GeolCarp_Vol57_No5_397

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, OCTOBER 2006, 57, 5, 397—403

Provenance of Würmian loess and loess-like sediments of

Moravia and Silesia (Czech Republic): a study of zircon

typology and cathodoluminiscence

LENKA LISÁ

and PAVEL UHER

Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 269, 165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic; lisa@gli.cas.cz

Department of Mineral Deposits, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; puher@fns.uniba.sk

(Manuscript received March 7, 2005; accepted in revised form December 8, 2005)

Abstract: A detailed zircon study (typology and cathodoluminiscence) of late Pleistocene (Würmian) loess sediments
from Moravia area, Czech Republic shows a significant western provenance from magmatic (mainly granitic) rocks of
Bohemian Massif together with contributions from metamorphic rocks. Zircon typology is applicable only for well-
preserved magmatic zircon crystals, which usually occupy a part of the whole zircon population. Zircon typology
indicates a dominant provenance from calc-alkaline I-type granites, whereas important contributions of material from
S-type granites (Moldanubian pluton?) is not documented. The provenance material of the Velká Bíteš locality is derived
from the adjacent melanosyenitic rocks (durbachites) of the Třebíč Massif and in this case confirms transport over a short
distance as well as provenance from the west. Cathodoluminiscence images indicate both magmatic and metamorphic
origin of the studied zircon.

Key words: Pleistocene, Würmian, Czech Republic, Moravia, cathodoluminiscence, loess sediments, zircon typology,
zircon.

Introduction

Loesses  and  loess-like  sediments  occupy  large  areas,  more
than  20 %  of  the  total  surface  of  the  Quaternary  surface
area  in  Moravia,  the  eastern  part  of  the  Czech  Republic
(Fig. 1).  Eolic  sedimentation  of  most  of  these  accumula-
tions  is  determined  during  the  last  Pleistocene  glacial  age,
Würmian/Upper  Weichselian  (Frechen  et  al.  1999).  The
average  thickness  of  Würmian  loesses  is  about  1  to  1.5 m.

Würmian loess and loess-like sediments in the Moravia

and  Silesia  area  were  studied  by  many  authors.  The  oldest
studies  classified  the  loesses  on  the  basis  of  granulometry,
carbonate  and  humus  content.  Their  provenance  was  de-
termined  mainly  according  to  Quaternary  geomorphology
and  recent  wind  directions  (Ambrož  1947;  Pelíšek  1949).
Later  published  contributions  were  based  mostly  on
stratigraphy  or  climatology  (Musil  &  Valoch  1956;  Ložek
1958;  Kukla  1961;  Havlíček  &  Smolíková  1993).  In  the
last  ten  years  provenance  studies  have  only  been  carried
out  in  small  areas  (Adamová  &  Havlíček  1997;  Frechen  et
al.  1999;  Adamová  et  al.  2002;  Kvítková  &  Buriánek
2002;  Kvítková  &  Chadima  2002;  Lisá  2004).  The  most
recent  loess  study  based  on  heavy  mineral  associations  di-
vided  Moravian  Würmian  loess  and  loess-like  sediments
into  five  main  provenance  areas  (Lisá  2004;  Lisá  et  al.
2005).

The material of Moravian loess sediments is composed

mainly  of  quartz  (Cílek  2001),  feldspars,  calcite  and  dolo-
mite  (Pécsi  1991).  Dominant  heavy  minerals  are  represented
by  amphibole-  and  garnet-group  minerals  (Lisá  2004;  Lisá
et  al.  2005).  Prevailing  W,  NW  and  SW  winds  are  docu-

mented  by  the  orientation  of  loess  banks  and  the  presence
of  particles  from  neighbouring  rocks.  Microstructures  of
quartz  grains  are  typical  for  different  regions,  where  angular
grains  are  typical  for  loess  from  the  western  part  of  Moravia
with  crystalline  basement  provenance,  whereas  more  round-
ed  grains  with  fluvial  microstructures  are  common  in  loess
with  a  Miocene  sediment  provenance  (Lisá  2004).

