GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, OCTOBER 2006, 57, 5, 355—370
www.geologicacarpathica.sk
Tertiary development of the Polish and eastern Slovak parts
of the Carpathian accretionary wedge: insights from
balanced cross-sections
MICHAL NEMČOK
1
, PIOTR KRZYWIEC
2
, MAREK WOJTASZEK
3
, LÍVIA LUDHOVÁ
4
,
RICHARD A. KLECKER
5
, WILIAM J. SERCOMBE
5
and MIKE P. COWARD
6†
1
EGI, University of Utah, 423 Wakara Way, Suite 300, Salt Lake City, UT 84-108 Utah, USA; mnemcok@egi.utah.edu
2
Polish Geological Institute, Rakowiecka 4, PL—00-975 Warszaw, Poland
3
Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2A, PL-30-063 Krakow, Poland
4
Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, SK-842 15 Bratislava,
Slovak Republic
5
Amoco Prod. Co., P.O. Box 4381, Houston, TX 77210, USA
6
Ries-Coward Associates, LtD., 70 Grosvenor Road, Caversham, Reading RG4 0ES, UK
(Manuscript received March 11, 2005; accepted in revised form March 16, 2006)
Abstract: During Eocene—Sarmatian, a Polish-eastern Slovak portion of the Outer West Carpathian accretionary wedge was
deformed in front of the ALCAPA terrane. This portion advanced into the area of the subducting remnant Carpathian Flysch
Basin, a large oceanic tract left in front of the Alpine orogen. Western parts of the wedge were characterized by a noticeable
lack of involvement of thick-skin thrusting and by a predominant development of fault-propagation folds. Eastern parts of
the wedge were characterized by the involvement of thick-skin thrusting, triangle zones and back-thrusts. The frontal
portion of the wedge was characterized by a décollement formed along the shale and gypsum formations of the Badenian
molasse sediments, which resulted in the increased width of the thrust sheets. Forelandward thinning of foreland basin
sediments indicates that the portion of the European Platform attached to the subducting oceanic lithosphere flexed
underneath the advancing Carpathians as early as the Eocene. Oligocene sediments record syn-depositional thrusting by
abrupt thickness changes over short distances. Younger periods of the thrusting are documented by the Eggenburgian—
Karpatian piggy-back basin carried by thrust sheets in the frontal portion of the ALCAPA terrane, the Early Miocene age
of the youngest sediments in the central portion of the wedge and involvement of the middle Badenian molasse sediments
in the frontal portion of the wedge. The end of the shortening is documented by the lower Sarmatian end of the strike-slip
fault activity behind the wedge, by the middle Sarmatian transgression over the deformed wedge in the Orava-Nowy Targ
Basin, which is located in the rear portion of the wedge, and by the Sarmatian undeformed sediments sealing the wedge
front. The existence of the forebulge in front of the advancing Carpathians is documented by local Eocene, Oligocene and
Lower Miocene unconformities in the frontal portion of the wedge.
Key words: Western Carpathians, development mechanism, structural style, balanced cross-sections.
Introduction
While Tertiary development reconstructions of the entire
Carpathian-Pannonian region have resulted in a relatively
accepted scenario (e.g. Balla 1984; Royden 1988; Royden
& Báldi 1988; Horváth 1993; Csontos 1995; Haas et al.
1995; Meulenkamp et al. 1996; Nemčok et al. 1998; Bada
1999), several basic problems remain for the reconstruc-
tion of the Carpathian accretionary wedge. The effects of
the mechanical stratigraphy, the presence of pre-thrusting
structures, the syn-tectonic deposition, erosion, and fluid
flow on the Carpathian wedge mechanics and dynamics
require further research.
The Carpathian accretionary wedge was formed during
the Tertiary by NE- and E-ward migration and accretion
occurring in front of advancing microplates (e.g. Balla
1984; Kovács 1987; Royden & Báldi 1988; Kovács et al.
1989; Csontos et al. 1992; Haas et al. 1995). During this
process, the remnant Carpathian Flysch Basin (rCFB),
which was floored by oceanic and thinned continental
crust placed between the orogen, the West and East Euro-
pean Platforms and the Moesian Platform, was consumed
(e.g. Royden & Báldi 1988). The major driving force for
the accretionary wedge was the subduction roll-back (e.g.
Royden et al. 1982) and deformation of the wedge in the
west was influenced by the eastward lateral mass extrusion
from the Eastern Alps, as noted by Neubauer & Genser
(1990) and Ratschbacher et al. (1991).
Earlier research of the Carpathian accretionary wedge
defined ancestral basins, sediments of which are accreted
in a present-day wedge. These sediments include sedi-
ments of Early Cretaceous rifts evolved on a present-day
margin of the West European Platform (e.g. Swidziński
1948; Książkiewicz 1960, 1962b, 1965, 1977a; Lucińska-
Anczkiewicz et al. 2002; Poprawa et al. 2002a,b;
Grabowski et al. 2004; Oszczypko 2004), sediments of
Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene basins formed by an inver-
sion of earlier rifts (e.g. Suk et al. 1984 and references
therein; Krzywiec 2002; Poprawa et al. 2002a; Oszczypko
2004 and references therein) and sediments of the Eocene-
356
NEMČOK, KRZYWIEC, WOJTASZEK, LUDHOVÁ, KLECKER, SERCOMBE and COWARD
Oligocene deep foreland basin (Winkler & Ślączka 1992; Po-
prawa et al. 2002a,b). This distinction was tested and put into
tectonic continuum by earlier balanced cross-section cam-
paigns (e.g. Roure et al. 1993, 1994; Roca et al. 1995; Behr-
mann et al. 2000). The existence of Early Cretaceous horsts
and younger intra-basinal sources in the West Carpathian ac-
cretionary wedge sedimentary record (e.g. Książkiewicz
1960; Roure et al. 1993, 1994; Oszczypko & Oszczypko-
Clowes 2002) and their non-existence in the East Carpathian
accretionary wedge sedimentary record (e.g. Stefanescu &
Melinte 1996) indicate the progressive deepening of the
rCFB from NW to SE (see also Ryłko & Adam 2005).
Two modern attempts have been made for the described
basin system to be palinspastically restored, however, they
either lack balanced cross-sections made from detailed
geological maps (Morley 1996) or cover the whole region
by only a few balanced cross-sections (Ellouz & Roca
1994). No attempts have used kinematic data from the
western half of the wedge to constrain their interpretation.
The balanced cross-sections and kinematic and paleo-
magnetic data in the western half of the Carpathian accre-
tionary wedge would assist in answering fundamental
unsolved questions, such as questions on the transforma-
tion of the convergence from the rear into both internal
wedge deformation and advance, the role of the out-of-se-
quence thrusting, the nature of both erosion/shortening
and deposition/shortening coupling, basement/cover de-
formation interplay and basal friction role in the thrusting.
