GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, OCTOBER 2008, 59, 5, 425—445
www.geologicacarpathica.sk
Paleoecology of planktonic foraminifera from the Baden-Sooss
section (Middle Miocene, Badenian, Vienna Basin, Austria)
CHRISTIAN RUPP
1
and JOHANN HOHENEGGER
2
1
Geological Survey of Austria, Neulinggasse 38, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; christian.rupp@geologie.ac.at
2
Institute of Paleontology, Vienna University, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; johann.hohenegger@univie.ac.at
(Manuscript received December 13, 2007; accepted in revised form June 12, 2008)
Abstract: A quantitative analysis was carried out on the planktonic foraminiferal fauna from the scientific Baden-Sooss
core, located at the Badenian type locality near Baden (Lower Austria). Counts were performed on groups, mainly on the
generic level. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction was based on foraminiferal groups (indicator species) obtained by cluster
analysis and on ordination methods. The most important faunal groups are Globorotalia, “five-chambered globigerinids”
and “four-chambered globigerinids”; Globigerinoides, Globoquadrina, Globigerinella, Globigerinita, Turborotalita,
Globoturborotalita and orbulinids are well represented. Detrended Correspondence Analysis resulted in three significant
axes. The most explanatory first axis is high positively correlated with the groups “five-chambered globigerinids”, “cold
and cold-temperate plankton” and abundance; it is thus interpreted as a temperature related factor, indicating cold shallow
water masses. Cluster analysis revealed four groups, which are interpreted as clusters indicating cold water- (Cluster 3),
temperate water- (Cluster 1) and warm water-faunas (Cluster 2 and partly Cluster 4). The analysis resulted in the recon-
struction of sea temperature fluctuations and several cold-water ingressions into the moderately warm Badenian Sea.
Key words: Middle Miocene, Lower Badenian, Central Paratethys, Vienna Basin, multivariate statistics, planktonic
foraminifera.
Introduction
The Vienna Basin is part of the Neogene Paratethys basin sys-
tem (Steininger & Wessely 2000) and is situated at the junc-
tion of the Eastern Alps and the Western Carpathians
(Fig. 1a). It is a classic pull-apart basin (Strauss et al. 2006)
evolved in the Early Miocene and filled by Lower to Middle
Miocene (mainly Karpatian to Pannonian) sediments with
Badenian sediments as a major constituent (Hohenegger et al.
2008; Wagreich et al. 2008).
The scientific Baden-Sooss core (Fig. 1b) was drilled close
to the Badenian stratotype, the former Baden-Sooss brickyard
(Rögl et al. 2008) and is made up of bioturbated marls (hemi-
pelagites, “Badener Tegel”) with rare intercalations of con-
glomerates, sand layers (tempestites) and a tuff layer
(Wagreich et al. 2008) of Early Badenian (Upper Lagenidae
Zone) age (Fig. 2).
Since the 19
th
century benthic and planktonic foraminifera
from the “Badener Tegel” have been of great importance for
micropaleotologists (Rögl et al. 2008). In the last century the
rich microfaunas from the Baden-Sooss brickyard were bios-
tratigraphically analysed (Papp & Steininger 1978), but no de-
tailed paleoecological studies concerning the Baden-Sooss
microfaunas were performed. At the beginning of the new
century, more attention was paid to quantitative analyses and
paleoecological interpretation of Badenian planktonic fora-
miniferal faunas from the Austrian Molasse Zone (Mandic et
al. 2002; Rögl & Spezzaferri 2003; Spezzaferri 2004).
The goal of the present study is to reconstruct the paleoenvi-
ronmental conditions of the Badenian Sea during the Early
Badenian within the interval represented by the 102 m deep
Baden-Sooss core by means of quantitative planktonic fora-
miniferal analyses. An important tool to detect changes in en-
vironmental parameters and to reconstruct paleoenvironments
is the analysis of planktonic foraminiferal distribution pat-
terns. Modern biogeographic patterns show a close relation
between planktonic foraminifera and physical, chemical and
biological parameters of the different water masses recorded
in oceans (Zachariasse & Spaak 1983).
Ecological data, established for recent species and genera,
constitute the basis for interpreting fossil assemblages. The
most convincing distribution patterns of recent planktonic for-
aminifera are latitudinal related patterns (Be & Hutson 1977).
Therefore temperature preferably controls the distribution of
planktonic foraminifera. This idea was confirmed by laborato-
ry experiments (Bijma et al. 1990). Consequently, stenotherm
species and genera are thought to be useful for defining water
masses of different temperatures.
Various indices and proxies like diversity indices (Buzas
1979) are powerful additional tools for the paleoecological in-
terpretation of planktonic foraminiferal faunas. Multivariate
statistical analysis was performed to divide the obtained fau-
nas into groups of higher similarity and to find possible trends
and latent gradients.
Material and methods
The intensively bioturbated, marly hemipelagites of the
“Badener Tegel” are typical of the Lower Badenian cored by
the Baden-Sooss borehole. The conglomeratic and sandy in-
tercalations of tempestitic origin (Wagreich et al. 2008) are
rare and not indicative for the sedimentary environment of the
“Badener Tegel” and thus not considered in this study. Sam-
426
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
Fig. 1. a – Tectonic sketch map of the
Vienna Basin (modified from Decker
1996, and Wagreich & Schmid 2002)
and location of the studied borehole
Sooss. b – Schematic sedimentologi-
cal log of the borehole Sooss from 6 m
to 102 m (Hohenegger et al. 2008).
Fig. 2. Lower to Middle Miocene stratigraphic chart, including calibrated planktonic events by Lourens et al. (2004b), based on the time
scale of Lourens et al. (2004a); FO = first occurrence, LO = last occurrence. Base of Langhian according to the FO of Praeorbulina sicana,
according to EEDEN Project at the base of chron C5Cn.1r. 3
rd
-order sequences of Haq et al. (1988) are re-calculated according to ATNTS
(Hohenegger et al. 2008).
427
PALEOECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE BADEN-SOOSS SECTION (BADENIAN, AUSTRIA)
ples of the “Badener Tegel” were taken at distances of 2.5 m
to 3.6 m along the core. Quantitative analyses of planktonic
foraminiferal faunas were carried out on 36 samples from
8.4 m to 101.8 m. The sample treatment is described in Báldi
& Hohenegger (2008), the residues > 125 µm were split using
a modified Kennard & Smith microsplitter (Rupp 1986) and
all planktonic foraminifera of the subsample were picked.
Since planktonic foraminifera are highly variable and species
definitions are often not adequate to exactly discriminate the
different species, the picked specimens were counted on the
generic level (Table 1) including some artificial groups like
“four-chambered globigerinids” (see taxonomic notes). Addi-
tionally, all identified species were noted in order to gain a
presence/absence list on specific level (Table 2). Broken spec-
imens with the initial part were counted as “undetermined”, if
an assignment to any “generic” category was impossible,
smaller fragments without the initial part were neglected. Rel-
ative abundances of these groups were plotted against core-
depth (Figs. 3—4) and provide the basic information for com-
paring the groups with the requirements and tolerances of their
modern equivalents.