Fig. 1. Map of the Quaternary cover with studied localities, aver-
age depth of the cover is 20—40 m (Žebera 1966, modified).

www.geologicacarpathica.sk

398

LISÁ and UHER

Results based on the detailed study of heavy minerals,

especially  garnet  composition,  represent  a  valuable  source
for  provenance  determination  (Lisá  2004;  Lisá  et  al.
2005).  Zircon  typology  and  cathodoluminiscence  are  part
of  this  complex  research  of  Pleistocene  loess  and  loess-
like  sediments  from  Moravia  area  and  the  aim  of  this  study
is  to  contribute  to  the  provenance  of  loess  material  using
these  techniques.

Methods

Samples were collected from typical loess profiles,

which  had  been  described  in  previous  studies  (Macoun  et
al.  1965;  Havlíček  1985;  Havlíček  &  Smolíková  1993;
Adamová  &  Havlíček  1995,  1997,  etc.).  Samples  are  taken
from  the  Würmian  layers,  below  the  20—60 cm  Holocene
layer.  In  total,  9  localities  were  selected  for  detailed  zircon
studies  and  are  presented  in  Fig. 1  and  the  Appendix.

After sampling and quartation of the loesses, the size

fraction of 0.063—0.250 mm was prepared for heavy min-
eral separation in heavy liquid, tetrabromethane with
D = 2.96 g/cm

. A low-intensity U-shaped magnet was used

to  separate  ferromagnetic  minerals.  A  final  selection  of  de-
trital  zircons  was  performed  by  hand  picking  under  the  bin-
ocular  stereomicroscope  and  observed  in  the  scanning
electron  microscope  at  the  Department  of  Biology,  Masaryk
University,  Brno.  Observations  were  evaluated  according  to
the  zircon  typology  method  (Pupin  1980,  1985).  One  hun-
dred  well-developed  zircon  crystals  were  used  for  the  typol-
ogy  measurements  from  each  studied  locality.

Samples for the cathodoluminiscence observations (CL)

were  separated  by  similar  methods.  Polished  samples  were
then  studied  at  Dionýz  Štúr  State  Geological  Institute,
Bratislava,  on  the  cathodoluminiscence  microscope  as
part  of  the  Cameca  SX  100  electron-microprobe  apparatus.
The  following  analytical  conditions  were  used:  accelerat-
ing  voltage  8 kV  and  beam  current  1 10

—3

nA.

Results

Zircon typology

Detritus from Moravian loess and loess-like sediments

contain four main zircon groups: (1) rounded crystals or

Table 1: Distribution of observed zircon subtypes (Pupin 1980) in loess sediments (in %).

fragmented  grains,  (2)  prismatic  zircons  but  with  edges
rounded  to  varying  degrees  (grains  are  partly  broken,  but
without  fresh  cracks),  (3)  prismatic  zircon  with  morpholo-
gy  not  typical  for  common  magmatic  rocks,  and  (4)  zircon
with  distinct  typology  characteristic  for  magmatic  rocks
(according  to  Pupin  1980;  Table 1,  Figs. 2  and  3).

The amount of magmatic zircon with well-preserved

crystal  morphology  (population  4)  is  widely  variable  (Ta-
ble 1).  Rounded  zircon  crystals  without  distinctive  crystal
faces  (groups  1  and  2)  are  widespread  mainly  in  South-
Moravian  loesses  (Modřice,  Horní  Dunajovice,  Dolní  Věs-
tonice  and  Ořechov).  Only  up  to  10 %  of  the  zircons  have
well-preserved  crystal  faces  applicable  for  the  typology
method.  Higher  amounts  of  magmatic  well-preserved  zir-
con  crystals  were  revealed  in  the  loess  sediments  from  the
northern  part  of  Moravia  (Hranice  I,  Hranice  II,  Leština
and  Osoblaha  (15  to  50 %)).  Almost  100 %  of  well-pre-
served  magmatic  zircon  crystals  without  visible  eolic
and/or  sedimentary  transport  features  occur  in  Velká  Bíteš
loess  in  the  SW  part  of  Moravia.