The intent of this paper is not to address all of the out-
lined open problems, but rather to characterize the Tertiary
mechanics of the Polish-east Slovak portion of the Car-
pathian accretionary wedge. This paper is based on the five
regional balanced cross-sections to provide determination
of wedge shortening and advancing during the Tertiary.
Methods
Five balanced cross-sections have been constructed from
the West European Platform to the Inner Western Car-
pathians (Fig. 1). Data constraints for balancing are provid-
ed by magnetotelluric and gravity data (e.g. Pospíšil pers.
com., 1994; Ryłko & Tomaś 1995), reflection seismic pro-
files (e.g. profiles 5-3-73K, 5-1-78K, 5A-1-78K), boreholes,
our own outcrop data and data from available geological
maps. Seismic data imaged structural architecture in the
thinner portion of the wedge and the location of the basal
décollement underneath the whole wedge. Magnetotelluric
Fig. 1. A map of the Outer West Carpathian accretionary wedge between a longitude of E19º and E23º and with a location of balanced cross-
sections and locations of kinematic studies. The inset shows the whole of the Western Carpathians. AFB are the autochthonous Miocene molas-
se sediments of the foreland basin, TTZ is the Tornquist-Teisseyre Zone, OC are the Outer Carpathians, IC are the Inner Carpathians, EC are
the Eastern Carpathians, PKB is the Pieniny Klippen Belt, A are the Alps and PB is the Pannonian Basin. The seismic profile in Fig. 3 is paral-
lel to the frontal portion of the second profile and located to the west of it. It is not precisely located for confidentiality reasons.
357
TERTIARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARPATHIAN ACCRETIONARY WEDGE
data were particularly suitable for the determination of the
top of the crystalline basement, even under the rear portion
of the wedge. Gravity data constrained geometries of struc-
tural highs and depressions below the thicker half of the
wedge and boreholes constrained structural architecture in
the upper 3—6 km of the wedge.
Dip domain and kink band analyses were made manually
from seismic, borehole and outcrop data in order to exclude
local complexities, such as lower-order folding or slumps.
This cleaning resulted in thrust geometries constructed
without complexities, which are smaller than the visualiza-
tion capability of regional balanced cross-sections. This
consideration was of special importance, because the ob-
tained fold geometries cleaned from small-scale com-
plexities
comprised
fault-bend
folds
(Suppe
1983),
fault-propagation folds (Suppe & Medwedeff 1984) and
their evolutional combinations (e.g. Mitra 1990). Their axi-
al planes and bounding faults provided constraints for line
balancing. Construction was done using Paradigm 2D Geo-
Sec, in direction from pin lines towards the orogenic hinter-
land as well as from the surface down. Pin lines for the
Magura and Silesian Units were located in the very front.
Volume preservation was simulated by the area preserva-
tion within each cross-section. Deformed cross-sections
were tested for area preservation by restoring them to their
undeformed state using the flexural slip algorithm.
Mechanical stratigraphy
Figure 2 shows the complete and grouped lithostratigra-
phy of sediments present in the studied part of the Carpathian
accretionary wedge. The complete lithostratigraphy is pre-
sented according to its division to the Skole, Sub-Silesian,
Silesian, Dukla and Magura Units (Gucik et al. 1962; Bieda
et al. 1963) and is slightly modified. Various facies have
been grouped together to obtain the layered-cake stratigra-
phy required by balancing (Fig. 2). This grouping is not a
simplification of the input data, because any separate facies
can be located again after balancing is done. The Magura fa-
cies are grouped separately and the facies of all other units
are grouped to the “Silesian Unit” because they were deposit-
ed in a system of neighboring basins and highs. The Silesian
Unit will be used in this sense in the whole paper.
Fig. 2. The lithostratigraphy of the Outer West Carpathian accretionary wedge (modified after Gucik et al. 1962; Bieda et al. 1963).
The numbers next to the detachments indicate the presence of the detachment at certain cross-section. Cross-sections numbered from
west to east refer to locations in Fig. 1. The dark grey colour highlights hydrocarbon source rocks, the light grey highlights shale and
marl and the dotted pattern highlights sandstone dominated facies. Further explanation is in text.
358
NEMČOK, KRZYWIEC, WOJTASZEK, LUDHOVÁ, KLECKER, SERCOMBE and COWARD
The Magura Unit is divided into three sequences
(Fig. 2). The oldest sequence, a basin inversion-related se-
quence, forms a relatively competent layer characterized
mainly by flysch sediments with abundant sandstone lay-
ers. The intermediate sequence, a pelagic and distal flysch
sequence, can be characterized as an incompetent layer,
due to the abundance of shale and thin rhythmic flysch,
whether or not it locally contains larger sandstone bodies.
The most competent sequence is the youngest one that
was formed by sandstone-dominated syn-orogenic sedi-
ments.
The basal décollement is formed at the base of the Inocer-
amus Formation (B in Fig. 2). Less important local detach-
ments have been observed in our balanced cross-sections at
the base of the pelagic and distal flysch sediments (A in
Fig. 2).
The Silesian Unit is divided into seven sequences
(Fig. 2). The lowest three, divided in more detail for better
visualization of Lower Cretaceous rifts (e.g. Nemčok et al.
2001), form generally incompetent layers due to their high
shale content, despite a certain content of carbonate fa-
cies. Their incompetence is further enhanced by potential
fluid-releasing clay mineral transformation and hydrocar-
bon generation. Primarily, the Spas, Wierzowice (Veřovice)
Shale and parts of the Cieszyn (Tešín) Formation are
known as potential source rocks (e.g. Bessereau et al.
1996). The lower basin inversion-related sequence is
somewhat between an incompetent and competent layer,
comprising a true mixture of different rheologies. The up-
per basin inversion-related sequence represents the lower-
most competent layer, as it is supported by the Cisna
Sandstone or sandstone-prevailing parts of the Istebna or
the Inoceramus flysch. The following pelagic and distal
flysch layer is an incompetent layer despite the local pres-
ence of larger bodies of the Ciezkowice Sandstone. The
layer of syn-orogenic sediments includes sediments of the
maximum flooding event, the Globigerina Marl and the
Menilite Formation that reside on the bottom of the layer.
Menilite Formation is the proven source rock in the region
(Ziegler & Roure 1996), which can potentially change its
rheology during the fluid expulsion. The upper parts of
syn-orogenic sediments are generally competent, as repre-
sented by the Krosno flysch that comprises the larger pro-
portion of sandstone.