As faunal parameters show additional environmental trends,
the following parameters were calculated for characterizing
the faunal composition (Fig. 5):
“Abundance” was obtained by standardizing the count of
planktonic specimens through the dry weight of the washed
sediment. “Diversity” was measured using the Simpson Di-
versity Index (Hammer & Harper 2005). The number of speci-
mens within every species group was calculated in
percentages of the total number and transformed by the arc-
sine-root transformation (Parker & Arnold 1999) for further
linear statistical treatment. Temperature related groups of fora-
minifera have been established and used as paleotemperature
indices (Spezzaferri & Ćorić 2001; Bicchi et al. 2003) in order
to detect temperature fluctuations. “Warm and warm-temper-
ate” as well as “cold and cold-temperate” elements were ex-
m
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8.40
0.00
16.23
0.33
11.26
36.92
0.99
0.17
0.00
0.00
20.20
0.00
13.08
0.00
0.83
11.21
2.05
3.69
0.82
0.00
26.02
5.94
4.30
5.12
0.00
17.83
0.20
31.76
0.00
2.25
14.81
0.33
39.51
0.00
0.00
8.03
3.28
1.80
4.75
0.00
16.56
0.00
25.57
0.00
0.16
17.61
0.00
10.40
0.00
13.37
40.10
0.33
0.66
1.16
0.00
12.54
0.00
14.36
0.00
7.10
20.02
0.79
11.39
0.00
0.79
22.59
0.39
3.34
1.18
0.00
17.09
0.00
40.47
0.00
1.96
23.61
1.48
1.59
0.11
40.11
22.86
2.86
6.88
0.95
0.00
20.95
0.00
1.59
0.00
0.63
26.41
1.12
0.67
0.00
0.07
6.35
85.20
1.12
0.37
0.00
1.94
0.00
0.60
0.00
2.54
30.01
0.23
0.47
0.06
0.00
13.95
40.64
4.24
0.47
0.00
2.62
0.00
35.87
0.00
1.45
34.41
0.19
2.79
0.00
0.00
17.87
34.87
1.15
1.15
0.00
5.19
0.19
35.54
0.00
1.06
37.61
2.39
22.99
7.46
4.48
5.37
9.55
5.37
4.78
0.00
28.96
0.30
8.06
0.00
0.30
40.01
4.15
13.97
8.30
6.77
8.08
9.61
15.07
1.97
0.00
11.79
2.18
17.25
0.00
0.87
42.41
1.32
13.78
8.67
8.05
6.81
22.60
3.64
11.84
0.08
11.92
0.00
10.29
0.00
1.01
45.01
0.00
14.05
1.67
2.34
7.69
32.61
7.53
6.69
0.00
15.55
0.00
10.03
0.00
1.84
47.6
0.19
2.09
19.96
3.99
14.83
32.89
6.46
4.56
0.00
9.51
0.00
2.28
0.00
3.23
50.01
0.00
2.61
17.33
1.16
32.04
12.97
15.30
5.42
0.77
6.20
0.00
5.03
0.00
1.16
52.01
0.00
10.58
6.65
0.55
30.43
10.58
13.30
10.25
0.00
5.02
0.00
4.14
0.00
8.51
55.01
0.00
0.72
16.71
1.45
37.04
11.25
5.20
12.37
0.00
4.14
0.00
6.78
0.00
4.34
57.61
0.15
11.61
0.05
2.38
9.63
40.50
2.58
0.20
0.00
4.37
0.00
28.54
0.00
0.00
60.01
2.29
0.85
2.94
1.57
32.30
20.39
0.69
0.60
0.00
6.33
0.06
30.73
0.00
1.25
62.61
0.33
5.98
6.83
1.04
26.20
0.33
4.94
0.91
0.00
3.38
0.00
49.09
0.00
0.98
65.01
0.30
4.30
1.14
0.72
25.16
0.06
3.23
5.98
0.00
2.87
0.12
55.29
0.00
0.84
67.60
0.10
3.86
1.06
0.00
24.30
0.00
5.59
2.60
0.00
0.68
0.00
61.23
0.00
0.58
70.01
0.12
2.93
3.80
1.62
20.26
0.19
0.94
7.29
0.06
2.43
0.00
59.10
0.00
1.25
72.60
0.00
15.21
5.12
0.25
17.69
0.41
2.23
9.83
0.00
1.49
0.00
46.94
0.00
0.83
75.03
0.00
15.05
12.04
0.65
23.76
0.22
0.43
0.75
0.00
1.29
0.00
45.48
0.00
0.32
77.60
0.09
18.84
8.51
3.44
26.00
0.00
1.09
5.25
0.00
2.36
0.00
32.70
0.00
1.72
80.04
0.00
37.04
2.57
0.12
20.78
0.00
0.12
1.34
0.00
4.89
0.00
33.01
0.00
0.12
82.63
5.95
17.18
5.61
3.57
27.55
0.00
0.51
2.72
0.00
3.40
0.00
32.99
0.00
0.51
85.01
2.73
10.36
12.73
7.09
10.73
4.18
0.55
8.36
0.00
8.73
0.00
32.55
0.00
2.00
87.61
0.19
6.68
19.27
9.16
14.50
0.57
0.76
19.85
0.00
2.86
0.00
24.24
0.00
1.91
90.01
0.52
4.39
5.02
4.28
21.21
0.42
0.52
12.23
0.00
1.78
0.00
49.01
0.00
0.63
92.60
0.00
5.00
4.11
3.23
17.85
35.19
3.23
2.65
0.00
2.06
0.00
26.16
0.00
0.51
95.01
0.00
2.35
10.47
0.84
22.45
43.72
2.68
3.60
0.00
1.93
0.00
11.39
0.08
0.50
97.61
0.00
0.71
3.55
0.71
32.07
36.80
6.46
1.18
0.00
1.42
0.00
16.08
0.00
1.02
100.01
0.00
1.08
0.83
0.47
15.76
26.98
5.41
1.48
0.00
0.36
0.00
47.62
0.00
0.00
101.81
0.00
4.16
16.40
0.12
15.30
12.97
0.61
4.53
0.00
0.49
0.00
44.80
0.00
0.61
Table 1: Relative abundances of species groups.
428
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
pressed in percentages of the total planktonic foraminiferal
fauna, afterwards arcsine-root transformed for further statisti-
cal analyses.
Grouping of samples into classes that are homogeneous in
their faunal composition was performed by Ward’s Method
(Figs. 6, 7; Table 3) based on Squared Euclidean Distances
(McCune & Mefford 1999) with a subsequent determination
of species that are indicative for the obtained clusters (Dufrêne
& Legendre 1997). To prevent distortion of linear relations
normally gained in analyses reducing the multidimensional
character space into a few axes, Detrended Correspondence
Analyses (DECORANA; Hill & Gauch 1980) were used to
represent the configuration of samples and genera in a few-di-
mensional system of axes (Figs. 6, 8, 9).
Simple statistical analyses were calculated with MS Excell,
while for complex analyses the program packages SPSS
(2006) and PC-ORD (McCune & Mefford 1999) were used.
Results
Distribution of the species groups
The following species were grouped into the species groups
discussed (see also taxonomic notes):
– Clavatorella: C. sturanii.
– “Four-chambered globigerinids”: Globigerina bul-
loides, G. concinna, G. diplostoma, G. eamesi, G. prae-
Table 2: Presence absence list of species.
m
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st
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m
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at
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tr
an
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ylv
an
ic
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ar
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acr
os
tom
a
8.40
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
11.21
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
14.81
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
17.61
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
20.02
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
23.61
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
26.41
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
30.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
34.41
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
37.61
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
40.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
42.41
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
45.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
47.60
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
50.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
52.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
55.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
57.61
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
60.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
62.61
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
65.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
67.60
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
70.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
72.60
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
75.03
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
77.60
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
80.04
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
82.63
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
85.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
87.61
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
90.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
92.60
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
95.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
97.61
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
100.01
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
101.81
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
429
PALEOECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE BADEN-SOOSS SECTION (BADENIAN, AUSTRIA)
bulloides, G. pseudociperoensis.
– “Five-chambered globigerinids”: Globigerina ott-
nangiensis, G. sp., G. tarchanensis.
– Globigerinella: G. regularis.
– Globigerinita: G. glutinata, G. uvula.
– Globigerinoides: G. apertasuturalis, G. bisphericus, G.
quadrilobatus, G. trilobus.
– Globoquadrina: G. altispira, G. cf. altispira.
– Globorotalia: G. bykovae, G. transsylvanica.
– Globoturborotalita: G. brazieri, G. connecta, G. druryi,
G. woodi.
– Orbulinids: Orbulina suturalis, Praeorbulina glomero-
sa circularis.
– Paragloborotalia: P. acrostoma.
– Tenuitellinata: T. angustiumbilicata.
– Turborotalita: T. quinqueloba, T. cf. quinqueloba.
Three species groups are the most important elements and
dominate the planktonic foraminifera of the Baden-Sooss core
(Table 1):
Globorotalia
(Fig. 3; Table 1):
This is the most abundant genus in the Baden-Sooss core.
Globorotalia dominates 17 of the 36 samples with relative
abundances > 50 % between 65.01 m and 70.01 m. Very low
abundances are found between 50.01 m and 47.60 m and from
23.61 m to 26.41 m.
“Four-chambered globigerinids” (Fig. 3; Table 1):
The morphological group “four-chambered globigerinids”
is the second important constituent in the studied samples. It
dominates 6 samples; relative abundances vary considerably
reaching > 40 % at 17.61 m.
“Five-chambered globigerinids” (Fig. 3; Table 1):
This morphological group is the third in order of important
planktonic foraminifera and dominates 9 samples. It is abun-
dant between 90.01 m and 101.81 m and between 26.41 m
and 62.61 m, dominating the planktonic foraminiferal fauna
with 85 % at 26.41 m.
Seven species groups are subdominant to common; three of
them occasionally dominate a planktonic foraminiferal sample
(Table 1):
Globigerinoides
(Fig. 3; Table 1):
The genus Globigerinoides dominates 2 samples and is a
common element within the Baden-Sooss assemblages. It
reaches high percentages around 14.81 m, 37.61 m and 80 m.
Globoquadrina
(Fig. 4; Table 1):
Fig. 3. Species groups Globorotalia, “four-chambered globigerinids”, “five-chambered globigerinids” and Globigerinoides. Relative abun-
dances plotted versus core-depth.
430
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
The genus Globoquadrina does not exceed relative frequen-
cies of 20 % reaching maxima at 47.60 m and 87.61 m. It is
very rare in the upper part of the core (from 34.41 m upwards).
Globigerinella
(Fig. 4; Table 1):
This genus is present in almost all samples, often with more
than 10 %, reaching nearly 20 % at 87.61 m.
Globigerinita
(Fig. 4; Table 1):
In the lower part of the Baden-Sooss core this genus is
present only in lower numbers. Globigerinita becomes more
abundant from 47.60 m upwards, reaching a maximum of
29 % at 37.61 m. After a short decline, it again reaches rela-
tive frequencies around 20 % between 8.40 m and 23.61 m.
