OROGENIC GRANITOIDS IN THE BASEMENT OF THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS 163
GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 54, 3, BRATISLAVA, JUNE 2003
163174
EARLY- vs. LATE OROGENIC GRANITOIDS RELATIONSHIPS
IN THE VARISCAN BASEMENT OF THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS
MARIÁN PUTI
1
,
ALEXANDER B. KOTOV
2
, IGOR PETRÍK
3
, SERGEI P. KORIKOVSKY
4
,
JÁN MADARÁS
5
, EKATHERINA B. SALNIKOVA
2
, SONYA Z. YAKOVLEVA
2
,
NATALYA G. BEREZHNAYA
2
, YULIA V. PLOTKINA
2
, VICTOR P. KOVACH
2
,
BRANISLAV LUPTÁK
3
and MICHAL MAJDÁN
1
1
Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava,
Slovak Republic; putis@fns.uniba.sk
2
Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology, Makarov emb. 2, 199034 St. Petersburg,
Russian Federation; kotov@ad.iggp.ras.spb.ru
3
Geological Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, P.O.Box 106, 840 05 Bratislava 45, Slovak Republic;
geolpetr@savba.sk; geolblup@savba.sk
4
Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Staromonetny per. 35,
109017 Moscow, Russian Federation; korik@igem.ru
5
Geological Survey of Slovak Republic, Mlynská dolina 1, 817 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; madaras@gssr.sk
(Manuscript received March 19, 2002; accepted in revised form December 12, 2002)
Abstract: The Variscan high-grade crystalline basement of the Western Carpathians contains granitic to granodioritic
bodies transformed to various degrees into orthogneisses. The orthogneisses resemble the structures of the host regional-
metamorphic rocks, indicating their syn-collisional evolution, predating the intrusion of the granitoids around 360
340 Ma. The Nízke Tatry Mountains orthogneiss, dated at ~381 Ma (NTJ-1 sample), emplaced during early partial
melting stage deformation regime. Syn-tectonic magmatic flow and emplacement is suggested by the relics of magmatic
foliations and lineations. Post-intrusion evolution comprises metamorphic/ductile medium-temperature fabrics of quartz,
feldspars and micas, as well as metamorphic garnet growth. The granite-tonalite plutons emplaced between ~353 Ma
(Malá Fatra Mountains) and ~343 Ma (Nízke Tatry Mountains, DUM-1 sample) during transtensive (?) deformation of
the host metamorphic complex, show distinct magmatic fabric anisotropy, especially in their marginal parts, coeval with
ductile fabrics of the orthogneisses. Petrologically the orthogneisses point to S-type granite or granodiorite, while the
tonalites of large granitoid plutons seem to be of igneous I-type origin.
Key words: Variscan, Western Carpathians, U-Pb zircon age, orthogneiss, granitoid, microfabric.
Introduction
Temporal and spatial links between granite emplacement and
active deformation sites wthin crustal-scale shear zones, have
been demonstrated by many authors (e.g., Guineberteau et al.
1987; Paterson et al. 1989; Paterson & Tobisch 1992;
DLemos et al. 1992, 1997; Miller & Paterson 1994; Bouchez
& Gleizes 1995; Gleizes et al. 1997; Schofield & DLemos
1998; Brown & Solar 1998; Yenes et al. 1999). These authors
found that syn-tectonic granites often record a whole range of
thermal conditions during straining, from magmatic flow with
primary magmatic crystallization texture (Bouchez et al. 1981;
Bryon et al. 1994; Yenes et al. 1999), sub-magmatic or sub-
solidus flow, where enough melt remains allowing limited
crystal-plastic slip (Bouchez et al. 1992; Miller & Paterson
1994), to solidus deformations where crystal plastic deforma-
tion dominates (Gapais 1989; Paterson et al. 1989).
Orthogneisses from the supracrustal Jarabá Complex
(Mahe¾ et al. 1968) of the Tatric basement (Central Western
Carpathians, Figs. 1, 2) yield U-Pb zircon ages spanning from
~410 to 380 Ma. They include K-feldspar and plagioclase-
bearing orthogneisses from the northern Tribeè Mountains
(~410 Ma; Krist et al. 1992), Nízke Tatry Mountains
(~390 Ma; Adamija et al. 1992) and from the Western Tatra
Mountains (~405 Ma; Poller et al. 2000). Trondhjemitic or-
thogneisses from the leptynite-amphibolite complex (LAC;
Hovorka & Méres 1993) (Fig. 2) of the Veporic basement
(Central Western Carpathians) yield U-Pb zircon ages ~500
and ~350 Ma (the upper- and lower-intercepts of the discordia
with the concordia; Puti et al. 2001). The oldest meta-mag-
matics so far dated in the Western Carpathians include the
Muráò granitic orthogneisses (~500 Ma upper intercept; Puti
et al. in prep.) and metagranitoids (474±14 Ma) from the north
Veporic Unit dated by monazite chemical dating (Janák et al.
