GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, DECEMBER 2006, 57, 6, 531—534
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Caddis-fly (Insecta: Trichoptera) from the Badenian volcano-
sedimentary succession (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)
IRINA D. SUKATCHEVA
1
, ŠTEFAN SZALMA
2
, PETER VRŠANSKÝ
1,3
, BARBARA CHALUPOVÁ
3
,
MARIÁN GOLEJ
3
, EMÍLIA LABAJOVÁ
3
and MIROSLAVA SMREČKOVÁ
3
1
Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 123, 117868 Moscow, Russian Federation;
lab@palaeoentomolog.ru
2
Pláš ovce 87, 93 582 Slovak Republic; baden@pobox.sk
3
Geological Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, P.O. BOX 106, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovak Republic;
geolvrsa@savba.sk; geolchal@savba.sk; geolmgol@savba.sk; geollaba@savba.sk; geolsmre@savba.sk
(Manuscript received October 3, 2006; accepted in revised form December 7, 2006)
Abstract: Vodnik prapovodnik Sukatcheva et Vršanský, gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Badenian volcano-
sedimentary succession of the Pláš ovce Member, Sebechleby Formation in southern Slovakia. It represents a taxon
closely related to the common European caddis-flies Chaetopterix Stephens, 1829 and Chaetopterna Martynov, 1913
of the family Limnephilidae Kolenati, 1848. In a seasonal climate, these partially psychrophilic insects emerge in
masses during the autumn. Larvae are fixed to water and thus the seasonality in otherwise warm Badenian climate, with
characteristic mangroves, might have been caused by temperature changes in streams and/or rivers coming from
adjacent steep elevations.
Key words: Tertiary, Miocene, Langhian, Slovakia, fossil insects, caddis-fly.
Introduction
Insects with over 20,000 described fossil species form one
of the most complex fossil records, which recently revealed
generally important evolutionary patterns such as decreas-
ing variability of species over time, and evidence for mass
mutations (Vršanský 2000, 2004, 2005). Fossil insects are
reported from over 50 countries, now including Slovakia.
Prior to this, only sub-fossil insect capsules were extracted
from contemporary tarn sediments in Vysoké Tatry Mts (Bi-
tušík & Kubovčík 1999, 2002; Catalan et al. 2002; Šporka
et al. 2002; Kubovčík et al. 2003). Within adjacent regions,
generally important fossil insects are known from the Permi-
an sediments of the Bohemian Massif near Obora in Mora-
via (Kukalová 1963, 1965, 1969; Kukalová-Peck 1974),
Eocene “Rovno amber” from Ukraine (Perkovsky et al.
2003a,b; Gumovsky & Perkovsky 2005) and Paleogene
“Moravian amber” from the Czech Republic (Prokop & Nel
2005; Nel & Prokop 2004, 2005). Mississippian finds, in-
cluding the oldest winged insects, and also some Oligocene
dragonflies come from the Silesian Basin (Prokop 2003;
Prokop & Nel 2004; Prokop et al. 2005, in print). Fossil in-
sect assemblages of the Early Miocene age are known from
western Hungary (Pongrácz 1921—23, 1928) and there are
geographically adjacent finds from the Pliocene sediments
of northern Hungary (Krzeminski et al. 1997). Insect trace
fossils come from the Lower Miocene strata of the Bílina
Mine in the northern part of the Czech Republic (Prokop
2004) and from Lower Miocene Prešov clay-pit sediments
of Prešov Formation in eastern Slovakia (P. Vršanský, V.
Šimo & P. Ledvák, pers. com.). Taphonomically interesting
is a find of a beetle from deep marine Paleocene deposits
near Uzgruň village on the Slovak/Czech boundary
(Prokop et al. 2004). An additional find of Bojophlebia
prokopi comes from the Pennsylvanian sediments of the
Czech Republic (Kukalová-Peck 1985). Caddis-flies (but-
terfly and moth ancestors) are known from the Lower Permi-
an sediments, with the oldest larval cases known from the
Middle Jurassic sediments of Siberia (Sukatcheva 1999).
Material, methods and geological settings
The paleontological material is represented by a positive
and negative of a single caddis-fly specimen, collected by
Mr. Jozef Szalma, deposited in the Slovak National Mu-
seum of Natural History (specimen number SNMZ 24300).