Turborotalita
(Fig. 4; Table 1):
Except in samples from 40.01 m and 50.01 m with ~15 %,
the genus Turborotalita is present in low percentages.
Globoturborotalita
(Fig. 4; Table 1):
This group is sporadically present only in the upper part of
the core at percentages of > 10 %, with 40 % (!) at 23.61 m.
Orbulinids (Fig. 4; Table 1):
Orbulinids are known to be rare components of planktonic
foraminiferal faunas. They never exceed 6 % (at 82.63 m)
within the Baden-Sooss samples.
The groups Clavatorella, Paragloborotalia and Tenuitelli-
nata are not discussed, being represented only by a few spec-
imens.
Faunal parameters and paleoclimatic indices
Abundance (Fig. 5):
The well-preserved planktonic foraminiferal faunas of the
Baden-Sooss core show extreme fluctuations in abundance
measured in tests per gram. Remarkably low abundances be-
low 200 tests per gram are found from 80.04 m to 85.01 m,
45.01 m to 47.60 m, 37.61 m to 40.01 m, at 20.02 m and from
8.40 m to 14.81 m.
Diversity (Fig. 5):
Since counts were taken on genera, diversity is lowered
compared to the species level. Consequently, diversity mea-
sures stressing the number of variables (species) like the Mar-
galef Index will be less informative. Therefore, the Simpson
Index, which rather stresses the “evenness” of a population,
was used. Along the core, the Simpson Index is high where
abundance is low, which can be seen around 85.01 m,
40.01 m and 11.21 m. In contrast, it is low where abundance is
high, as is best seen at 26.41 m.
Paleoclimatic indices:
According to Spezzaferri (1992) and Bicchi et al. (2003),
planktonic foraminifera were grouped by their paleoclimatic
significance as follows: warm water indicators are orbulinids,
Globigerinoides and Globoquadrina, with Globigerinella as a
warm-temperate indicator. Indicators for cold-temperate wa-
ters are Globoturborotalita and Globorotalia while “four-
Fig. 4. Species groups Globoquadrina, Globigerinella, Globigerinita, Turborotalita, Globoturborotalita and orbulinids. Relative abun-
dances plotted versus core-depth.
431
PALEOECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE BADEN-SOOSS SECTION (BADENIAN, AUSTRIA)
chambered globigerinids”, Turborotalita and “five-cham-
bered globigerinids”, which are lumped together with Tur-
borotalita in most ecological and paleoecological studies
(e.g. Kroon et al. 1988), hint at cold water. Globigerinita is
considered tolerant to temperature (Hilbrecht 1996; Li et al.
1999).
– “Warm and warm-temperate plankton” group
(Fig. 5): This faunal group reaches values of > 20 % be-
tween 72.60 m and 90.01 m, 37.61 m and 55.01 m and
at 40.81 m.
– “Cold and cold-temperate plankton” group (Fig. 5):
This group shows high values with more than 80 % be-
tween 92.60 m and 100.01 m, 57.61 m and 70.01 m and
between 26.41 m and 43.41 m.
Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA)
According to results of the DECORANA (Figs. 6, 8, 9)
there are three gradients characterizing the faunal succession
along the Baden-Sooss core.
DECORANA axis 1 (Fig. 6):
This axis has a coefficient of determination of 0.492 and is
the most explanatory axis. It shows positive values from
92.60 m to 101.81 m, from 40.01 m to 60.01 m and from
26.41 to 34.41 m.
DECORANA axis 2 (Fig. 6):
This axis has a coefficient of determination of 0.195. With a
few exceptions (85.01 m, 82.63 m, 57.61 m) this gradient
shows negative values in the lower part of the core. Positive
values can be detected between 37.61 m to 47.60 m, while
axis values are almost positive to highly positive in the upper-
most core, with an exception at 11.21 m.
DECORANA axis 3 (Fig. 6):
This axis has a coefficient of determination of 0.096. It
shows positive values almost in the lower (at 101.81 m, from
85.01 m to 97.61 m and from 70.01 m to 77.60 m) and middle
parts (between 47.60 m and 55.01 m and at 42.41 m) of the
core. With the exception of 23.61 m, it is negative from
40.01 m upwards.
Correlations (Table 4)
Correlations (Pearson’s correlation coefficient) were calcu-
lated between species groups, faunal parameters and paleocli-
matic indices. Furthermore, correspondence of species groups,
faunal parameters and paleoclimatic indices to DECORANA
gradients were calculated.
Globorotalia:
Being the most abundant genus in our material, high propor-
tions of Globorotalia influence the diversity as expressed in a
Fig. 5. Abundance, diversity, relative abundances of the groups “warm and warm-temperate plankton” and “cold and cold-temperate plank-
ton” plotted versus core-depth.
432
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
negative correlation with diversity indices. This species group is
also high negatively correlated with the group “five-chambered
globigerinids”, Globigerinita and Turborotalita. It is also signifi-
cantly negatively correlated with the three DECORANA axes.
Table 3: Faunal groups and clusters, including indicator values.
“Four-chambered globigerinids”:
This group does not significantly correlate with any of the
herein considered groups, except the significant negative cor-
relation with “five-chambered globigerinids”.
m
O
rb
ulin
id
s
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
oi
de
s
G
lo
bo
qu
adr
in
a
Gl
ob
ot
ur
bo
ro
ta
lita
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
a
fo
ur
-c
ham
b.
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
a fiv
e-c
ha
m
b.
T
ur
bo
rot
al
ita
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
el
la
Cl
av
at
or
el
la
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
ita
Te
nui
te
ll
in
at
a
Gl
ob
or
ot
al
ia
P
ar
agl
obo
ro
ta
lia
Cluster 1:
8.40
0.00 16.23 0.33 11.26 36.92 0.99 0.17 0.00 0.00 20.20 0.00 13.08 0.00
17.61
0.00 10.40 0.00 13.37 40.10 0.33 0.66 1.16 0.00 12.54 0.00 14.36 0.00
23.61
1.48 1.59 0.11 40.11 22.86 2.86 6.88 0.95
0.00 20.95 0.00 1.59
0.00
Ind. value
4
14
1
38
19
6
10
3
0
23
0
9
0
Cluster 2a:
37.61
2.39 22.99 7.46 4.48 5.37 9.55 5.37 4.78
0.00 28.96 0.30 8.06
0.00
40.01
4.15 13.97 8.30 6.77 8.08 9.61 15.07 1.97
0.00 11.79 2.18 17.25
0.00
42.41
1.32 13.78 8.67 8.05 6.81 22.60 3.64 11.84 0.08 11.92 0.00 10.29 0.00
45.01
0.00 14.05 1.67 2.34 7.69 32.61 7.53 6.69
0.00 15.55 0.00 10.03
0.00
47.6
0.19 2.09 19.96 3.99 14.83 32.89 6.46 4.56
0.00 9.51 0.00 2.28
0.00
Ind. value
22
18
19
18
9
24
21
17
3
21
25
9
0
Cluster 2b:
50.01
0.00 2.61 17.33 1.16 32.04 12.97 15.30 5.42
0.77 6.20 0.00 5.03
0.00
52.01
0.00 10.58 6.65 0.55 30.43 10.58 13.30 10.25 0.00 5.02 0.00 4.14 0.00
55.01
0.00 0.72 16.71 1.45 37.04 11.25 5.20 12.37
0.00 4.14 0.00 6.78
0.00
Ind. value
0
10
24
8
19
18
26
21
26
12
0
7
0
Cluster 3a:
30.01
0.23 0.47 0.06 0.00 13.95 40.64 4.24 0.47
0.00 2.62 0.00 35.87
0.00
34.41
0.19 2.79 0.00 0.00 17.87 34.87 1.15 1.15
0.00 5.19 0.19 35.54
0.00
57.61
0.15 11.61 0.05 2.38 9.63 40.50 2.58 0.20
0.00 4.37 0.00 28.54
0.00
60.01
2.29 0.85 2.94 1.57 32.30 20.39 0.69 0.60
0.00 6.33 0.06 30.73
0.00
92.60
0.00 5.00 4.11 3.23 17.85 35.19 3.23 2.65
0.00 2.06 0.00 26.16
0.00
95.01
0.00 2.35 10.47 0.84 22.45 43.72 2.68 3.60
0.00 1.93 0.00 11.39
0.08
97.61
0.00 0.71 3.55 0.71 32.07 36.80 6.46 1.18
0.00 1.42 0.00 16.08
0.00
100.01
0.00 1.08 0.83 0.47 15.76 26.98 5.41 1.48
0.00 0.36 0.00 47.62
0.00
Ind. value
5
8
7
5
14
33
14
8
0
9
3
17
13
Cluster 3b:
26.41
1.12 0.67 0.00 0.07 6.35 85.20 1.12 0.37
0.00 1.94 0.00 0.60
0.00
Cluster 4a:
11.21
2.05 3.69 0.82 0.00 26.02 5.94 4.30 5.12
0.00 17.83 0.20 31.76
0.00
14.81
0.33 39.51 0.00 0.00 8.03 3.28 1.80 4.75
0.00 16.56 0.00 25.57
0.00
20.02
0.79 11.39 0.00 0.79 22.59 0.39 3.34 1.18
0.00 17.09 0.00 40.47
0.00
80.04
0.00 37.04 2.57 0.12 20.78 0.00 0.12 1.34
0.00 4.89 0.00 33.01
0.00
Ind. value
14
23
2
1
14
5
11
12
0
20
4
18
0
Cluster 4b:
62.61
0.33 5.98 6.83 1.04 26.20 0.33 4.94 0.91
0.00 3.38 0.00 49.09
0.00
65.01
0.30 4.30 1.14 0.72 25.16 0.06 3.23 5.98
0.00 2.87 0.12 55.29
0.00
67.60
0.10 3.86 1.06 0.00 24.30 0.00 5.59 2.60
0.00 0.68 0.00 61.23
0.00
70.01
0.12 2.93 3.80 1.62 20.26 0.19 0.94 7.29
0.06 2.43 0.00 59.10
0.00
72.60
0.00 15.21 5.12 0.25 17.69 0.41 2.23 9.83
0.00 1.49 0.00 46.94
0.00
75.03
0.00 15.05 12.04 0.65 23.76 0.22 0.43 0.75
0.00 1.29 0.00 45.48
0.00
77.60
0.09 18.84 8.51 3.44 26.00 0.00 1.09 5.25
0.00 2.36 0.00 32.70
0.00
82.63
5.95 17.18 5.61 3.57 27.55 0.00 0.51 2.72
0.00 3.40 0.00 32.99
0.00
90.01
0.52 4.39 5.02 4.28 21.21 0.42 0.52 12.23
0.00 1.78 0.00 49.01
0.00
Ind. value
12
15
15
8
15
1
11
15
1
8
1
23
0
Cluster 4c:
85.01
2.73 10.36 12.73 7.09 10.73 4.18 0.55 8.36
0.00 8.73 0.00 32.55
0.00
87.61
0.19 6.68 19.27 9.16 14.50 0.57 0.76 19.85
0.00 2.86 0.00 24.24
0.00
101.81
0.00 4.16 16.40 0.12 15.30 12.97 0.61 4.53
0.00 0.49 0.00 44.80
0.00
Ind. value
12
13
27
17
11
11
6
23
0
9
0
18
0
433
PALEOECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE BADEN-SOOSS SECTION (BADENIAN, AUSTRIA)
“Five-chambered globigerinids”:
This group significantly correlates with total abundance
and the DECORANA axis 1. Significant negative cor-
relations are to diversity, Globigerinoides, “four-cham-
bered globigerinids” and extremely negative to
Globorotalia and the group “warm and warm-temperate
plankton”.