Typology results from well-preserved crystals (popula-

tion  4)  indicate  a  relatively  uniform  distribution  of  zir-
con  types  and  subtypes  for  almost  all  the  studied
samples.  The  S

, S

and S

subtypes are

the  most  widespread  (Table 1,  Figs. 2  and  3).  Modřice
and  Horní  Dunajovice  localities  did  not  contain  suffi-
cient  amounts  of  well-preserved  zircons,  only  scarce  S

and S

subtypes in Modřice and S

and S

subtypes in

Horní  Dunajovice  were  observed.  On  the  other  hand,  dif-
ferent  zircon  typologies  were  found  in  Velká  Bíteš  loess
sediments,  for  which  S

, S

and S

subtypes are charac-

teristic (Table 1, Figs. 2 and 3).

Zircon cathodoluminiscence

Zircon from the studied loesses show wide variability of

internal  zoning  under  CL  (Fig. 4).  A  fine  regular  oscillato-
ry  zoning  pattern  (Fig. 4A,B)  is  characteristic  mainly  for
Velká  Bíteš,  Leština,  Osoblaha  and  Hranice  I  and  II  zir-
cons.  However,  the  most  widespread  pattern  is  irregular
zoning  or  complex  combinations  of  regular  oscillatory
and  irregular  zoning;  the  crystals  with  oscillatory  zoning
are  corroded  along  their  rims  by  younger  embayed  zones
(Fig. 4C,D)  or  older  oscillatory  zonal  cores  are  surrounded
and  corroded  by  rims  with  irregular  zoning  (Fig. 4E,F).
This  texture  is  characteristic  mainly  for  the  Horní  Dunajo-

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WÜRMIAN LOESS AND LOESS-LIKE SEDIMENTS OF MORAVIA AND SILESIA: ZIRCON TYPOLOGY

Fig. 2. Typical zircon subtypes (after Pupin 1980) observed in loess sediments.

vice,  Modřice,  Dolní  Věstonice,  Hranice  I,  and  Osoblaha
zircon.  Rarely,  unzonal  zircon  crystals  were  found  in  the
studied  localities.

Discussion

Our results of zircon typology and cathodoluminiscence

revealed some differences in these features as a conse-
quence of various source rocks and provenance areas.

Although zircon typology (Pupin 1980, 1985) was ap-

plied widely as a usefull provenance method for clastic sed-
iments (e.g. Uher & Kováč 1993; Loi & Dabard 1997;

Fekkak  et  al.  2000;  Willner  et  al.  2003),  data  from  the  clas-
tic  sediments  of  the  Moravia  area  are  still  scarce  and  incom-
plete  (e.g.  Král  2002).  Moreover,  zircon  typology  is
applicable  only  for  well-preserved  euhedral  magmatic  or
metaigneous  zircon  crystals,  unaffected  by  extensive  sedi-
mentary  transport.  The  presence  of  common  rounded  zircon
grains  without  well-preserved  crystal  faces  indicates  a  dis-
tinctive  pre-eolic  sedimentary  transport  of  zircon  in  clastic
source  rocks.  However,  an  irregular  oval  shape  of  zircon
could  also  be  a  result  of  metamorphic  (re)crystallization
(e.g.  Broska  &  Caňo  1987;  Corfu  et  al.  2003).

The zircon typology of the studied loess sediments

show the clear dominance of zircon subtypes with medium

400

LISÁ and UHER

I.A.  (agpacity  index)  and  medium  to  high  I.T.  (index  of
temperature)  parameters  (Fig. 3).  Zircon  from  Dolní  Věs-
tonice,  Osoblaha,  Ořechov,  Hranice  and  Leština  reveal
very  similar  typograms  with  a  majority  of  medium-temper-
ature  S

, S

and S

subtypes. Such subtypes

are  typical  for  aluminous  to  calc-alkaline  allanite-bearing
I-type  granitic  suites  rather  than  lower  temperature  mona-
zite-bearing  S-type  suites  (cf.  Pupin  1985;  Broska  &  Uher
1991).  The  possible  source  for  such  zircons  could  be  mag-
matic  suites  with  I-type  character  from  the  eastern  part  of
the  Bohemian  Massif,  probably  from  Precambrian  mag-
matic  rocks  of  the  Brno  Massif,  eventually  from  probably
pre-Hercynian  granodiorites  of  Svinov-Vranová  Crystal-
line  Complex  (Dolní  Věstonice,  Ořechov,  Hranice  I  and
Hranice  II  loesses).  A  potential  source  rock  for  zircon  from
Leština  and  Osoblaha  loesses  could  be  the  Šumperk  Mas-
sif,  a  Hercynian  allanite-bearing  I-type  granodiorite  (Za-
chovalová  et  al.  2002).  Unfortunately,  there  are  missing
zircon  typology  data  for  the  above  mentioned  possible
primary  rocks,  which  would  serve  as  material  for  compari-
son.  Another  source  for  the  zircon  Leština  and  Osoblaha

