis Schwager,
A. moussoulensis Hottinger,  A.
minervensis  Hottinger,  A.  laxa
Hottinger, A. aragonensis Hot-
tinger.  The  Early  Cuisian  is
21 m  thick  and  represented  by
G. minutula (Reichel), A. cana-
varii  Checchia-Rispoli  and  A.
ruetimeyeri Hottinger. Anatoli-
acodium  merici  gen.  nov.  sp.
nov.  is  distributed,  at  places,
through  the  Ilerdian  and  also
the

Early

Cuisian

levels

(Fig. 3).

Material and methods

The algal materials, Bryo-

psidales and Dasycladales, are
collected

four

sections

(Yan

k, Kozyaka, K

latepe

and Sar

bay

r) and from some

small outcrops of Ilerdian-Cui-
sian. The foraminiferal assem-

309

ANATOLIACODIUM GEN. NOV. FROM THE ILERDIAN-CUISIAN ESKI EHIR REGION (TURKEY)

blages are studied on some 239 thin slides while algae were
present only in 130 thin slides. N. Erdem (NE) collection is
housed in the collection of the Cumhuriyet University, De-
partment of Geological Engineering (Sivas-Turkey). Eight
thin slides RR4301-4307 Rajka Radoicic collection from the
K

latepe (sample K.8) and Sar

bay

r (samples Sas. 1 and

Sas. 15) sections are deposited in the Geological Institute in
Beograd, Serbia.

All algae have been studied in thin sections. In all the Iler-

dian-Cuisian limestones analysed, algae are a transported
component; some of them are broken and poorly preserved.
Therefore many sections remain unidentified.

Systematic paleontology

Order: Bryopsidales

Family: Halimedaceae Link, 1832

Three species of halimedacean algae, which are present in

the Ilerdian-Lower Cuisian algal limestones of the Seyitgazi

region, particularly attracted our attention: Gymnocodium
nummuliticum Pfender and two others are introduced as new
species. They all share the same structural characteristics,
distinct from those of Halimeda genus, giving the reason to
introduce the new genus:

Anatoliacodium gen. nov.

T y p e - s p e c i e s : Anatoliacodium xinanmui gen. nov. sp. nov.
O r i g i n o f n a m e : Referring to Anatolia, central Turkey.

The study area of Seyitgazi region is situated in the central-
western part of Anatolia.

D i a g n o s i s : The thallus is formed of erect calcareous seg-

ments:  elongated  cylindrical,  stocky  or  irregular  cylindrical,
branched  or  non-branched.  The  well-differentiated  inner  seg-
ment structure consists of a usually large medulla and the corti-
cal  zone.  The  medulla  is  formed  by  more  or  less  densely  set
parallel  filaments;  radial  filaments  of  the  cortical  zone  are  at
right or nearly at right angle, straight, with no constrictions. The
organization of filaments in the cortical zone is characterized by
single branched filaments. Each branch gives rise to tufts of 3—5
gradually enlarged distal filaments terminating on the skeleton

Fig. 3. Kozyaka measured section.

310

ÖZGEN ERDEM and RADOICIC

surface  in  a  spherical-subspherical  swelling.  The  uncalcified
swellings  (reproductive  structures?)  around  the  skeleton  sur-
face of fertile segments can be, in distinct circumstances, fos-
silized.  The  primary  calcification  of  the  cortical  and  the
medulla zone can be equal or of different grade. The primary
calcification of the medulla is generally weak or even lacking.
It depends on the intrafilamentous space i.e. the density of fil-
aments.

R e l a t i o n s h i p s : The genus Anatoliacodium gen. nov.

differs from the Halimeda genus by the inner organization of
segments, having a medulla with slightly denser parallel fila-
ments; having the cortical zone with once branching,
straight, radial filaments, with no constrictions, gradually en-
larged, terminating on the skeleton surface by the more or
less pronounced swellings (reproductive structure?).

D i s c u s s i o n : External reproductive structures are not

known  in  fossil  Halimedaceae.  According  to  Mu  (1994,
p. 149), they “have no potential for fossilization”. The repro-
ductive  structures  of  recent  species  are  outside  of  skeleton
position. Late maturity and release stage are both short time
processes.  In  some  recent  Halimeda  species  it  occurs  in  36
hours  (Hillis  1994,  p. 184)  followed  by  the  death  of  the
plant.  The  question  is  under  what  circumstances  can  fossil-
ization of these uncalcified reproductive structures occur?