Globigerinoides:
This genus correlates highly positively with the group
“warm and warm-temperate plankton”, positively with
Globigerinita, but highly negatively with the group “cold
and cold-temperate plankton”, abundance and the DECO-
RANA axis 1, and weaker negatively with “four-cham-
bered globigerinids” and the DECORANA axis 3.
Globoquadrina:
This genus is highly positively correlated with Globi-
gerinella, diversity, the group “warm and warm-temperate
plankton” and the DECORANA axis 3. The positive cor-
relation with Clavatorella is meaningless because of the
low numbers of the latter genus. It is negatively correlated
with the group “cold and cold-temperate plankton”.
Globigerinella:
Globigerinella is highly positively correlated with
Globoquadrina, the group “warm and warm-temperate
plankton” and the DECORANA axis 3. It is more weakly
positively correlated with diversity and highly negatively
with the group “cold and cold-temperate plankton”.
Globigerinita:
This genus is highly positively correlated with Glo-
boturborotalia, diversity and the DECORANA axis 2 and
more weakly positively correlated with Globigerinoides
and orbulinids. It is high negatively correlated with
Globorotalia, the group “cold and cold-temperate plank-
ton” and abundance.
Turborotalita:
Turborotalita is highly positively correlated with the
very rare Clavatorella and Tenuitellinata, more weakly
positively correlated with diversity and high negatively
correlated with Globorotalia.
Globoturborotalita:
This genus is highly positively correlated with Globi-
gerinita and the DECORANA axis 2, and negatively cor-
related with Globorotalia.
Orbulinids:
This group is highly positively correlated with the very
rare Tenuitellinata and more weakly positively with Glo-
bigerinita. It is negatively correlated with abundance.
Abundance:
This faunal parameter correlates highly positively with
the groups “cold and cold-temperate plankton” and “five-
chambered globigerinids” and the DECORANA axis 1,
Table 4:
Table
of
correlation
(Pearson
correlation
coefficient).
0.
38
9 =
h
igh
ly
co
rre
la
te
d
0.
29
2 =
c
or
re
lat
ed
0.
05
1
= n
ot
c
orr
el
at
ed
DE
CORANA 1
DE
CORANA 2
DE
CORANA 3
ab
undanc
e
dive
rsit
y
Orb
ulin
ids
Glob
iger
in
oide
s
Globo
quadr
ina
Glob
otur
boro
tali
ta
Glob
iger
in
a 4 c
ham
b.
Glob
iger
in
a 5 c
ham
b.
Tu
rbo
rot
alita
Glob
iger
in
ella
Clav
ator
ella
Glob
iger
in
ita
Ten
uite
llin
ata
Glob
orot
alia
warm+
wte
mp.
cold+
cte
mp.
abunda
nc
e 0
.3
89
–0
.351
0.
11
1
–0
.391
–0
.299
–0
.530
–0
.1
08
–0.1
85
0.
14
9
0.
39
1
–0
.06
0
0.
09
7
–0
.065
–0
.620
–0
.250
–
0.
150
–0
.4
40
0.
63
0
di
versit
y
–0
.3
28
0.
29
2
0.
33
7
–0
.391
0.
22
3 0.
25
4
0.
40
3
0.
20
3
0.
06
3
–0
.399
0.
32
6 0.
33
5
0.
12
8
0.
39
2
0.
24
4
–0
.312
0.
52
1 –
0.6
21
O
rb
ulin
id
s
–0
.0
94
0.
26
9
–0
.1
36
–0
.299
0.
22
3
0.
13
0
–0.
011
0
.1
76
–0.
160
–0
.126
–0
.0
69
–0
.085
–0
.095
0.
28
1
0.
47
7
–0
.0
91
0.
16
4
–0
.2
53
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
oi
de
s
–0
.458
0.
13
7
–0
.312
–0
.530
0.
25
4 0.
13
0
–0
.135
–
0.
063
–0
.239
–0
.377
–0
.1
72
–
0.
013
–0
.122
0.
36
3
0.
08
9 –0
.0
25
0.
68
1 –
0.6
96
G
lo
bo
qu
adr
in
a
–0
.071
–
0.
140
0.
85
0
–0
.108
0.
40
3
–0
.011
–
0.
135
–0.0
66
–0
.0
06
–0
.1
20
0.
18
6
0.
53
3
0.
32
4
–0
.2
02
0.
03
8 –0
.2
25
0.
56
8
–0
.384
Gl
ob
ot
ur
bo
ro
ta
lita
–0
.158
0.
82
3
0.
20
6 –0
.1
85
0.
20
3
0.
17
6 –0
.0
63
–0
.0
66
0.
07
9
–0
.2
12
0.
05
7
–0
.0
13
–0
.0
56
0.
46
0
0.
05
3
–0
.370
0.
06
5 –
0.1
61
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
a
4 ch
am
b.
–0
.316
0.
05
1 0.
14
4 0.
14
9 0.
06
3
–0
.1
60
–0
.2
39
–0
.0
06
0
.07
9
–
0.
369
0.
00
7 –0
.1
12
0.
18
1 –0
.1
37
–0
.2
48
0.
02
2
–0
.2
35
0.
21
1
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
a
5 ch
am
b.
0.
97
2
–0
.018
–
0.
070
0.
39
1 –0
.3
99
–0
.126
–0
.377
–0
.120
–
0.
212
–0
.369
0.
06
5 –0
.2
76
–0
.0
21
–0
.2
04
–0
.0
52
–0
.4
05
–0
.4
46
0.
45
4
T
ur
bo
rot
al
ita
0.
21
2 0.
12
9
0.
20
1
–0
.0
60
0.
32
6
–0
.0
69
–0
.1
72
0.
18
6
0.
05
7
0.
00
7
0.
06
5
0.
02
4
0.
48
5
0.
16
4
0.
47
9 –0
.4
08
–0
.022
–
0.
099
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
el
la
–0
.246
–
0.
130
0.
61
2
0.
09
7
0.
33
5
–0
.085
–
0.
013
0.
53
3
–0.0
13
–0
.1
12
–0
.2
76
0.
02
4
0.
06
9 –0
.1
03
–0
.1
07
–0
.0
50
0.
59
0 –
0.4
55
Cl
av
at
or
el
la
0.
06
1 –0
.0
06
0.
31
5
–0
.0
65
0.
12
8
–0
.0
95
–0
.1
22
0.
32
4
–0
.056
0.
18
1
–0.
021
0.
48
5
0.
06
9
–0
.0
23
–0
.0
47
–0
.2
09
0.
08
0 –
0.0
56
Gl
ob
ig
er
in
ita
–0
.124
0.