Fig. 3. Zircon typograms (Pupin 1980) for loess sediments.

could be Děsná gneiss, containing partly deformed pre-
Variscan granitoids.

On the contrary, zircon typology of the studied Moravi-

an  loesses  is  distinctly  different  from  typology  of  Hercyn-
ian  S-  and  I-type  granitic  rocks  of  the  Moldanubian  pluton
where  low-temperature  zircon  subtypes  dominated  (Finger
et  al.  1991;  Jalovec  et  al.  1993;  Uher  et  al.  1998).  More-
over,  in  the  Moldanubian  pluton  high-temperature  and
(sub)alkaline  members  occur  locally  (Karlstift  granite;
Finger  et  al.  1991)  or  highly-evolved  leucogranites  with
dominant  low-temperature  and  high-alkaline  G

zircon

subtype (Homolka granite; Uher et al. 1998), both differ-
ent from loess zircons.

The only unambiguous example represents zircon from

Velká Bíteš loess. Zircon typology shows the dominance
of S

, S

and S

subtypes (Fig. 3), entirely analogous to

zircon  typology  from  the  adjacent  melanosyenitic  rocks
(durbachites)  of  the  Hercynian  Třebíč  Massif  (Holub  et  al.
1997;  Král  2002;  Dosbaba  &  Sulovský  2004).

For provenance studies it is important to distinguish zir-

con derived from magmatic versus metamorphic rocks. It

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WÜRMIAN LOESS AND LOESS-LIKE SEDIMENTS OF MORAVIA AND SILESIA: ZIRCON TYPOLOGY

is  a  complex  problem  because  of  similarities  in  morphology
as  well  as  internal  zoning  of  the  magmatic  versus  metamor-
phic  (especially  metaigneous)  zircon.  However,  a  study  of
zircon  internal  zoning  by  high-resolution  cathodoluminis-
cence  (CL)  images  distinguishes  some  characteristic  pat-
terns  of  magmatic  versus  metamorphic  zircon.  Magmatic
zircons  show  characteristic  fine  and  regular  oscillatory  zon-
ing  whereas  metamorphic  zircons  reveal  irregular  zoning,
commonly  with  the  presence  of  older,  partly  resorbed  or  re-

crystallized cores and embayed or mozaic patterns (e.g.
Vavra 1994; Rubatto & Gebauer 2000; Corfu et al. 2003).

The studied zircons from Moravian loesses show both

regular  magmatic  as  well  as  irregular  metamorphic  pat-
terns  (Fig. 4).  The  typical  fine  oscillatory  magmatic  zon-
ing  is  characteristic  mainly  for  zircon  from  Velká  Bíteš
loess  (Fig. 4A,B)  where  the  adjacent  Třebíč  melanosyenite
(durbachite)  is  assumed  as  the  source  rock  and  the  zircon
typology  clearly  supports  this.

Fig. 4. Representative CL images of zircons observed in loess sediments. A—D – fine oscillatory zoning, locally with embayments due to
partial resorption (C—D). E – core with regular oscillatory zoning overrimmed by domain with irregular oscillatory zoning. F – irregu-
larly zoned core surrounded by darker rim with irregular zoning. Location: Velká Bíteš (A, B), Dolní Věstonice (C, D), Hranice II (E),
Hranice I (F).