In the studied Anatolian material we found a few specimens

of  Anatoliacodium  nummuliticum  bearing,  around  the  skele-
ton, barely-discernible, uncalcified structures developed grad-
ually  from  cortical  filaments;  they  form  extra-skeletal
termination of the cortical filaments. These structures are dif-
ferent  from  the  delicate  external  reproductive  structures  (ga-
metangia)  of  recent  Halimeda.  The  hypothesis  of  their
reproductive function is based on data obtained from the spec-
imens of Anatoliacodium nummuliticum illustrated on the part
of  Fig. 7.1  and  7.3  (gametangia?)  and  also  from  the  same
poorly  preserved  extra-skeletal  structures  in  Anatoliacodium
xinanmui gen. nov. sp. nov. (Fig. 8.7 and 8.8). An alternative
hypothesis  that  they  are  vegetative  structures  should  not  be
excluded. The available data call for further study.

The preservation of these uncalcified, extra-skeletal struc-

tures occurs as follows: the death of the plant as a result of
abiotic factors during the brief late-maturity stage, just be-
fore the last reproductive structures were released, and
favourable postmortem circumstances.

Anatoliacodium xinanmui gen. nov. sp. nov.

Fig. 4.1—4; Fig. 8.7—8

O r i g i n o f n a m e : The species is dedicated to Prof. Dr.

Xinan Mu, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, for his contribution
to knowledge of algal flora, particularly Gymnocodiacean
and Udoteacean algae.

H o l o t y p e : Transversal slightly-oblique section with nu-

merous well-preserved, densely-set medullary filaments
shown in Fig. 4.2, thin slide: NEA7a (sample A7), Nazire
Erdem collection, deposited at the Department of Geological
Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.

I s o t y p e s : Longitudinal oblique section shown in

Fig. 4.1 and some fragments in the same thin slide.

T y p e l o c a l i t y a n d a g e : Yan

k hill section, south-

east of Seyitgazi, Middle Ilerdian.

D i a g n o s i s : Large calcareous, elongated, cylindrical seg-

ments up to 1.5—2 mm in diameter and more than 4.25 mm
long,  with  large  medulla  and  relatively  thin  cortical  zone
(d/D  to  0.69 %).  100  to  120  densely  set  parallel  medullary
filaments, 0.05 mm in diameter, were not primarily calcified.
Radial  cortical  filaments  horizontal,  straight  and  distally
slightly  enlarged,  terminating  outside  the  skeleton  in  swell-
ings approximately 0.045 mm in diameter.

R e m a r k s : In transversal sections of relatively well pre-

served segments, the medulla zone usually occurs as densely
set micrite pores. The minimal intrafilamentous space in the
longitudinal sections occurs as thin discontinuous calcite
lines. Swellings on the skeleton surface rarely preserved
(Fig. 8.7 and 8.8).

R e l a t i o n s h i p s : This is the Anatoliacodium gen. nov.

with the largest segments consisting of a massive medulla
zone with numerous filaments approximately twice the num-
ber observed in Anatoliacodium merici gen. nov. sp. nov.

D i s t r i b u t i o n : Anatoliacodium xinanmui gen. nov. sp. nov.

is also present in the Ilerdian-Middle Cuisian limestones in the
K

latepe and Sar

bay

r sections (Fig. 4.3 and 4.4).

Anatoliacodium merici gen. nov. sp. nov.

Fig. 5.1—7; Fig. 8.1—3

1989 Halimeda nana Pia – Kuss & Leppig, fig. 2d, non b, p. 322

O r i g i n o f n a m e : This species is dedicated to Prof. Dr.

Engin Meriç, for his contribution to micropaleontological re-
search.

H o l o t y p e : The subaxial-oblique section of the segment

shown in Fig. 5.1, thin slide NES4a (sample S.4), Nazire Er-
dem collection deposited at the Department of Geological
Engineering, Cumhuriyet University in Sivas.

I s o t y p e s : Specimens from the same thin slide, one of

them illustrated in Fig. 6.3.

T y p e l o c a l i t y a n d a g e : Kozyaka section, 1 km west

of Kozyaka village, Seyitgazi region, western Anatolia, Tur-
key, Early Ilerdian.

D i a g n o s i s : Stocky subcylindrical calcareous segments,

0.710—1.2 mm  in  diameter.  Internal  structure  clearly  differ-
entiated  into  large  medulla  and  cortex  zone  (d/D  0.57 %  to
0.62 %);  40  to  60  poorly  calcified  parallel  medullary  fila-
ments 0.045—0.055 mm in diameter give rise to straight lat-
eral filaments, horizontal-subhorizontal in the middle part of
the segment, slightly oblique at the ends. Short proximal fil-
aments of the cortical zone ramified into tufts of four or five
distal  filaments.  Gradually  enlarged  distal  filaments  termi-
nate with swelling which, on the skeleton surface, leave open
pores 0.22—0.33 mm in diameter.