72
8
–0
.243
–0
.6
20
0.
39
2
0.
28
1 0.
36
3
–0
.202
0.
46
0
–0
.1
37
–0
.2
04
0.
16
4
–0
.1
03
–0
.0
23
0.
19
2
–0
.457
0.
16
3
–0
.592
T
en
ui
te
llin
ata
0.
00
7 0.
11
4
–0
.1
47
–0
.2
50
0.
24
4
0.
47
7
0.
08
9
0.0
38
0
.0
53
–0.
248
–0
.052
0.
47
9
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434
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
high negatively with Globigerinoides, Globigerinita, the
group “warm and warm-temperate plankton” and diversity,
more weakly negatively with orbulinids and the DECORA-
NA axis 2.
Diversity:
Diversity correlates highly negatively with abundance, but
also with the groups “cold and cold-temperate plankton” and
“five-chambered globigerinids”. It correlates negatively with
Globorotalia. Diversity correlates highly positively with the
group “warm and warm-temperate plankton”, Globoquadrina
and Globigerinita, positively with Globigerinella and Tur-
borotalita.
“Warm and warm-temperate plankton” group:
On the one hand, this faunal group is highly positively cor-
related with Globigerinoides, Globigerinella, Globoquadrina
and diversity and more weakly positively correlated with the
DECORANA axis 3. On the other hand, it correlates high neg-
atively with the “cold and cold-temperate plankton” group, the
DECORANA axis 1, “five-chambered globigerinids” and
abundance.
“Cold and cold-temperate plankton” group:
This group correlates highly positively with abundance,
“five-chambered globigerinids”, DECORANA axis 1 and
more weakly positively with Globorotalia. Negative correla-
tion is found with Globoquadrina and the DECORANA
axis 2. Correlation is highly negative with the “warm and
warm-temperate plankton” group, Globigerinoides, Globige-
rinita, Globigerinella and diversity; a negative correlation
also exists with Globoquadrina and the DECORANA axis 2.
DECORANA axis 1:
This axis is highly positively correlated with the groups
“five-chambered globigerinids”, and “cold and cold-temperate
plankton” and with abundance. Highly negative correlations
exist with Globorotalia, Globigerinoides and the “warm and
warm-temperate plankton” group; it is also negatively corre-
lated with “four-chambered globigerinids” and diversity.
DECORANA axis 2:
This axis is correlated highly positively with Globoturboro-
talita and Globigerinita, more weakly positively with diversi-
ty, more weakly negatively with abundance and the “cold and
cold-temperate plankton” group and highly negatively with
Globorotalia.
DECORANA axis 3:
This axis is correlated highly positively with Globoquad-
rina and Globigerinella, positively with diversity, Clavator-
ella and with the group “warm and warm-temperate
Fig. 6. Clusters 1 to 4 and DECORANA axis 1 to 3 plotted versus core-depth.
435
PALEOECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE BADEN-SOOSS SECTION (BADENIAN, AUSTRIA)
plankton”. It is correlated negatively with Globigerinoides
and Globorotalia.
Cluster analysis
The obtained clusters order the samples with respect to the
most abundant groups involved in this study (Figs. 6, 7; Table 3):
Cluster 1:
Cluster 1 groups the samples 8.40 m, 17.61 m and
23.61 m. High indicator values are given for Globoturboro-
talita, Globigerinita and “four-chambered globigerinids”,
they are the most abundant elements within this cluster. The
faunas of this cluster are positively stressed by the DECO-
RANA axis 2 (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8. Detrended Correspondence Analysis: Samples and species groups scaled by DECORANA axis 1 versus DECORANA axis 2.
Fig. 7. Cluster analysis: Dendrogram of sample clusters (Ward’s Method, based on Squared Euclidean Distances).
436
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
Fig. 9. Detrended Correspondence Analysis: Samples and species groups scaled by DECORANA axis 1 versus DECORANA axis 3.
Cluster 2 is divided into two subclusters (Fig. 7):
Subcluster 2a contains the samples from 37.61 m,
40.01 m, 42.41 m, 45.01 m, and 47.60 m. High indicator
values are found for “five-chambered globigerinids”, orbu-
linids, Globigerinita and Turborotalita. The faunas are dom-
inated either by the group “five-chambered globigerinids” or
by Globigerinoides, which also possesses a moderately high
indicator value.
Subcluster 2b contains the samples 50.01 m, 52.01 m and
55.01 m. High indicator values are given for Turborotalita,
Globoquadrina, Globigerinella and the group “four-cham-
bered globigerinids”, which dominates the samples of this
subcluster. The faunas of this cluster are highly diverse. Most
of them are loaded weakly positive by DECORANA axis 1
(Fig. 8), some by DECORANA axis 2 (Fig. 8) and even some
by DECORANA axis 3 (Fig. 9).
Cluster 3 is also divided into two subclusters (Fig. 7):
Subcluster 3a comprise samples 30.01 m, 34.41 m,
57.61 m, 60.01 m, 92.60 m, 95.01 m, 97.61 m and 100.01 m.
These faunas are dominated by the group “five-chambered
globigerinids”, which also has the highest indicator value. Be-
sides this group, Globorotalia and the group “four-chambered
globigerinids” are important elements of these faunas.
Subcluster 3b yields the outstanding sample 26.41 m. This
fauna is highly dominated by the group “five-chambered glo-
bigerinids”. Cluster 3 is partly highly positively loaded by the
DECORANA axis 1 (Fig. 8).
Cluster 4 is subdivided into three subclusters (Fig. 7):
Subcluster 4a groups the samples 11.21 m, 14.81 m,
20.02 m and 80.04 m. Globigerinoides, Globigerinita and
Globorotalia possess high indicator values; together with the
“four-chambered globigerinids” they constitute the most im-
portant groups within these faunas.
Subcluster 4b is made up of the samples 62.61 m, 65.01 m,
67.60 m, 70.01 m, 72.60 m, 75.03 m, 77.60 m, 82.63 m and
90.01 m. These faunas are highly dominated by Globorotalia,
which also has the highest indicator value. The group “four-
chambered globigerinids” and, to a lesser extent, Globiger-
inoides are important elements of these faunas.
Subcluster 4c comprises the samples 85.01 m, 87.61 m, and
101.81 m. Here, Globoquadrina and Globigerinella have the
highest indicator values, although Globorotalia is once again
the most important element of these faunas. Globorotalia
dominates almost all Cluster 4 faunas. Most of the faunas are
negatively loaded by the DECORANA axis 1 (Fig. 8). Many
of them, especially those of Subcluster 4b, are loaded nega-
tively by the DECORANA axis 2 (Fig. 8) and many of them,
especially those of Subcluster 4c, are loaded positively by the
DECORANA axis 3 (Fig. 9).
Discussion
The foraminiferal groups
Globorotalia, mainly represented by G. bykovae, shows
negative correlations to almost all the other variables. This
might be due to a different habitat preferred by this group.
Since G. scitula, related to G. bykovae (Cicha et al. 1998), is
not only associated with cold water (Be & Hutson 1977) but
also a deep-water element (Hilbrecht 1996; Itou et al. 2001),
the group of Badenian Globorotalia probably dwelled in
deeper waters compared to most of the other groups involved
in this study. This might explain the negative correlation with
all other groups and parameters discussed. The overall trend,
that Globorotalia is less abundant in the upper part of the core
compared to the lower part, is probably a result of a slight ba-
sin shallowing observed by Báldi & Hohenegger (2008).
437
PALEOECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE BADEN-SOOSS SECTION (BADENIAN, AUSTRIA)
The group “four-chambered globigerinids” shows high fluc-
tuations but remains an important faunal constituent in most
of the core samples. This group does not demonstrate any sig-
nificant correlation to the other groups involved. The reason
might be found in different ecological preferences of the spe-
cies incorporated in this group. According to the literature,
Globigerina bulloides prefers productive environments being
rather tolerant in respect to temperature and salinity, whereas
G. praebulloides, similar to G. falconensis, might rather be
sensitive to temperature (Hilbrecht 1996).
The group “five-chambered globigerinids” shows a very
significant distribution along the lithological succession.
Small, “five-chambered globigerinids” are represented in
high numbers even within shallow water environments (e.g.
Middle Ottnangian foraminiferal faunas; Rupp & Van Husen
2007) and should be considered as living in shallow water
layers. In addition, they are supposed to be related to cool
water (Rögl & Spezzaferri 2003). High relative abundance of
“five-chambered globigerinids”, therefore, might signalize
the presence of a cold, shallow water layer. This corresponds
to the negative correlation to the groups “warm and warm-
temperate plankton”, Globigerinoides and diversity, since
high diversities are expected in warm rather than in cold
oceans. The positive correlation with abundance also sup-
ports this assumption as cold waters are often highly produc-
tive (Arnold & Parker 1999).
Globigerinoides is almost represented by G. trilobus and re-
lated species, which prefer tropical and warm temperate envi-
ronments (Li et al. 1999). Its membership of a warm-water
group is also confirmed by the highly positive correlation with
the group “warm and warm-temperate plankton”.