The basal décollement is formed in shaly parts of the
Cieszyn Formation and in the Wierzowice Shale (E in
Fig. 2). Detachments at the base of both inversion-related
sequences are locally frequent (C, D in Fig. 2). A less im-
portant local detachment has also been observed in our
cross-sections at the base of both pelagic and distal sedi-
ments and syn-orogenic sediments (A, B in Fig. 2).
Balanced cross-sections
All balanced cross-sections are pinned on the West Eu-
ropean Platform and end in the Pieniny Klippen Belt, with
the exception of profile 1, which goes further to the Cen-
tral Carpathian Paleogene (Podhale) Basin.
Profiles 1 and 2
Figures 5 and 7 in Nemčok et al. (2000), which show pro-
files 1 and 2, respectively, indicate four and nine normal
faults below the wedge. They were constrained by magneto-
telluric imaging (Ryłko & Tomaś 1995) and reflection seis-
mic profiles 5-3-73K, 5-1-78K, 5A-1-78K. None of the two
profiles shows a distinct thickening of Jurassic-Lower Creta-
ceous or Tertiary sediments towards these normal faults,
which would indicate their relationship to Jurassic-Early Cre-
taceous rifting or the Tertiary flexure of the underlying plate,
with exception of Jurassic wedge between third and fourth
normal faults from north in profile 2. However, location 100
documents the same system of NW-SE striking normal faults,
which deform the Oxfordian limestone and are overlapped by
the Senonian marl, providing the evidence for Early Creta-
ceous rifting. The mining in the Wieliczka area between pro-
files 1 and 2 has documented the Neogene inversion of
NW-SE striking normal faults (Poborski & Jawor 1989) in ad-
dition to far field and along-strike evidence from the Bohe-
mian Massif to the west of our study area for their Late
Cretaceous-Paleocene
inversion
(e.g.
Malkovský
1979,
1987; Bachman et al. 1987; Betz et al. 1987; Schröder 1987).
Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous sediments of grabens un-
derneath the thrustbelt are unconformably overlain by Neo-
gene sediments, a small portion of which is accreted in the
thrustbelt. Missing sediments underneath the unconformity
in profile 2 indicate at least 0.6 km of the Lower Miocene
erosional removal of the Silesian sediments before the mo-
lasse was deposited (Fig. 7 in Nemčok et al. 2000).
The youngest Neogene sediments of the thrustbelt have
late Badenian age. They are present in frontal parts of pro-
file 2 (Fig. 7 in Nemčok et al. 2000), where they uncon-
formably overlie the Senonian-Paleocene upper basin
inversion sequence. They belong to a relatively narrow
belt of deformed foredeep deposits (Książkiewicz 1977c)
called Zgłobice Unit (Kotlarczyk 1985), detached along
middle Badenian evaporites. The fold-and-thrust struc-
tures of this unit include a small imbricated fan system
consisting of mostly blind thrusts (sensu Boyer & Elliot
1982; Dunne & Ferrill 1988; Fig. 3) and minor back-
thrusting. They developed as growth structures. This is
documented by a significant thinning of Badenian sedi-
mentary packages from the limb towards the crest of the
growth fold as well as intra-Badenian angular unconformi-
ties related to the thrust-induced rotation of depositional
surfaces. In front of the fold-and-thrust structures of the
Zgłobice Unit, above the M3 seismic horizon, which
could be approximately correlated with the Badenian/Sar-
matian boundary (Krzywiec et al. 1995), several stacked
small-scale prograding wedges are observed on seismic
data. These wedges were interpreted as fan deltas, derived
from the eroded thrust front. In addition, similar Sarmatian
fan deltas were described in several outcrops from the vi-
cinity of the Carpathian front (Doktor 1983).
Although both profiles include the décollement fault,
which is cut to the surface, several reflection seismic pro-
files from the vicinity of the profile 2 indicate buried
thrustbelt front (Fig. 3). Fig. 3 also indicates that sedi-
359
TERTIARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARPATHIAN ACCRETIONARY WEDGE
ments deposited at about Badenian/Sarmatian boundary
or a bit older overlie the frontal anticline.
Frontal thrust sheets of the thrustbelt in profiles 1 and 2
are 0.7—2 and 1.2—1.9 km thick, and 3.5—15 and 2.8—6.7 km
wide, respectively. These sheets have been made by fault-
propagation folding (sensu Suppe & Medwedeff 1984) and
thrust over the shale and gypsum formations of the middle
Badenian autochthonous molasse.
Sub-horizontal veins with the fibrous gypsum exist in
close proximity to the décollement within the shale sequence
at location 107 and indicate fluid overpressure (Nemčok et
al. 2000). The other location inside the wedge that is close to
its décollement is location 106. It shows shale duplexing and
sandstone boudinage within shale horizons, E-W striking
fold axes and randomly oriented gypsum veins, indicating
fluid overpressure (Nemčok et al. 2000).
Frontal thrust sheets of the wedge contain unconform-
able contact between the Oligocene and underlying Se-
nonian-Paleocene sediments. The entire Eocene pelagic
and distal flysch sequence is frequently eroded off.
The immediate contact of the Magura and Silesian Units
in profile 2 is made by the Zegocina sinistral transpres-
sional strike-slip fault zone, which was studied at loca-
tions 113—127. The fault zone itself is shown in the
balanced cross-section 2 as the undifferentiated Sub-Sile-
sian sequence (Fig. 7 in Nemčok et al. 2000). This is be-
cause the distinction of each small strike-slip duplex,
mapped by Burtan & Skoczylas-Ciszewska (1964b) was not
possible. The W-E sigmoidal orientation of strike-slip du-
plexes indicates a sinistral transpression, which is docu-
mented at locations 114, 116 and 120 by kinematic
data. This fault zone brings a large portion of the oldest
sediments to the surface in strike-slip duplexes. These
duplexes comprise both marginal and basinal facies of
the Silesian Basin fill. The zone is formed above a large
NE-SW striking fault in the autochthonous basement
that is oblique to the cross-section.
Silesian thrust sheets buried under Magura thrust in pro-
files 1 and 2 are 2—8.3 and 2.1—16.3 km wide, and formed in
1—2.3 and 1.1—3.9 km thick sections, respectively. The short-
ening value and restored width of the Silesian Unit along
profiles 1 and 2 are 75 and 80 km, and 130 and 137 km, re-
spectively. The only exception from their foreland vergency
is the Slopnice antiformal stack and the most proximal parts
of the wedge. The Slopnice antiformal stack is formed by four
sheets of various widths, which are cut at the base of Lower
Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous and Eocene. The overlapping
ramp anticlines of the stack do not have coincident trailing
branch lines and the Magura sole thrust above them is corru-
gated. The complex structure of the stack rules out its se-
quential development (e.g. Boyer & Elliott 1982; Butler
1982), particularly the presence of pre-upper Badenian sedi-
ments located among two of its thrust sheets. Proximal parts
of the wedge contain subvertical and overturned thrust faults.