D e s c r i p t i o n : In the studied material only isolated seg-

ments  are  found,  some  relatively  well  preserved.  Even,  in
cases  when  the  internal  structure  of  segments  is  not  com-
pletely  obliterated  by  recrystallization,  or  slightly  obliterat-
ed,  it  is  possible  to  distinguish  two  zones  –  the  large
medulla  and  the  cortical  zone.  In  the  tangential  cut  of  the
lower part of the segment in Fig. 5.1 (holotype) the tufts with

313

ANATOLIACODIUM GEN. NOV. FROM THE ILERDIAN-CUISIAN ESKI EHIR REGION (TURKEY)

four and five distal filaments are visible (arrows). Gradual
enlargement of distal filaments (pores) is also evident (long
arrow, on the right), from deep toward the shallow tangential
section.

Distribution of Anatoliacodium merici gen. nov. sp. nov. in

the Kozyaka section is given in Fig. 3. The species is also
present in sediments of the same age in the K

latepe section.

Anatoliacodium nummuliticum (Pfender, 1966),

comb. nov., emend

Fig. 6.1—8; Fig. 7.1—4

1966 Gymnocodium nummuliticum Pfender – Pfender & Massieux,

p. 119—121, pl. 4, figs. 1—5, pl. 5, figs. 1, 11, non pl. 4, figs. 6, 7

The species was introduced by Pfender (in Pfender & Mas-

sieux 1966) from the Lower Lutetian of Gebel Galala North-
ern  Egypt,  as  “forme  peu  pr`es  cylindrique,  massive,  ne
présentant  jamais  d’étranglement  d’article  in  connection”.
The resemblance of the new species to Permian Gymnocodi-
um  bellerofontis  was  particularly  emphasized.  The  attribu-
tion  of  these  fossils  to  the  genus  Gymnocodium  was  not
accepted  by  Massieux  (1966b,  p. 144).  Massieux  supposed
that G. nummuliticum is a poorly preserved example of Hali-
meda. Roux & Deloffre (1990, p. 125), discussing the same
matter, considered that “il n’y a pas, actuellement, de Gym-
nocodiaceae observées dans le Tertiaire”.

Gymnocodium nummuliticum was not typified by Pfender

(1966) or by Massieux (1966b). On this occasion, we pro-
pose to lectotype the section in

pl. 5, fig. 1 belonging to the

collection Cuvillier, housed in the Laboratoire de Micropalé-
ontologie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris.

Kuss & Lieppig (1989, p. 317) have identified some strong-

ly recrystallized individuals in the “Furcoporella facies” from
the Upper Paleocene—Lower Eocene of the Galala Formation
in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, as “individuals previously de-
scribed as Gymnocodium nummuliticum”. Therefore, this spe-
cies was transferred in Dasycladales as junior synonym of
Furcoporella duplicata. Recrystallized individuals of the
“Furcoporella facies” are most probably Furcoporella.

The species is illustrated in Pfender & Massieux (1966) on

pl. 4, figs. 1—7, and on pl. 5, figs. 1 and 11. The specimen in
pl. 4,  fig. 7  is  not  the  same  taxon.  This  is  the  longitudinal-
oblique  section  of  a  fairly  recrystallized  dasycladalean  arti-
cle,  probably  of  a  sterile  Cymopolia  article.  As  for  figs. 3
and 6, the affiliation to Anatoliacodium nummuliticum is du-
bious.

Original material presented by Pfender and Massieux

(Collection Cuvillier) is more or less recrystallized. The in-
ternal structure is fairly obliterated throughout, although it is
possible  to  identify  two  zones,  the  medullary  and  cortical.
The medullary pores are visible on the specimen in pl. 4, fig. 5
(transversal section, fragment). The section in pl. 5, fig. 1 is a
transversal section through the basal parts of two segments –
just through the bifurcation area before the medulla division.
The  Anatolian  material  is  better  preserved.  The  sections  in
Fig. 6.1  and  6.3,  through  the  basal  part  of  the  branching,
showing well preserved medullary pores, correspond entirely
to those of the original material selected as lectotype.

D i a g n o s i s : The thallus consists of cylindrical, non-

branching,  dichotomously  (common)  or  trichotomously
branched  segments  with  well-differentiated  medulla  and  cor-
tex. In transversal sections, the segments have a circular or ir-
regular-subcircular form. Segment diameter is 0.52—0.62 mm
on  average,  the  smallest  segments,  representing  youngest
stages, are 0.45 mm in diameter; the largest segments, seem-
ingly  belonging  to  the  basal  part  of  the  thallus,  are  up  to
0.77 mm. 12—25 medullary filaments (d = 0.20—0.45 mm) are
parallel to each other as well as to the segment axis. Filaments
of the cortical zone not numerous, three or four in a tuft, sub-
horizontal to slightly oblique, flaring out gradually and ending
with a swelling on the skeleton is outer surface.