402

LISÁ and UHER

However, CL images of zircon from other studied loess-

es  indicate  the  presence  of  both  magmatic  and  metamor-
phic  patterns.  The  common  presence  of  oscillatory  zonal
cores  corroded  by  irregular  embayed  rims  indicates  post-
magmatic,  probably  metamorphic  processes  during  zircon
evolution;  such  patterns  were  observed  mainly  in  the  Dol-
ní  Věstonice,  Horní  Dunajovice,  Modřice  and  Hranice
loesses.  Analogous  zircon  CL  patterns  were  observed  from
high-grade  metamorphic  rocks,  such  as  orthogneisses,
metagabbros,  or  metasediments  (Rubatto  &  Gebauer  2000;
Corfu  et  al.  2003).  Moreover,  results  of  heavy  mineral  as-
semblages,  especially  garnet  compositions  of  the  loess,  in-
dicates  at  least  a  partial  metamorphic  source  of  the  loess
material,  probably  from  crystalline  complexes  of  the  east-
ern  part  of  the  Bohemian  Massif  (Kvítková  &  Buriánek
2002;  Kvítková  2004;  Lisá  et  al.  2005).  This  assumption
also  supports  analysis  of  Würmian  winds  with  prevailing
W,  NW  and  SW  directions  as  documented  by  loess  dune
orientation,  the  presence  of  particles  from  neighbouring
rocks  and  microstructures  of  quartz  grains  (Cílek  2001;
Lisá  2004).

Conclusions

The following main conclusions can be derived from

the presented data:

Zircon typology is applicable only for well-preserved

magmatic  zircon  crystals,  which  usually  form  only  a  part
of  the  whole  zircon  population  from  Würmian  Moravian
loess  sediments.  The  typology  of  the  studied  samples  indi-
cated  dominant  provenance  of  calc-alkaline  I-type  gran-
ites,  probably  from  various  source  regions  (possibly  the
Brno,  Svinov-Vranová  and  Šumperk  Massifs),  material
from  S-type  granites  (mainly  Moldanubian  pluton)  con-
tributed  probably  only  in  negligible  amounts.

The provenance material of the Velká Bíteš locality is

significantly  different;  their  zircon  population  was  unam-
biguously  derived  from  the  adjacent  melanosyenitic  rocks
(durbachites)  of  the  Třebíč  Massif.

Internal zoning (cathodoluminiscence images) indicates

both magmatic and metamorphic origins of zircon in the
Würmian loess sediments of Moravia.

Generally, zircon typology and cathodoluminiscence

patterns  in  our  study  evidently  indicate  the  presence  of
magmatic,  probably  mainly  granitic  as  well  as  metamor-
phic  source  rocks  for  Würmian  loesses  in  the  Moravia
area,  most  probably  from  Precambrian  to  Hercynian  crys-
talline  complexes  of  the  Bohemian  Massif.  However,  some
admixture  from  younger  clastic  sedimentary  rocks  (mainly
Neogene  sandstones)  in  eolic  material  of  Moravian  loess
sediments  is  not  excluded.

Acknowledgments:  The  authors  thank  František  Butula
(Dept.  of  Biology,  Fac.  of  Sci.,  Masaryk  University,  Brno)
and  Viera  Kollárová  (ŠGÚDŠ,  Bratislava)  for  technical  as-
sistence  on  SEM  and  CL  images,  Tomáš  Navrátil  for  the  En-
glish  language  corrections,  Jaromír  Leichmann  and  two

reviewers for constructive comments. The research was sup-
ported by AVOZ 30130516 Institutional Research Plan.

Appendix: sample location

Osoblaha. NE border of Bohušov village. 2300 m SSW from the

Osoblaha railway station.

Hranice I. Outcrop over “Vápenka“ motorway restaurant;

1500 m SE from the Hranice na Moravě railway station.

Hranice II. Upper part of the Skalka quarry; 2500 m NE from

the Hranice na Moravě railway station.

Leština. E border of the Leština village, 800 m SW from the

elev. point 524, Trlice.

Modřice. 3750 m SE from the elev. point 307, Rovný.
Horní Dunajovice. Centre of Horní Dunajovice village, 950 m

ESE from the elev. point 287, Šibeniční Kopec.

Dolní Věstonice. E border of the Dolní Věstonice village;

2000 m N from the elev. point 550, Děvín.

Ořechov. West border of the Ořechov village; 3000 m SE from

the elev. point 389, Záhumenice.

Velká Bíteš. NW border of the Jestřabí village; 1800 m SSE

from the elev. point 516, Chocholáč.

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