The deformation of the Magura Nappe is characterized
by fault-propagation folding (Figs. 5 and 7 in Nemčok et
al. 2000). Sheets in profiles 1 and 2, formed in 0.9—4.2 and
0.5—3.5 km thick sections, are 4.5—12 and 3.6—12.1 km
wide, respectively. Fault tips are usually present in the
Eocene pelagic and distal flysch sequence and the basal
detachment of the Magura Unit is folded and offset by nu-
merous out-of-sequence thrusts in profile 2.
The out-of-sequence movement of the Magura thrust is
best documented by the existence of the lower-middle Bad-
enian molasse sediments between the Magura and Silesian
Units, discovered in the Zawoja borehole (Moryc 1989),
which is located 55 km to the west of cross-section 2. These
sediments were deposited on top of the shortened Silesian
Unit and were later thrust over by the Magura Unit.
The amount of shortening and original width of the
Magura Unit in profiles 1 and 2 is about 20 and 42 km,
and 64 and 83 km, respectively. The timing of the end of
shortening is provided by the middle Sarmatian transgres-
sive facies of the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin, which lies on
the Magura Unit (Cieszkowski 1992; Nagy et al. 1996).
Balancing does not provide any direct evidence regarding
pre-Neogene shortening. However, the age of the youngest
Magura sediments (Table 1) indicates that the initial shorten-
ing of the Magura sedimentary succession took part during
the Late Eocene and Oligocene. The ages of the youngest
Magura sediments (Table 1), younger in a northerly direc-
tion, further indicate a piggy-back sequence of thrusting. Nu-
merous observations of deformation bands, which were
formed prior to Eocene sediment lithification in the Krynica
and Rača Nappes of the Magura nappe system, serve as add-
ed evidence for pre-Neogene shortening (e.g. Świerczewska
& Tokarski 1998; Tokarski & Świerczewska 1998).
The proximal half of the wedge in the restored cross-sec-
tion 1 indicates a strike-slip component of the movement
along thrusts. This is because of the mismatch of restored
sheets, which requires additional restoration in a map view
for the horizontal component of the displacement (Nemčok
Fig. 3. A seismic reflection profile 27-7-92K crossing the frontal
Carpathian thrust developed within the Miocene foredeep sediments.
See explanation in Fig. 1 for location. The vertical scale indicates
two-way travel time in seconds. Note the thickness reduction of fore-
deep sediments within the hinge of the interpreted fault-propagation
fold pointing to its syn-depositional growth. A indicates the seismic
horizon related to middle Badenian anhydrites (approximately the
top of the pre-Miocene basement), M1 and M2 are intra-Badenian
horizons, M3 probably indicates the Badenian/Sarmatian boundary
(from Krzywiec et al. 1995) and J and Cr show Jurassic and Creta-
ceous sediments. See text for further explanations.
360
NEMČOK, KRZYWIEC, WOJTASZEK, LUDHOVÁ, KLECKER, SERCOMBE and COWARD
et al. 2000). Our field check showed a strike-slip component
of the displacement along some of these fault contacts (lo-
cations 74—76, 114, 116, 120, 135, 137, 138, 165, 180, 189,
193), which is in agreement with some Polish Geological
Survey maps (e.g. Kulka et al. 1985).
Profile 3
Figure 4 shows eight major normal faults related to Early
Cretaceous rifting. Their timing is based on the thickness
relations between Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments on
horsts and grabens. The first six faults are located under-
neath the frontal part of the wedge. There was no evidence
of their later inversion that was found by balancing. The
first four of them apparently caused ramp location in the
overriding wedge. They are overlain by undeformed Neo-
gene autochthonous molasse. The seventh and eighth large
normal faults are present under the rear portion of the wedge
(Fig. 4). Both of them have been reactivated by thrusting, as
indicated by the balancing that was constrained by the top-
basement surface, which was taken from interpreted magne-
totelluric (Ryłko & Tomaś 1995) and gravimetric data
(Pospíšil, pers. com. 1994). The balanced profile, however,
does not allow determining, whether they have been reacti-
vated by Late Cretaceous-Paleocene basin inversion or
only by younger shortening during the development of the
West Carpathian accretionary wedge. The younger shorten-
ing is apparent from their propagation through the overly-
ing wedge and their out-of-sequence character (Fig. 4). The
frontal portion of the wedge accreted small volumes of the
Neogene molasse sediments. The youngest of them are of
Badenian—early Sarmatian age. The frontal half of the
wedge comprises Silesian sediment section in 4.3 to
18.6 km wide thrust sheets. This increased width, in com-
parison with profiles 1 and 2, is caused by the dramatic
thickness increase of the Cretaceous portion of the sedi-
mentary section in the unit defined as Skole (located in
Fig. 1), which caused a strength increase. Its maximum
thickness is 3.6 km. Most of these sheets, formed by fault-
propagation folding, were thrust over incompetent forma-
tions of the autochthonous molasse (Fig. 4). Two preserved
fault tips are located inside the Upper Cretaceous section,
one at the base of the syn-tectonic sediments. The syn-tec-
tonic sediments show large thickness variations, which are
due to erosion of shortened structures and the existence of
complex topography during their deposition.
Table 1: The age of the syn-tectonic deposition along balanced cross-sections. Profile 1: 1 – Burtan (1964); 2 – Burtan & Szymakowska
(1964); 3 – Badak (1964a); 4 – Watycha (1964a); 5 – Badak (1964b); 6 – Watycha (1964b). Profile 2: 1 – Burtan & Skoczylas-Cisze-
wska (1964a); 2 – Burtan & Skoczylas-Ciszewska (1964b); 3 – Paul (1978). Profile 3: 1 – Koszarski et al. (1965); 2 – Koszarski &
Kucinski (1966); 3 – Koszarski (1967); 4 – Koszarski & Żytko (1967); 5 – Sikora (1964); 6 – Nemčok (1990). Profile 4: 1 – Kucinski
& Nowak (1965); 2 – Ślączka (1963); 3 – Ślączka (1964); 4 – Nemčok (1990). Profile 5: 1 – Gucik et al. (1979); 2 – Wdowiarz et al.
(1988); 3 – Gucik (1983); 4 – Ślączka & Żytko (1978); 5 – Nemčok (1990). The boundaries between Magura nappes in all of the re-
ferred maps were modified according to Poprawa & Nemčok (1989). An alternative end age of the syn-tectonic deposition along profile 4
is given as: Late Eocene-Early Oligocene (*3 – author 3). An alternative onset age of this deposition is given as: Profile 1: intra-Late
Eocene (*3 – author 3); Profile 2: intra-Late Eocene (*2 – author 2); Profile 3: Late Eocene/Early Oligocene boundary (*1, 3, 4 – authors
1, 3, 4); Profile 5: Middle Eocene (*2 – author 2); Late Eocene/Early Oligocene (*2 – author 2).