Globoquadrina is represented in the Baden-Sooss material
by G. altispira and variants. Heavy cancellate species of
Globoquadrina are typical warm water elements found in
tropical and subtropical oceans (G. hexagona; Be & Hutson
1977) which corresponds to the correlations presented above.
Globoquadrina altispira is thought to prefer intermediate wa-
ter depth (Nikolaev et al. 1998).
Globigerinella regularis is similar to the recent G. si-
phonifera, which prefers low to mid latitudes, shows a correla-
tion with high temperature around 200 m and is suggested to
be a “deeper water element” (Hilbrecht 1996; Nikolaev et al.
1998: G. obesa).
Globigerinita is reported to be a “shallow water” element
(Hemleben et al. 1989) and most abundant in areas adjacent to
upwelling zones (Brummer & Kroon 1988; Hilbrecht 1996).
Turborotalita (T. quinqueloba and variants) is common in
temperate and cold water (Hilbrecht 1996) and dwells in
“shallow” to “intermediate water masses” (Hemleben et al.
1989). The highly positive correlation to Clavatorella and Te-
nuitellinata is probably artificial due to the low numbers of
the latter groups.
Globoturborotalita is supposed to be a faunal element prefer-
ring deeper water layers (G. woodi; Nikolaev et al. 1998). Rögl
& Spezzaferri (2003) found Globoturborotalita associated with
globigerinids preferring highly productive environments corre-
sponding to a high input of continental material. A preference
for higher productivity might give an explanation for the high
correlation with Globigerinita, which is related to upwelling.
Orbulina (and Praeorbulina) is a temperate to tropical ele-
ment. The high correlation to Tenuitellinata is unimportant
because of the low numbers of the latter.
Faunal parameters and paleoclimatic indices
Abundance shows extreme fluctuations along the core. In
modern oceans planktonic foraminiferal abundances result
from fertility of the water masses and physical parameters
(Hemleben et al. 1989). In the fossil realm, sedimentation
rates, bioturbation and other factors additionally influence
planktonic foraminiferal abundance. Despite the highly dif-
fering values, a general decrease of abundance towards the
top of the core, probably due to higher sedimentation rates,
is noticed.
In modern oceans, the diversity of planktonic foraminifer-
al faunas is higher in warm than in cold waters (Boltovskoy
& Wright 1976). In the Baden-Sooss core, diversity is posi-
tively correlated with warm water elements (group “warm
and warm-temperate plankton”, Globoquadrina, Globige-
rinella); high values are thought to be an expression of warm
water conditions. A dramatic decrease in diversity takes
place at 26.41 m, where high numbers of “five-chambered
globigerinids” signalize a drastic lowering of surface water
temperatures.
The groups “warm and warm-temperate plankton” and
“cold and cold-temperate plankton” are indices estimating
general temperature fluctuations along the Baden-Sooss core.
Significantly low temperatures are once again expressed by
extremely low values for the group “warm and warm-temper-
ate plankton” around 26.41 m.
Detrended correspondence analysis
DECORANA axis 1: According to the high positive corre-
lations with the groups “five-chambered globigerinids”, “cold
and cold-temperate plankton” and abundance and the high
negative correlations with Globigerinoides and the group
“warm and warm-temperate plankton”, this axis points to-
wards a temperature related factor. The group “five-cham-
bered globigerinids” was supposed to be related to cold and
shallow water (see above). Negative correlation with diversity
and highly positive correlation with abundance fits the picture,
as cold-water masses are often highly productive and exhibit
planktonic foraminiferal faunas of low diversity (Arnold &
Parker 1999). Negative correlations with warm water elements
like Globigerinoides strengthen this interpretation. High posi-
tive values of this axis hint at the presence of cold, shallow
water masses. Along the Baden-Sooss core, such cold water
bodies should have been developed between 92.60 m and
100.01 m and between 26.41 m and 60.01 m, but were best
developed at 26.41 m.
DECORANA axis 2: Globoturborotalita and Globigerinita
inhabit different water masses but are probably both related to
production (see above); such a proposed preference for high
productivity is the only overlap found between these two gen-
era. Therefore this axis might point towards a productivity fac-
tor not correlated with the expected high productivity
combined with cold water ingressions (see DECORANA
438
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
axis 1). The circumstance, that the group “four-chambered
globigerinids” does not show correlation to such a productivi-
ty factor, as might be expected, is declared by different eco-
logical preferences of the species involved within this group
(see above). The weak positive correlation with diversity and
negative correlation with the group “cold and cold-temperate
plankton” suggests temperate sea water. Sticking to such an
interpretation, the DECORANA axis 2 shows that productivi-
ty under temperate conditions was slightly raised in the
Baden-Sooss Sea to the uppermost part of the core with drastic
fluctuations between 8.40 m and 26.41 m.
DECORANA axis 3: Globoquadrina and Globigerinella
are highly positively correlated with this axis. Both species are
“deeper water elements” preferring warm water conditions.
This axis seems to be assigned to high temperature in a deeper
water layer. According to this interpretation, temperature in
deeper water decreased upwards in the Baden-Sooss core.
Cluster analysis
Cluster 1 faunas do not show high amounts of warm water
groups. They are positively loaded by DECORANA axis 2
(see discussion above) and are interpreted as temperate water
faunas of a nutrient enriched sea.
Cluster 2 faunas are highly diverse and exhibit strong abun-
dance shifts. They show considerable amounts of “warm-wa-
ter elements” but positive values of the DECORANA axis 1
also hint at minor ingressions of cold superficial water, obvi-
ously not that strong to affect the faunas drastically. Variable
loadings of the DECORANA axis 2 and 3 show changes in
productivity and deeper water temperatures. These faunas are
interpreted as warm water faunas influenced by moderately
changing conditions in temperature and productivity.
Cluster 3 comprises samples with high numbers of the
group “five-chambered globigerinids”. Diversity is moderate
to very low, abundance is extremely high and the group
“warm and warm-temperate plankton” is almost lacking. All
the faunas are positively or high positively loaded by DECO-
RANA axis 1 and show a strong influence of cold, high pro-
ductive superficial water masses.
Cluster 4: Globorotalia dominates most of the faunas of this
cluster. It is represented by “cold-temperate water” species
probably preferring a deeper habitat than most of the other
planktonic foraminifera involved in this study. High numbers
of this genus hint at cold deep water. On the other hand the
group “warm and warm-temperate plankton” reaches the
highest values within these faunas, some of them are even
dominated by warm water elements like Globigerinoides. Just
a few faunas of this cluster are poor in “warm to warm-tem-
perate plankton”. Diversity is moderate to high and abundance
is rather low within these faunas. Negatively loaded by the
DECORANA axis 1, faunas of Cluster 4 do not exhibit any
cold shallow water ingressions. Negative loadings by the
DECORANA axis 2 might point towards rather oligotrophic
conditions. The faunas of Subcluster 4c are positively loaded
by DECORANA axis 3 and signalize rather warm deeper wa-
ter masses. So faunas of this cluster are assigned to partly
warm, partly temperate, almost well stratified water masses
not influenced by any cold shallow water ingressions.
Conclusion
Considering all the variables discussed, the following sce-
nario might give a proper conception about the local paleoen-
vironment of the Badenian Sea and changing conditions
characterizing the environment as a result of the analysed
planktonic foraminiferal faunas.
Starting at 101.81 m a rather warm, oligotrophic sea (“warm
and warm-temperate plankton”, diversity, DECORANA
axis 2) with warm “deeper water masses” (Globoquadrina,
Cluster 4c, DECORANA axis 3) and cold deep water
(Globorotalia) was affected by a first ingression of cool shal-
low water masses around 95.01 m (“five-chambered globiger-
inids”, Cluster 3a, DECORANA axis 1). Deeper water masses
were not strongly affected during this period (DECORANA
axis 3, Globoquadrina) and productivity was not drastically
raised (abundance, DECORANA axis 2).
The cold water influence ended around 92 m, from 70.01 to
90.01 m a rather stable period, not influenced by any cold
shallow water ingressions (negative DECORANA axis 1), fol-
lowed (Cluster 4a,b,c) and warm and rather oligotrophic, well
stratified water masses were formed (Globigerinoides, Globo-
quadrina, Globigerinella, diversity, “warm and warm-temper-
ate plankton”, Globorotalia).
Between 62.61 m and 70.01 m a cooling trend could be ob-
served (group “warm and warm-temperate plankton”), al-
though no shallow cold water ingressions were observed
(DECORANA axis 1).
A new ingression of superficial cold water started at
60.01 m retaining to 57.61 m (DECORANA axis 1, Cluster 3)
without forcing the observed cooling trend seriously. On the
contrary, a new warming was observed between 37.61 and
55.01 m (“warm and warm-temperate plankton”). The next in-
gression of cold shallow water at 47.60 m (to 45.01 m) did not
affect shallow (Globigerinoides) and deeper water layers
(Globoquadrina, Globigerinella, DECORANA axis 3) too
much, but resulted in less stable conditions in shallow water
layers with minor temperature fluctuations and changes in
productivity (“five-chambered globigerinids”, Globigerinita,
DECORANA axis 1 and 2, Cluster 2).