The sample originates from the Pláš ovce village, local-
ity at a road cut nearby Šípka State Nature Reserve
(Fig. 1.1A—C: P2).
The locality is situated in the Ipe Depression of the No-
vohrad—Nógrád Basin of southern Slovak—northern Hun-
gary sedimentary area (Vass et al. 1979; Vass 1995),
extending along the northern margin of the Pannonian Ba-
sin System (Konečný et al. 2002). Sediments containing
fossils were deposited on the Central Paratethys Sea shore,
between shoreface and offshore zones (Kováč et al. 1999).
The volcano-sedimentary complexes composed mainly of
SHORT COMMUNICATION
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facies of epiclastic sandstones and slamp bodies of con-
glomerates were specified as the “Pláš ovce Beds” (Vass
1971), situated on the periphery of the Central Slovakia
Neovolcanics and the Danube Basin eastern margin. The
Early Badenian age is documented by foraminiferal associ-
ations described from the Príbelce Member of the same age
(Vass 1965; Zlinská & Šutovská 1991; Kováč et al. 1999),
as well as by rich marine fauna of crabs, irregular echinoids,
small infaunal, semi-infaunal and epifaunal bivalves ob-
served in tuffitic sediments of the studied outcrops (Vass
1971). The Pláš ovce Member sedimentary environment re-
fers to the former paleogeography and geodynamical pro-
cesses that controlled deposition (Kováč et al. 1993;
Konečný et al. 2002). The basin was filled predominantly
by material derived from active andesite stratovolcano situ-
ated on the basin’s northern margin. Volcanic material of la-
hars and other types of debris and grain flows entered the
basin littoral zone forming bodies of overlying andesite ep-
iclastic conglomerates, breccias and sandstones of the Se-
bechleby Formation (Konečný et al. 1983). Later, the
volcanic activity in the Šahy-Lysec volcano-tectonic zone
had risen (Vass et al. 1979; Vass 1995). The Lower Bade-
nian (Langhian; 15.97—13.59 Ma sensu Gradstein et al.
2004) Sebechleby Formation, formed exclusively by vol-
caniclastics deposited by gravitational flows descending
from the slopes of the Štiavnica stratovolcano, additionally
contains subaquatic volcaniclastic sediments, predominant-
ly tuffites. The Pláš ovce tuffites are various, including
rhythmic alternation of tuffitic sandstone and siltstone beds
(Vass 1971; Vass et al. 1995). The finding of a fossil caddis-
fly comes from the fine-grained, laminated tuffite beds
which pass toward overlaying strata to massive, intensive
bioturbated tuffitic siltstones of light grey—greenish colour
with occurrence of benthic macrofauna (Fig. 1.4).
Abbreviations: DC – discoidal cell; A – anal vein; CuP – cu-
bitus posterior; CuA – cubitus anterior; R – radius; RS – radius
sector; M – media; Sc – subcosta.
Systematic Paleontology
Trichoptera Kirby in Kirby et Spence, 1815
Limnephilidae Kolenati, 1848
Chaetopterygini Hagen, 1858
Vodnik Sukatcheva et Vršanský, gen. nov.
C o m p o s i t i o n :
type species described below.
D i a g n o s i s :
Medium-sized, forewings elongate. Cos-
tal margin straight, costal area moderately narrow. Discoi-
dal cell with RS1 + 2 convex inside. Base of F1 wide. RS1
short, meeting R near its apex. All forks except F4 present.
Anal veins long.
R e m a r k s :
Differ from other Chaetopterygini in RS1
meeting R. New genus is closely related to Chaetopteryx
and Chaetopterna in wide wing with straight fore margin.
Chaetopteryx is known from Europe and Turkey by 28
species (Morse 1999). Larvae of Chaetopteryx develop in
mountain and lowland slow creeks, adults usually appear
Fig. 1. 1A – Geographical situation of the Pláš ovce village in southern Slovakia; 1B – Situation of the locality near State Nature Re-
serve Šípka and 1C – situation of sampling (P2), with position of adjacent profiles (P1, P3). 2—3 – Vodnik prapovodnik Sukatcheva et
Vršanský sp. nov. 4 – Geological profiles.
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in masses during late autumn (Martynov 1924). Adults of
Chaetopterna are known from the Caucasus (Martynov
1913), its larvae are unknown. It is not likely that Vodnik
was ancestral for the living abovementioned genera be-
cause of specialized position of its RS1.