361
TERTIARY
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
CARPATHIAN
ACCRETIONARY
WEDGE
Fig. 4. A balanced and restored cross-section No. 3. The thick dashed vertical line indicates the southernmost extent of autochthonous molasse sediments of an indicated age, located below
the accretionary wedge and inferred from well penetrations in the broader area. The layers of the Magura and Silesian sedimentary section are those introduced in Fig. 2 as a result of
grouping facies. Molasse sediments are divided into groups of pre-middle Badenian and middle Badenian—Sarmatian. The vertical scale equals the horizontal scale.
362
NEMČOK, KRZYWIEC, WOJTASZEK, LUDHOVÁ, KLECKER, SERCOMBE and COWARD
The rear half of the wedge has a more complex structure,
which includes thick-skin tectonics, buried Silesian du-
plexes and an overlying Magura Unit (Fig. 4). Basement-
involved thrust blocks are 13 and 27.4 km wide and their
bounding ramps cut through the wedge to the surface in
an out-of-sequence fashion. Buried Silesian thrust sheets,
formed in 3.6—4.6 km thick sections, are 3.6 to 10 km
wide. They are relatively short in the area located behind
the step in the basement of the Gorlice area (Fig. 4). Their
ramps are cut through the whole section. The original
width and amount of shortening along this profile reaches
168 and 74 km, respectively.
The structural architecture of the Magura Unit is devel-
oped by fault-propagation folding and the basal detach-
ment of the Magura Unit is folded. Thrust sheets, made of
1.1—3.9 km thick sections, are 2.9 to 12.9 km wide. Two
preserved fault tips are located inside the sequence related
to basin inversion; one is located at the base of the pelagic
and distal flysch sequence (Fig. 4). The total shortening
and initial width of the unit is 18 and 66 km, respectively.
Balancing does not provide any direct evidence regard-
ing pre-Neogene shortening. However, dramatic thickness
variations of syn-tectonic sediments may indicate complex
topography created by initial thrusting.
Profile 4
There are ten major normal faults related to Early Creta-
ceous rifting present below the wedge (Fig. 5). Their timing
is based on the analogy with previous profiles and thick-
ness relations of Paleozoic-Jurassic sediments in grabens
and on horsts, although the origin by flexural bending can-
not be ruled out for the first seven faults. The first seven nor-
mal faults are located under the frontal third of the
accretionary wedge. None of them indicate a younger inver-
sion. They are buried by Neogene autochthonous molasse
sediments. The second and third normal faults coincide
with ramp location in the overlying wedge. The remaining
normal faults, interpreted from gravity and magnetotelluric
data, are much larger than the first seven faults (Fig. 5).
They have been inverted by younger thrusting. This bal-
anced cross-section does not allow us to determine whether
they were inverted during the Late Cretaceous—Paleocene
basin inversion or during the Neogene development of the
accretionary wedge. The Neogene reactivation can be im-
plied from the out-of-sequence character of their extensions
located within the wedge (Fig. 5).
The frontal part of the wedge incorporates a small volume
of the Neogene molasse, lower Sarmatian being the youngest.
Thrust sheet widths in the frontal third of the wedge are af-
fected by thickness changes in the pre-Eocene part of the sed-
imentary section. The thick section, which has a thickness of
about 1.92 km, forms thrust sheets that are 5.5—7.1 km wide.
The thin section, located at both the southern and the north-
ern sides of the thick section, has a thickness of only about
0.5 km and forms thrust sheets only 0.55—1.65 km wide.
Fault-propagation folding formed most of the thrust sheets
north of the Zyznow 1 well (Fig. 5). They were thrust over in-
competent Neogene sediments. Four fault tips are located in
the middle of the upper sequence related to basin inversion.
One fault tip is located inside the pelagic and distal flysch se-
quence. The frontal six ramps propagated upward into Neo-
gene sediments that were deposited in a piggy-back basin
and carried on top of the first five thrust sheets. This is the
only profile with preserved frontal thrust sheets. The remain-
ing profiles show these structures as deeply eroded. The five
frontal thrust sheets of profile 4 have preserved several local
unconformities, which are described later in chapter “The
timing of deformational events”.
The remaining two thirds of the wedge have a more com-
plex structure, including two levels of buried duplexes in the
Czarnorzeki area, an antiformal stack and two triangle zones
with back-thrusting in the Zboiska area and the Magura Unit
above Silesian buried duplexes (Fig. 5). The comparison of
Figs. 4 and 5 indicates that basement-involved thrusting af-
fected more frontal parts of the European Platform than it did
in profile 3. Each basement block-bounding ramp continues
into the overlying wedge in an out-of-sequence fashion
(Fig. 5). In addition, each of them causes a complexity in
overlying structures. A comparison of Silesian thrust sheets
buried underneath the Magura Unit with those in front of the
Magura Unit indicates distinct thickness changes of the syn-
tectonic sediments. It indicates a complex topography pro-
duced by initial thrusting during the deposition of
syn-tectonic sediments (see Nemčok et al. 2000).
The basement involved thrust blocks are 11.8, 23 and
47.4 km wide. Silesian thrust sheets buried underneath the
Magura Unit, about 1.7 km thick, are 1.6—8.2 km wide.
The shortening value and original width of the Silesian
Unit equals 183 and 304 km, respectively. The structures
of the overlying Magura Unit are formed by both fault-
bend and fault-propagation folding. Two fault-propaga-
tion folds have the tips of their ramps located inside the
pelagic and distal flysch sequence. The ramps of fault-
bend folds are either cut up to the present surface or cut up
to the base of the syn-tectonic sediments (Fig. 5). The bas-
al detachment of the Magura Unit is folded. Thrust sheets
of the 0.5—3.2 km thick Magura section are 1.6—8.7 km
wide. The shortening value and original width of the
Magura Unit is 35 and 85 km, respectively.
Profile 5
Figure 6 shows five major normal faults related to Early
Cretaceous rifting below the wedge, as indicated by the thick
Paleozoic-Jurassic sediments preserved in grabens. The flex-
ural origin of the first three faults, however, cannot be ruled
out. The first two normal faults are located in front of the
Kuźmina borehole. Their later inversion is not evident from
the balanced cross-section. They do not coincide with ramps
in the above wedge and are overlain by the autochthonous
Neogene molasse. The three remaining normal faults are
much larger than the first two and are located below the cen-
tral part of the wedge (Fig. 6). The third and fifth normal
faults show evidence of their thrust reactivation. The Neo-
gene timing of thrust reactivation is indicated by their out-of-
sequence character, i.e. their propagation through the
overlying wedge (Fig. 6). There is no evidence allowing us to
363
TERTIARY
DEVELOPMENT
OF
THE
CARPATHIAN
ACCRETIONARY
WEDGE
Fig. 5. A balanced and restored cross-section No. 4. Explanations are same as in Fig. 4. Molasse sediments are divided into groups of pre-upper Badenian and upper Badenian. The vertical
scale equals the horizontal scale.