The next cold water ingression, starting at 34.41 m, was
strong (“five-chambered globigerinids”, DECORANA axis 1,
Cluster 3) and cumulated in an absence of warm water species
(Globigerinoides, Globoquadrina, Globigerinella, “warm and
warm-temperate plankton”) at 30.01 m and 26.41 m and an
extraordinary dominance of cold water species (“five-cham-
bered globigerinids”, DECORANA axis 1) at 26.41 m.
This drastic ingression abruptly ended and was followed by
a rather temperate to warm but unstable and productive period
between 8.40 m to 23.61 m (Globigerinoides, Globigerinita,
Globoturborotalita, DECORANA axis 2).
Since the approximate age of the Baden-Sooss core was dat-
ed to —14.379 to —14.142 Myr (Hohenegger et al. 2008), the
sediments were deposited before the Middle Miocene cooling
event (—13.9 Myr; Holbourn et al. 2005). This leads to correla-
tion of the observed temperature oscillations with the oscilla-
tions reported from the Lower Badenian of the Skawina
Formation, Poland (interval P2; Bicchi et al. 2003) immedi-
ately before the cooling event.
439
PALEOECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE BADEN-SOOSS SECTION (BADENIAN, AUSTRIA)
Taxonomic notes
In addition to the generic groups, all identified species were
noted in a presence/absence list and plotted against the core-
depth (Table 2).
The taxonomical concept of Cicha et al. (1998) was applied
and combined with that of Bolli & Saunders (1985) and Jen-
kins (1985) in some cases.
Clavatorella
Clavatorella sturanii (Gianelli & Salvatorini)
1976 Globorotalia sturanii Gianelli & Salvatorini: 168, pl. 1, fig. 1
1985 Clavatorella sturanii (Gianelli & Salvatorini) – Bolli & Saunders:
255, pl. 45, fig. 3
R e m a r k s : Very few specimens.
Globigerina
“Four-chambered globigerinids”:
Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny
(Fig. 10.1)
1826 Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny: 277, no. 1
1846 Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny – d’Orbigny: 163, pl. 9, figs. 4—6,
no. 116
1998 Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny – Cicha et al.: 99, pl. 34,
figs. 24—26
R e m a r k s : Visual discrimination of G. bulloides from G.
praebulloides is somehow artificial (as it is to G. falconensis,
see Malmgren & Kennett 1977). Especially juvenile tests are
difficult to assign to one of these two species. Here a rather
broad species concept was applied, including dwarfed,
heavily calcified specimens. The main discriminating feature
to G. praebulloides is thought to be the increase in chamber
size.
Globigerina concinna Reuss
1850 Globigerina concinna Reuss: 373, pl. 47, fig. 8
1998 Globigerina concinna Reuss – Cicha et al.: 99, pl. 32, figs. 15—17
R e m a r k s : This species was rarely found. Only big adult
specimens are five-chambered. Dissecting the youngest cham-
bers typical G. diplostoma are revealed. It is interpreted as an
ecovariant of G. diplostoma and therefore is included in the
group “four-chambered globigerinids”.
Globigerina diplostoma Reuss
1850 Globigerina diplostoma Reuss: 373, pl. 47, fig. 9; pl. 48, fig. 1
1998 Globigerina diplostoma Reuss – Cicha et al.: 99, pl. 35, figs. 1—3
R e m a r k s : See G. concinna.
Globigerina eamesi Blow
1959 Globigerina eamesi Blow: 176, pl. 9, fig. 39
1998 Globigerina eamesi Blow – Cicha et al.: 99, pl. 35, figs. 9—11
Globigerina praebulloides Blow
(Fig. 10.2, Fig. 11.3)
1959 Globigerina praebulloides Blow: 180, pl. 8, fig. 47; pl. 9, fig. 48
1998 Globigerina praebulloides Blow – Cicha et al.: 100, pl. 34,
figs. 13—16
R e m a r k s : A broad species concept was applied includ-
ing almost three chambered specimens and dubious juvenile
tests with an almost smooth chamber wall and very small
pores. Also few specimens with a fine lip resembling G. fal-
conensis were included. See also G. bulloides.
Globigerina pseudociperoensis Blow
1969 Globigerina praebulloides pseudociperoensis Blow: 381, pl. 17,
fig. 8—9
R e m a r k s : Only a few specimens were recorded. The
penultimate whorl shows four-chambers; this species is in-
terpreted as an ecovariant of G. praebulloides and is includ-
ed in the group “four-chambered globigerinids”.
“Five-chambered globigerinids”:
Globigerina ottnangiensis Rögl
1969 Globigerina ciperoensis ottnangiensis Rögl: 221, pl. 2, figs. 7—10;
pl. 4, 1—7
1998 Globigerina ottnangiensis Rögl – Cicha et al.: 100, pl. 32, figs. 9—14
R e m a r k s : Typical G. ottnangensis are not common in
the Baden-Sooss material. Specimens with typical lobate
outline of G. ottnangensis but with a smaller umbilicus were
also assigned to this species as a very few, rather high-spired
specimens resembling G. dubia Egger.
Globigerina sp.
(Figs. 10.3,4)
R e m a r k s : Small five-chambered globigerinids, low tro-
chospiral, outline weakly lobate, often with a heavy calcified
test and a very small umbilicus. The last chamber is often
small (“Kummerkammer”). Related to G. tarchanensis, the
typical form shows a more compact test, a smaller aperture
and a very small umbilicus. This species makes up the great
bulk of the group “five-chambered globigerinids”.
Globigerina tarchanensis Subbotina & Chutzieva
1950 Globigerina tarchanensis Subbotina & Chutzieva in Bogdanowicz:
173, pl. 10, fig. 5
1998 Globigerina tarchanensis Subbotina & Chutzieva – Cicha et al.:
101, pl. 32, figs. 18—22
R e m a r k s : present in low numbers in many samples.
440
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
Fig. 10. 1 – Globigerina bulloides d’Orbigny, dwarfed specimen; 2 – Globigerina praebulloides Blow, juvenile specimen, weakly orna-
mented chamber wall and very small pores; 2a – spines on 4
th
chamber; 2b – small pores on 1
st
chamber; 3 – Globigerina sp. with large
last chamber; 4 – Globigerina sp. typical form; 5 – Turborotalita cf. quinqueloba (Natland), visually smooth; 5a – pores 2
nd
chamber;
6 – Turborotalita cf. quinqueloba (Natland) 5
1/2
chambers with strong incised sutures; 6a – spines 2
nd
chamber; 7 – Turborotalita quinque-
loba (Natland); 8 – Globoquadrina cf. altispira (Cushman & Jarvis), juvenile specimen. Scale-bars: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 = 100 µm; 2a, 2b, 5a,
6a = 10 µm. Specimens: 1 to 8: Baden-Sooss core (Lower Badenian).
441
PALEOECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE BADEN-SOOSS SECTION (BADENIAN, AUSTRIA)
Globigerinella
Globigerinella regularis (d’Orbigny)
1846 Globigerina regularis d’Orbigny: 162, pl. 9, figs. 1—3
1998 Globigerinella regularis (d’Orbigny) – Cicha et al.: 101, pl. 38,
figs. 4—6
R e m a r k s : This species is highly variable. A very few
problematic specimens of G. obesa were lumped together with
G. regularis.
Globigerinita
Globigerinita glutinata (Egger)
(Fig. 11.2)
1893 Globigerina glutinata Egger: 371, pl. 13, figs. 19—21
1988 Globigerinita glutinata (Egger) – Brummer: 77—100, pl. 1,
figs. 1—2, pl. 2, figs. 1—18, pl. 3, figs. 1—16
R e m a r k s : A rather broad species concept was applied,
including G. parkerae (Bermudez) and G. juvenilis (Bolli).
The latter is the most frequent form in the Baden-Sooss ma-
terial. Visual discrimination of microperforate planktonic
foraminifera and juvenile globigerinids is sometimes impos-
sible (Zachariasse 1978). Test shape, aperture and the char-
acter of the chamber wall often seem to be identical. Only
under SEM is it possible to identify the spinose and the non-
spinose characters. A very helpful feature for distinguishing
microperforate planktonic foraminifera is not only the pore
diameter but also the pore concentration, which is much
higher than in finely macroperforate taxa (Brummer 1988).
Compared to Globigerinita and Tenuitellinata, juvenile Glo-
bigerina also exhibit very fine but less densely arranged
pores. Occasionally recovered spines and spineholes on tests
of juvenile Globigerina specimens ascertain the designation
(Fig. 11.2a).
Globigerinita uvula (Ehrenberg)
(Fig. 11.1)
1862 Polydexia uvula Ehrenberg: 308; 1873: 241, pl. 2, figs. 24—25
1998 Globigerinita uvula (Ehrenberg) – Cicha et al.: 102, pl. 30,
figs. 16—18
R e m a r k s : Very rare in the Baden-Sooss material.
Globigerinoides
Globigerinoides apertasuturalis Jenkins
1960 Globigerinoides apertasuturalis Jenkins: 352, pl. 2, fig. 3
1998 Globigerinoides apertasuturalis Jenkins – Cicha et al.: 102, pl. 36,
figs. 11—13
R e m a r k s : Typical G. apertasuturalis are very rare. This
species is easily distinguished from the following species by
its more delicate test and the finer cancellation.