The biometric value of the Anatolian material shows good

accordance with the Egyptian specimens given by Pfender
(in Pfender & Massieux 1966).

Reproductive structures?

The uncommon swelling on the transversal section in

Fig. 7.1 (d = 0.012 mm; arrow), different from the other ex-
tra-skeletal structures of the same section, is probably not
part of this alga. Swellings around this skeleton in the lower
part of the figure are barely discernible (in some of them a
few “grains” are present). The same structures are also pre-
served around the skeleton in Fig. 7.3 (arrow).

Pervaded entirely by cyanobacteria, the recrystallized

skeleton in Fig. 7.2 is in an advanced stage of disintegration.
The presence of the same poorly preserved structures around
this skeleton cannot be neglected, especially those on the
right part of the figure.

D i s t r i b u t i o n : In the Kozyaka section Anatoliacodium

nummuliticum is present in the interval of 8—68 meters (be-
tween S4 and S27 samples), described as Ilerdian-Early Cui-
sian  (Fig. 3).  It  is  not  frequent,  occurring  predominantly  as
segment fragments. The observed longest skeleton is 2.8 mm
(two connected recrystallized long fragments). The algal asso-
ciation consists of  Anatoliacodium merici gen. nov. sp. nov.,
other  Halimedacean  algae  and  different  dasycladales,  pre-
dominantly species of the genus Belzungia. In the Sar

bay

and the K

latepe sections, Anatoliacodium nummuliticum

occurs in the sediments of the same age.

R e m a r k s : Elliott (1972, p. 359) in a discussion on Di-

mophosiphon H

eg, 1927 writes: “The striking resemblance

between the Ordovician Dimorphosiphon and the later
Halimeda (Cretaceous—Recent) was discussed by H

eg in his

original description (H

eg 1927) and has been noted by all

subsequent researchers (e.g. Johnson 1961). The long
straight coarse medullary threads and divergent finer lateral
threads of the Ordovician genus are surprisingly reminiscent
to those of the more familiar and widely-distributed Halime-
da”. Subsequently, Elliott explains the important points of
differences between two genera.

Halimeda? sp.

Fig. 8.4—6

A few stick-like segments, partly obliterated by recrystalli-

zation, found in the Sar

bay

r and K

latepe section, de-

317

ANATOLIACODIUM GEN. NOV. FROM THE ILERDIAN-CUISIAN ESKI EHIR REGION (TURKEY)

scribed in Halimeda are the same species illustrated in pl. 2,
fig. 3  by  Massieux  (1966b)  from  the  Egyptian  Eocene  with
Belzungia  silvestrii.  In  the  text  to  fig. 3,  this  fossil  is  not
mentioned,  but  in  fig. 6  (designs  by  Pfender)  similar  stick-
like segments are described in Halimeda.

Halimeda? sp. occurs in algal association with Anatoliaco-

dium nummuliticum, Anatoliacodium merici gen. nov. sp. nov.
and Cymopolia sp.

Genus: Ovulites (Lamarck, 1801) Lamarck, 1816

Ovulites margaritula (Lamarck, 1801) Lamarck, 1816

1966a Ovulites margaritula (Lamarck, 1801) Lamarck, 1816 – Mas-

sieux, pl. 1, figs. 1—4, p. 241, text 1

1983 Ovulites margaritula (Lamarck, 1801) Lamarck, 1816 – Bassou-

llet et al., pl. 12, figs. 3, 5, 9, p. 543—544

Rare mostly recrystallized Ovulites segments up to 2.870 mm

in diameter, found in Kozyaka and K

latepe sections, are at-

tributed to this species. Ovulites margaritula occurs in as-
sociation with Anatoliacodium merici gen. nov. sp. nov.
and A. nummuliticum.

Conclusion

This paper is the first record on algal flora in the Ilerdian-

Cuisian of the Seyitgazi (Eski ehir) region in central Anato-
lia.  The  unit  is  mainly  formed  by  limestones  and
sandy-clayey  limestones.  Halimedacean  and  dasycladalean
algae  are  the  common  component  in  foraminiferal  lime-
stones in this area. While halimedaceans are characteristical-
ly  dominated  by  Anatoliacodium  species,  dasycladaleans
show a predominance of Belzungia species. Anatolian algae
flora is closely comparable (seven common genera) to those
of the Egyptian Eocene.

Acknowledgment: We are indebted to Professor Xinan Mu
of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing for his helpful
suggestions. Thanks are also due to the Council of Scientific
Research Projects of Cumhuriyet University (CUBAP).

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