3
6
4
NEMČOK,
KRZYWIEC,
WOJTASZEK,
LUDHOVÁ,
KLECKER,
SERCOMBE
a
n
d
COWARD
Fig. 6. A balanced and restored cross-section No. 5. Explanations are same as in Fig. 4. Molasse sediments are divided into groups of pre-Sarmatian and Sarmatian. The vertical scale equals
the horizontal scale.
365
TERTIARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARPATHIAN ACCRETIONARY WEDGE
determine whether the thrust reactivation took part also dur-
ing the Late Cretaceous—Paleocene time period.
The frontal half of the wedge comprises Silesian sedi-
ment sections in 2.1 to 26.4 km wide thrust sheets. This in-
creased width, in comparison with profiles 1, 2 and 4, is
caused by the thickness increase of the Cretaceous sedi-
mentary section in the Skole Unit, which allows for in-
creased strength. Its maximum thickness is 3.6 km, which
is identical with profile 3.
The frontal part of the wedge was thrust over less com-
petent middle Badenian—Sarmatian facies of the autochth-
onous molasse. Due to a deep erosional level, only three
of the frontal thrust sheets show evidence of fault-propa-
gation folding. Two preserved fault tips are located at the
base of the Eocene section. The variable thickness of
thrust sheets is related to various widths. Thrust sheets
with a width of 7.1—26.4 km have a thickness close to the
maximum value and contain both Lower and Upper Creta-
ceous sections. The thickness of the 2.1—8.6 km wide
thrust sheets ranges between 1.4 and 2.1 km. The Lower
Cretaceous section is not present in these short thrust
sheets and the thickness of the Upper Cretaceous section
is frequently reduced (Fig. 6). There are four buried Lower
Cretaceous duplexes in the Kuźmina borehole area.
The rear portion of the wedge has a more complex struc-
ture, which includes triangle zones, back-thrusts in the
Silesian section and dramatic thickness and thrust sheet
width changes (Fig. 6). Triangle zones with back-thrusts
are formed in the hanging walls of reactivated and up-
ward-extended normal faults that were originally located
underneath the wedge. Two of the normal faults reactivat-
ed by thrusting are propagated through the whole overly-
ing wedge to the surface. Both hanging walls bring
considerably older sediments than sediments in footwalls
do to the present surface. Basement-involved thrust blocks
are 7.4, 17.4 and 36.8 km wide. Silesian thrust sheets and
duplexes in this part of the wedge, formed in 2—4.3 km
thick sections. They are 3.6 to 15.7 km wide with the ex-
ception of one 30 km wide thrust sheet. Thrust sheet ramps
are cut through the whole section. Some indicate fault-
propagation folding, while others indicate fault-bend fold-
ing. One back thrust is propagated all the way to the
surface; two others die out in basal parts of the Oligocene-
Lower Miocene syn-tectonic sediments (Fig. 6). The total
shortening and original width of the Silesian Unit reaches
222 and 349 km, respectively.
The shortening of the Magura Unit produces mostly over-
turned thrust sheets (Fig. 6). There is no evidence regarding
the mechanism of folding, due to a deep erosion level. Thrust
sheets of this 2.5—4.25 km thick section are 8 to 20.75 km
wide. The basal detachment is folded. The initial width and
shortening of the Magura Unit is 41 and 18 km, respectively.
The timing of deformational events
The following text summarizes available published evi-
dence for the activity span of the thrustbelt activity, such as
the age of basal post-orogenic sediments, activity span of
syn-orogenic lateral ramps, age of syn-orogenic deformation,
age of the youngest sediments accreted in the thrustbelt front,
age of the youngest sediments located below the décolle-
ment fault, and ages of syn-orogenic erosional events:
1 – The youngest sediments in the Central Carpathian
Paleogene (Podhale) Basin, located behind the wedge, have
Oligocene—earlier Early Miocene age. They indicate the
lowermost limit for the onset of syn-orogenic erosion (e.g.
Čverčko 1975; Cieszkowski & Olszewska 1986; Oszczyp-
ko et al. 1992; Cieszkowski 1992; Soták et al. 2001; Janoč-
ko et al. 1998).
2 – The Čelovce Formation, the fill of the Eggenburg-
ian-Karpatian piggy-back basin carried by thrust sheets of
the Central Carpathian Paleogene (Podhale) Basin, indi-
cates continuous syn-depositional thrusting. Together with
other Lower Miocene sediments from northern parts of the
East Slovak Basin, it indicates continuous shortening dur-
ing this time period (Nemčok & Nemčok 1994; Nemčok et
al. 1995, 1998).
3 – The Muráň strike-slip fault in the orogenic hinter-
land, which accommodated inhomogeneous thrusting of
the Carpathian accretionary wedge, is sealed by the lower
Sarmatian volcanics. It provides the upper bracket on the
wedge activity (Fusán et al. 1967; Sperner 1996).
4 – The Pieniny Klippen Belt, which formed at the zone
of contact of the Carpathian accretionary wedge and the
orogenic hinterland, is sealed by undeformed lower Sarma-
tian volcanics (Birkenmajer 1986; Pécskay et al. 1995; own
structural checking). It provides the upper bracket on the
wedge shortening.
5 – Upper Badenian autochthonous molasse sediments
seal the frontal thrust of the Carpathian accretionary wedge
along profile 1. This indicates the end of wedge shortening in
this area (Burtan 1964; Burtan & Skoczylas-Ciszewska
1964a,b; Burtan & Szymakowska 1964; own structural
checking). The shortening in the area shown in profile 2 was
slightly younger than in the area shown by profile 1, as it has
the latest Badenian up to most probably the earliest Sarma-
tian age, as indicated by syn-tectonic fan deltas present in
front of the Zgłobice Unit (Krzywiec 1997, 2001).
6 – The accretionary wedge is thrust over middle Bad-
enian autochthonous molasse sediments along profiles 1
and 2. It puts the lower bracket on the time interval of the
last wedge activity in this region (Książkiewicz 1960;
own structural checking).
7 – The age of the undeformed basal transgressive fa-
cies of the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin, which lies on the rear
portion of the Carpathian accretionary wedge along pro-
file1, is middle Sarmatian. It indicates the upper bracket
on the age of the last thrusting (Cieszkowski 1992; Nagy
et al. 1996; own structural checking).