Globigerinoides bisphericus Todd
1954 Globigerinoides bispherica Todd: 681, pl. 1, fig. 1
1998 Globigerinoides bisphericus Todd – Cicha et al.: 102, pl. 36,
figs. 4—7
Globigerinoides quadrilobatus (d’Orbigny)
1846 Globigerina quadrilobata d’Orbigny: 164, pl. 9, figs. 7—10
1998 Globigerinoides quadrilobatus (d’Orbigny) – Cicha et al.: 102,
pl. 36, figs. 8—10
Globigerinoides trilobus (Reuss)
1850 Globigerina triloba Reuss: 374, pl. 47, fig. 11
1998 Globigerinoides trilobus (Reuss) – Cicha et al.: 102, pl. 36,
figs. 1—3
Globoquadrina
Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman & Jarvis)
1936 Globigerina altispira Cushman & Jarvis: 5, pl. 1, figs. 13—14
1998 Globoquadrina altispira (Cushman & Jarvis) – Cicha et al.: 103,
pl. 41, figs. 3—5
Globoquadrina cf. altispira (Cushman & Jarvis)
(Fig. 10.8)
1998 Globoquadrina cf. altispira (Cushman & Jarvis) – Cicha et al.:
103, pl. 41, figs. 1—2
R e m a r k s : Size and chamber form are remarkably vari-
able. The cancellation also differs from fine to heavily cancel-
late, even within one specimen. Juvenile forms are 4- to
5-chambered, often look smooth and are recognized either by
the presence of a tooth (Fig. 10.8) or by heavy pustulation
around the umbilicus.
Globorotalia
Globorotalia bykovae (Aisenstat)
1960 Turborotalia bykovae Aisenstat in Subbotina et al.: 69, pl. 13, fig. 7
1998 Globorotalia (Obandyella) bykovae (Aisenstat) – Cicha et al.:
104, pl. 39, figs. 33—35
R e m a r k s : This species is highly variable (see http://
rin.hiroba.org/foraminifera/bykovae.html; 2008.01.18) and
intergrades with G. transsylvanica. The variability in chamber
wall thickness was surprising. Normally, the tests of G. byko-
vae are delicate, smooth and often transparent. In some cases
heavy chamber wall thickening and deep depressed pore
cones were observed, simulating a cancellate test (see G.
transsylvanica).
Globorotalia transsylvanica Popescu
(Fig. 11.5)
1970 Globorotalia transsylvanica Popescu: 200, pl. 7, figs. 28—30
442
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
Fig. 11. 1 – Globigerinita uvula (Ehrenberg); 1a – 1
st
chamber, note conical pustules and the great number of micropores, compare pore
density with Fig. 10.2b,5a; 2 – Globigerinita glutinata (Egger); 2a – 4
th
chamber, note conical pustules and the great number of mi-
cropores; 3 – Globigerina praebulloides Blow, visually very similar to Globigerinita; 3a – 3
rd
chamber, spines; 4 – Tenuitellinata an-
gustiumbilicata (Bolli); 4a – 1
st
chamber, note the high number of micropores; 5 – Globorotalia transsylvanica Popescu, umbilical view;
5a – Globorotalia transsylvanica Popescu, lateral view; 6 – Paragloborotalia mayeri (Cushman & Ellisor), umbilical view; 6a – lateral
view; 6b – 3
rd
chamber, cancellation and spine hole. Scale bars: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5a, 6, 6a = 100 µm; 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 6b = 10 µm. Specimens: 1 to
5 – Baden-Sooss core (Lower Badenian); 6 – Trinidad, Cipero Fm, C. dissimilis Zone (Lower Miocene).
443
PALEOECOLOGY OF PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERA FROM THE BADEN-SOOSS SECTION (BADENIAN, AUSTRIA)
1998 Globorotalia (Obandyella) transsylvanica Popescu – Cicha et al.:
104, pl. 39, figs. 30—32
R e m a r k s : This species was discriminated from G. byko-
vae by its inflated chambers and rounded periphery. However,
some intergradations with G. bykovae were observed. As with
G. bykovae, delicate tests and tests with heavy shell thicken-
ing were present. Extremely inflated forms with large aper-
tures, heavily thickened chamber walls and deeply depressed
pore cones simulating a cancellate test can be mixed up with
Paragloborotalia mayeri (Cushman & Ellisor). Scanning
microscope analyses clearly demonstrated the difference be-
tween the noncancellate and nonspinose G. transsylvanica
and the throughout cancellate and spinose P. mayeri
(Fig. 11.6).
Globoturborotalita
Globoturborotalita brazieri (Jenkins)
1966 Globigerina brazieri Jenkins: 1098, fig. 7, no. 58—63
Globoturborotalita connecta (Jenkins)
1964 Globigerina woodi Jenkins subsp. connecta Jenkins: 72, text-fig. 1
1998 Globoturborotalita connecta (Jenkins) – Cicha et al.: 104, pl. 35,
figs. 16—18
Globoturborotalita druryi (Akers)
1955 Globigerina druryi Akers: 654, pl. 65, fig. 1
1998 Globoturborotalita druryi (Akers) – Cicha et al.: 104, pl. 35,
figs. 17—19
Globoturborotalita woodi (Jenkins)
1960 Globigerina woodi Jenkins: 352, pl. 2, fig. 2
1998 Globoturborotalita woodi (Jenkins) – Cicha et al.: 104, pl. 35,
figs. 14—16
R e m a r k s : By far the most abundant species of Globotur-
borotalita in the Baden-Sooss material.
Orbulinids
Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann
1951 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann: 135, text-figs. 2—4
1998 Orbulina suturalis Brönnimann – Cicha et al.: 114, pl. 37,
figs. 3—4
R e m a r k s : Very few problematic specimens were included.
Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis (Blow)
1956 Globigerinoides glomerosa circularis Blow: 65, text-figs. 2.3—2.4
1998 Praeorbulina glomerosa circularis (Blow) – Cicha et al.: 120,
pl. 37, figs. 1—2
R e m a r k s : Very few problematic specimens were included.
Paragloborotalia
Paragloborotalia acrostoma Wezel
1966 Globorotalia acrostoma Wezel: 1298, pl. 101, figs. 1—12, text-fig. 1
1998 Paragloborotalia ? acrostoma Wezel – Cicha et al.: 115, pl. 39,
figs. 21—23
R e m a r k s : One single specimen was found.
Tenuitellinata
Tenuitellinata angustiumbilicata (Bolli)
(Fig. 11.4)
1957 Globigerina angustiumbilicata Bolli: 109, pl. 22, figs. 12-13
1998 Tenuitellinata angustiumbilicata (Bolli) – Cicha et al.: 131, pl. 31,
figs. 1—4
R e m a r k s : T. angustiumbilicata is difficult to discriminate
from juvenile T. cf. quinqueloba (see also G. glutinata). Ex-
tremely rare.
Turborotalita
Turborotalita quinqueloba (Natland)
(Fig. 10.7)
1938 Globigerina quinqueloba Natland: 149, pl. 6, fig. 7
1998 Turborotalita quinqueloba (Natland) – Cicha et al.: 132, pl. 31,
figs. 7—10
R e m a r k s : Small five-chambered globigerinids, low tro-
chospiral, lobate in outline, sutures not deeply incised, with
the last chamber covering almost the umbilicus. Only speci-
mens with the typical turborotalid last chamber were assigned
to this species. Relation to “five-chambered globigerinids” is
not clear. If the last chamber is damaged or even lacking, no
clear discrimination, especially to G. tarchanensis, is possible.
Very few specimens, resembling T. neominutissima (Ber-
mudez & Bolli) were included. Present in many samples in
rather low numbers.
Turborotalita cf. quinqueloba (Natland)
(Fig. 10.5,6)
1938 Globigerina quinqueloba Natland: 149, pl. 6, fig. 7
Small “five-chambered globigerinids”, delicate and visually
often smooth tests, low to slightly higher trochospiral, lobate
in outline, sutures deeply incised. Visually chambers often
looking smooth, with fine pores; small specimens are difficult
to discriminate from tenuitellinids. This species is rather vari-
able; very few specimens have up to six chambers. Large
specimens are sometimes hard to discriminate from T. quin-
queloba. More frequent than T. quinqueloba.
Acknowledgments: This study was supported by the Austrian
Science Foundation FWF Project P16793-B06. We thank the
444
RUPP and HOHENEGGER
whole working group, especially Stjepan Ćorić (Geological
Survey of Austria, Wien), Peter Pervesler, Karl Stingl (Insti-
tute of Palaeontology, Universität Wien), Fred Rögl (Natural
History Museum, Wien), Anna Selge, Robert Scholger (Insti-
tute of Geophysics, Montan Universität Leoben), Maksuda
Khatun, Michael Wagreich (Department of Geodynamics and
Sedimentology, Univerität Wien) and Nils Andersen (Leibnitz
Laboratory, CA Univerität Kiel). Special thanks are due to H.
Priewalder (Geological Survey of Austria, Wien) for always
lending a helping hand during SEM sessions.
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