Fusion of R and RS1 occasionally occurs in various unre-
lated caddis flies, e.g., Archithremma ulachensis Martynov,
1935 (Lepidostomatidae) and Nanoplectrus trachanasi
Neboiss, 1977 (Plectotarsidae) (Martynov 1935; Neboiss
1977). In these cases R and RS1 diverge shortly after fusion
resulted in a small terminal fork. Unfortunately imperfect
preservation state does not permit us to confirm presence or
absence of the terminal fork in the present fossil.
E t y m o l o g y :
after voda (Slavic for water) and po-
točník (Slavic for caddis-fly). Vodník means also a water
sprite. Gender feminine.
Vodnik prapovodnik Sukatcheva et Vršanský, sp. nov.
Fig. 1.2—3
H o l o t y p e :
SNM-Z-24300. Positive and negative of
both forewings. Pláš ovce locality 1C-P2, Slovakia.
Pláš ovce Member, Sebechleby Formation. Badenian.
D e s c r i p t i o n :
Forewing 3.4 times as long as wide
(24/7 mm), slightly widened in apical half, widest in the lev-
el of R meeting margin. Costal field 3.5 times as wide as sub-
costal. Sc meeting margin in the apical third. R straight,
possibly slightly curved terminally. RS straight, 0.9 times as
long as DC cell. F1 wide, with straight base. RS2, RS3 and
RS4 long and straight. F2 narrow, long, with widely rounded
base. RS1 + 2 slightly curved inside DC. RS3 + 4 slightly
curved outside DC. F3 long, its base wide, half as wide as
base of F1. F4 absent. F5 short, slightly curved towards the
posterior margin. Anastomosis of forks F1 and F3 (diagnostic
of the Limnephilidae) present. Cross-vein m3 + 4-cua (con-
necting M3 + 4 and F5 base) weak, long, oblique; thyridial
cell closed. A2 two times as long as A3. Postanal area narrow.
R e m a r k s :
Occurrence of in-mass-flying non-thermo-
philic caddis-fly in volcaniclastic sediments is surprising
because of climatic conditions during the Early Badenian.
The Miocene Climatic Optimum was in the Alpine-Car-
pathian—Pannonian region characterized by a Mediterra-
nean or subtropical type of climate (Böhme 2003; Kvaček
et al. 2006), which is documented also by presence of man-
grove roots in adjacent localities (Konečný et al. 1997).
Nevertheless, insects from the extinct mangroves from
Israel (Vršanský & Anisyutkin, in print) display only par-
tial affinity towards thermophili (Anisyutkin et al. in
print), which might indicate their different climatic prefer-
ences. Alternatively, also our discovery might indicate
partial thermophili of the stem Chaetopterygini.
Occurrence of mangroves in subtropical climatic zone
and non-thermophilic caddis-flies living in an environ-
ment under seasonal climate changes can be explained as
a consequence of vertical zonation and close occurrence
of different climatic zones in a relatively small distance
due to evolution of steep landscape, associated with rapid
uplift of the Western Carpathian mountain chain (includ-
ing development of over 4 km high stratovolcanoes) dur-
ing the Badenian (Fordinál et al. 2002; Kováč et al. 2004;
Kvaček et al. 2006). The presence of a non-thermophilic
adult caddis-fly in a littoral marine deposit is most likely a
result of fixation of its larvae in fresh water streams or riv-
ers, coming from inland high elevations and displaying
seasonality or permanent cold microclimate.
E t y m o l o g y :
after pra- (Slavic for before) and pôvod
(Slovak for origin). Proposed vernacular Slovak expres-
sion for the genus and species is “vodník prapôvodník“.
Acknowledgments:
We thank Jozef Szalma; Alexandr P. Ras-
nitsyn (PIN RAS); Michal Kováč (Comenius Univ.); Dionýz
Vass, Jozef Michalík, Jozef Vozár, Ján Soták, Jaroslav Lexa,
Peter Ledvák (GI SAS); and Ivan Šebesta (Water Resources SR)
for initialization of study, organizing the field-trip, collecting
the specimen, reviewing the manuscript and technical sup-
port. Supported by UNESCO-AMBA, VEGA 6002, 6093,
MVTS. For IDS, the research is supported in part by the Pro-
gram “Origin and evolution of biosphere, subprogramme II“
of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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