8 – The Krosno Formation lies on the Istebna Forma-
tion above an erosional contact in the frontal portion of
profiles 1 and 3. This provides the upper bracket of Oli-
gocene age on the forebulge erosion timing in this area.
9 – Eocene pelagic and distal flysch sediments lie on
the Istebna Formation above an erosional contact in the
front of profile 1, providing the upper constraint of
Eocene age on erosion in this area.
366
NEMČOK, KRZYWIEC, WOJTASZEK, LUDHOVÁ, KLECKER, SERCOMBE and COWARD
10 – The Krosno Formation is eroded off and missing
above the originally underlying Eocene pelagic and distal
flysch sediments in relatively frontal parts of profile 2. This
provides the lower bracket on the erosion timing in this area.
11 – Lower Badenian molasse sediments lie on the Isteb-
na Formation above a local erosional contact along profile 2,
providing the upper constraint on erosion in this area.
12 – The unconformity between the Godula Formation
and the overlying Eocene pelagic and distal flysch sedi-
ments along profile 4 indicates erosion related to basin inver-
sion, which took part during the Late Cretaceous—Paleocene.
13 – Numerous observations of deformation bands,
which were formed prior to the Eocene sediments’ cemen-
tation in the Krynica and Rača Nappes of the Magura
nappe system, serve as evidence for pre-Neogene shorten-
ing (e.g. Świerczewska & Tokarski 1998; Tokarski &
Świerczewska 1998).
14 – The frontal parts of profile 4 indicate that syn-tec-
tonic Lower Miocene molasse sediments are unconform-
able over Oligocene—Lower Miocene syn-tectonic Krosno
sediments, but later folded together with them.
They have to be merged with evidence of youngest ages
of sediments accreted in various structures of the thrust-
belt in its different portions, compiled from available sur-
face geological maps and listed in Table 1.
Restored balanced cross-sections further provide us with
evidence of rapid thickness changes characteristic for syn-
orogenic deposition reacting to growth of various struc-
tures. They also allow us to see, which restored layers can
be characterized by the wedge profile, indicating the prox-
imity of the flexural bulge by pinching out and orogenic
loading by thickening. The following text summarizes the
evidence along five studied cross-sections:
1 – In profile 1 (Fig. 5 in Nemčok et al. 2000), the Mid-
dle-Upper Eocene syn-orogenic sediments of the Magura
Unit are strongly thinning toward the foreland. The syn-
orogenic sediments of Middle Eocene—Early Oligocene
age in profile 4 probably form a wedge, but it is an uncer-
tain interpretation due to erosion (Fig. 5). These sediments
look lens-shaped in profile 5 (Fig. 6).
2 – The Eocene pelagic and distal flysch layer of the
Magura Unit is lens shaped in profile 5 (Fig. 6), and lens-
shaped to slightly thinning toward the foreland in pro-
file 1 (Fig. 5 in Nemčok et al. (2000)). It is clearly thinning
toward the foreland in profiles 2, 3 and 4 (Fig. 7 in Nem-
čok et al. 2000, and Figs. 4, 5).
3 – The Eocene pelagic and distal flysch layer of the
Silesian Unit is clearly thinning toward the foreland in
profile 1 (Fig. 5 in Nemčok et al. 2000). It is less distinc-
tively thinning in profile 2 (Fig. 7 in Nemčok et al. 2000)
and lens shaped to slightly thinning toward the foreland
in profiles 3, 4 and 5 (Figs. 4, 5, 6).
4 – The Oligocene syn-orogenic sediments have vary-
ing thicknesses that can be interpreted as syn-depositional
shortening in profiles 1 and 2 (Figs. 5, 7 in Nemčok et al.
2000). Oligocene-Lower Miocene syn-orogenic sediments
in profile 4 probably form a forelandward thinning se-
quence, but the interpretation is uncertain due to erosion
(Fig. 5).
Discussion
Interpretations of the 1 – palinspastic relationship of the
Magura and other Outer Carpathian sediments, 2 – conti-
nuity of sediments previously grouped into Silesian, Sub-
Silesian, Skole, Dukla, Grybów and Obidowa-Slopnice
Units, 3 – out-of-sequence young Magura emplacement,
4 – basic structural style and mechanisms and 5 – origi-
nal shape of the remnant Carpathian Flysch Basin, confirm
previously published results (e.g. Roure et al. 1993, 1994;
Ellouz & Roca 1994; Roca et al. 1995; Nemčok et al. 1999,
2000, 2001) and expand the knowledge regarding the
whole wedge to the east of the Kraków-Zakopane line. The
timing of the youngest main thrust movements determined
along our profiles is in agreement with earlier papers (e.g.
Jiříček 1979 and references therein; Nemčok et al. 1998 and
references therein). There is a general trend of west-to-east
younging of terminal thrusting along the Carpathian arc,
which is of late Badenian age in the west of our study area
and of Sarmatian age in the east of our study area. There are
few new local evidence for Pannonian strata underneath the
wedge in the Andrychów region of the Polish Western Car-
pathians (Wójcik & Jugowiec 1998; Wójcik et al. 1999).
We understand them as local complexities in the overall
younging trend of terminal thrust movements.
The new results or results differing slightly from earlier
observations include 1 – the timing of initial shortening,
2 – the strike-slip component along thrusts in the rear
and western portion of the wedge, and 3 – the timing of
the flexural basin development.
The timing of the initial shortening of sediments accreted
in the Outer Carpathian wedge can be improved either by
studies of syn-sedimentary deformation or by balancing.
Both methods suggest an earlier initiation of shortening
than previously understood; Late Eocene-Oligocene in the
Magura Unit and Early—Middle Miocene in the other Outer
Carpathian
Units
(e.g.
Książkiewicz
1957,
1960;
Książkiewicz & Leško 1959; Roth 1973; Suk et al. 1984;
Sandulescu 1988; Eliáš et al. 1990; Stráník et al. 1993;
Ellouz & Roca 1994; Oszczypko 1998, 1999). The pro-
nounced forelandward thinning of Middle Eocene—Upper
Eocene and Lower Eocene layers of the Magura Unit in re-
stored balanced cross-sections indicate the onset of shorten-
ing earlier than was thought before. This is in agreement
with recent syn-sedimentary deformation studies in the
Magura Unit (Świerczewska & Tokarski 1998; Tokarski &
Świerczewska 1998), which determined the onset of short-
ening as early as Eocene. Restored balanced profiles 1 and
2 (Figs. 5, 7 in Nemčok et al. 2000) indicate initial shorten-
ing in the Silesian Unit as early as Oligocene, based on the
syn-tectonic erosion of growth folds and the erosion timing
in the forebulge region. This reconstruction was allowed in
this study by the access to more detailed data, especially
when compared to earlier balancing studies (e.g. Roure et
al. 1993, 1994; Roca et al. 1995). The Oligocene age of the
initial shortening in the units now located in front of and be-
low the Magura Unit agrees with the thickness reduction ob-
servations shown in papers that have focused on details of
hydrocarbon fields (e.g. Kruczek 1968; Kuśmierek 1994).
367
TERTIARY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARPATHIAN ACCRETIONARY WEDGE
The strike-slip component of the displacement in the
western part of the Outer Western Carpathians is indicated
in the rear portion of the wedge, not only along the Pien-
iny Klippen Belt, as it was interpreted earlier (e.g. Birken-
majer 1986; Roca et al. 1995). The restored profiles 1 and
2 (Figs. 5, 7 in Nemčok et al. 2000) indicate a strike-slip
component by misfit of neighbour thrust sheets. Some of
these “thrust” contacts were checked in field. They show
strike-slip component, which was indicated by sub-hori-
zontal or oblique striations at outcrops such as loca-
tions 180 and 186. These data suggest that the Pieniny
Klippen Belt was not a low friction zone along which the
northeastward movement of the Inner Western Carpathians
and a radial shortening of the Outer West Carpathian ac-
cretionary wedge would be decoupled. On the contrary,
mapped arrays of strike-slip faults, that we had determined
to be sinistral, are present within the rear portion of the
wedge, as shown by the map of Kulka et al. (1985). The
lack of strike-slip components on restored profiles 3, 4 and
5 (Figs. 4—6) is in accordance with their general eastward
decrease along the orogen strike (Nemčok et al. 1998) and
controlling stress regimes (Gayer et al. 1998).
Conclusions
1 – The basal décollement of the Magura Unit is formed
along the Upper Cretaceous sediments. Local less important
detachments are formed at the base of the pelagic and distal
flysch sediments. The basal décollement of the Silesian Unit
(grouping together the Skole, Sub-Silesian, Silesian, Dukla,
Grybów and Obidowa-Slopnice Units in this paper) is devel-
oped along the Lower Cretaceous strata. Detachments along
the bases of both basin-inversion-related sequences are locally
frequent. Local unimportant detachments are formed along the
base of both pelagic and distal flysch sediments and syn-tec-
tonic sediments. The Magura Unit includes a sedimentary sec-
tion that cannot be directly matched to the sedimentary section
accreted in underlying units. Various units in front of and un-
der the Magura Unit can be matched by balancing as neigh-
bours in their original depositional area, because hanging wall
and footwall geometries of adjacent thrust sheets in balanced
cross-sections fit. Although their syn-rift sections may restore
as separate bodies, syn-inversion and especially younger sedi-
ments run across the boundaries of Dukla, Obidowa-Slopnice,
Grybów, Silesian, Sub-Silesian and Skole Units.
2 – The largest amount of the thrust structures along
studied profiles was developed by fault-propagation fold-
ing. The second largest population of thrust structures in-
cludes fault-bend folds. The rest is formed by triangle
zones, back-thrusts and basement-involved thrusts.
3 – Age distribution of the youngest Magura sediments
in space indicates a piggy-back thrusting mode of the Late
Eocene—Oligocene age. Balanced profiles 1 and 2 suggest
that the initial shortening, in units in front of and under
the Magura Unit, started as early as in Oligocene.
4 – Profiles 1 and 2 indicate a strike-slip displacement
component of the Miocene, shortening in their rear por-
tions along thrust planes and along sides of several sa-
lients. Profiles 3, 4 and 5 do not indicate a strike-slip dis-
placement component of the Miocene shortening.
5 – Profiles 1 and 2 do not show any evidence for the
Miocene thick-skin tectonics, reactivating the Early Creta-
ceous normal faults below the Outer Carpathian accretion-
ary wedge.
6 – Profiles 1, 2 and 3 do not comprise any triangle
zones and back-thrusts driven by buttressing from steps
formed by failed rifts underneath the thrustbelt.
7 – Profiles 4 and 5 contain antiformal stacks, triangle
zones and back-thrusts.
8 – Profiles 3, 4 and 5 indicate Miocene thick-skin tec-
tonics, reactivating Early Cretaceous normal faults below
the Outer Carpathian accretionary wedge.
9 – Boundary faults of the basement-involved thrusts
along profiles 3, 4 and 5 cut the thin-skin wedge all the way
to the present-day surface as young out-of-sequence thrusts.
10 – The detachment fault of the Magura Unit is fre-
quently folded and offset by younger ramps, what can be
seen at several locations along profiles 1, 2 and 4, and nu-
merous locations along profile 3.
11 – Profiles 1 and 3 indicate orogenic loading of the
flexural basin and forebulge shift forelandward by the fact
that the Eocene sediments, which would be otherwise lo-
cated between overlying Oligocene Krosno Formation and
underlying Upper Cretaceous—Paleocene Istebna Forma-
tion of the Silesian section, are missing.
12 – Younger episodes of the forebulge shift foreland-
ward and younger episodes of the wedge advance are indi-
cated by Lower Miocene sediments that are unconformable
over an Oligocene-Eggenburgian Krosno Formation and
their subsequent shortening along profile 4.
13 – The onset of the flexural basin development is in-
dicated by forelandward-thinning sediments of the syn-
orogenic, pelagic and distal flysch layers in the Magura
Unit. It is as young as Early Eocene.
14 – The onset of the flexural basin development is indi-
cated by forelandward-thinning sediments of the Eocene pe-
lagic and distal flysch layers in the units in front of and below
the Magura Unit. The syn-orogenic sediments of these units
are eroded too deeply for this determination. However, their
thickness variations indicate syn-depositional shortening.
Acknowledgments: The paper was made within the frame-
work of the EUROPROBE-PANCARDI group projects. The
work of MN, MW, LL and MPC was carried out under the
financial support of the Amoco Prod. Co., Houston and later
it was carried out under support of the Alexander von Hum-
boldt Fund and the Slovak Geol. Survey Project MŽP—513-96.
PK wishes to thank Polish Oil and Gas Company for the ac-
cess to seismic data of the foredeep basin and Komitet
Badań Naukowych (Committee for Scientific Research) for
funding (Grant No. 9 S602 010 06). The authors are grateful
to numerous scientists of the PANCARDI group for the dis-
cussions. The authors thank Jacek Grabowski for a friendly
review. The Carpathian seismic and magnetotelluric data
access was from the proprietary data set owned by Amoco
Prod. Co., and was used for exploration purposes. Authors
wish to thank MPC who cannot see the final result.
368
NEMČOK, KRZYWIEC, WOJTASZEK, LUDHOVÁ, KLECKER, SERCOMBE and COWARD
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