2002), both indicating a Late CambrianOrdovician magmatic
event. They contrast with some dioritic orthogneisses, dated at
~346 Ma, which are interpreted as a remelting product of the
LAC (Puti et al. 1996, 1997, 2001; Filová et al. 2002). The
main phase of (meso-Variscan) granitoid plutonism of the Tat-
ric basement occurred at ~360340 Ma (Petrík et al. 1994;
Petrík & Kohút 1997).
In this paper, we present structural data from orthogneisses
of the Tatric crystalline basement in the area of the Nízke Ta-
try and Malá Fatra Mountains (Figs. 1, 2), in relation to a
large-scale thrust-fault system (Fig. 2), which affects stacked
Variscan basement nappes (Puti 1992, 1994). Our micro-
fabric study examines whether an interaction exists between
the gneissified granites to granodiorites (orthogneisses) and
host regional-metamorphic rocks, as well as the emplacement
of the younger plutonic granitoids.
164 PUTI et al.
Structural setting and microfabrics
of the orthogneisses and the granitoids
The Variscan high-grade crystalline basement outcrops in
the mid-Cretaceous Tatric and Veporic Units (Fig. 1). The
whole series includes, in addition to the basement and its Up-
per Carboniferous to mid-Cretaceous sedimentary cover, Me-
sozoic nappes and Paleogene sediments. These form the so-
called core-mountains in the Tatric Zone, which represent
NeogeneMiocene mega-horsts separated by graben sedi-
ments (Plaienka et al. 1997).
The Upper Variscan Tatra Nappe, a high-grade supracrustal
metamorphic complex, is made of paragneisses, migmatites,
amphibolites of the supra-crustal Jarabá Complex and grani-
Fig. 2. Tectonic sketch-profile (from the Malá Fatra to Slovenské rudohorie Mts, see Fig. 1) of the Variscan structure of the Western Car-
pathians basement complexes, with location of dated orthogneiss (NTJ-1) and tonalite (DUM-1) samples. Geographical location of dated
samples: NTJ-1 orthogneiss taken from large outcrop in the Jasenie Valley, Struhár area, about 30 m east of the small dam; DUM-1 to-
nalite taken from large outcrop along the main road above the Niná Boca village, north of the Èertovica pass.
Fig. 1. Sketch-map of distribution of the Variscan West-Carpathian granitoid complexes. The study areas are indicated by frames.
OROGENIC GRANITOIDS IN THE BASEMENT OF THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS 165
toid plutons. Its lower-crustal sole is predominantly composed
of metamafic rocks: amphibolites, inferred as retrograde
eclogites (Janák et al. 1996), serpentinites and metagabbros of
the LAC. This nappe overlies a medium-grade supracrustal
complex (Fig. 2) devoid of granitoids and made of mic-
aschists, gneisses and sporadic amphibolites, called the Mid-
dle Variscan Hron Nappe (Puti 1992; Plaienka et al. 1997
Fig. 6).
The Nízke Tatry orthogneiss
The K-feldspar orthogneiss (Koutek 1931; Zoubek 1951;
Biely et al. 1992; Adamija et al. 1992; Puti & Madarás 1993;
Petrík et al. 1998; Madarás et al. 1999 Fig. 1) forms several
kilometres long and hundreds of metres wide lense-shaped
bodies enclosed within the paragneiss-migmatites near the
base of the Jarabá structural complex.
The orthogneisses are proto- to ultramylonitic (Fig. 3a). The
protomylonitic type shows locally well preserved magmatic
fabrics which are defined by oriented magmatic minerals
(feldspars, micas) forming domains almost free from a ductile
overprint (Fig. 3b). Originally, the rock was a synkinematic
porphyric granite or granodiorite showing aligned prismatic
K-feldspars and plagioclase crystals, surrounded by oriented
muscovite and biotite flaky crystals, giving evidence of syn-
tectonic magmatic flow (e.g., Tullis & Yund 1985; Gapais &
Barbarin 1986; Aranguren & Tubía 1992) acquired at hyper-
solidus to solidus temperatures (~700600 °C). In other do-
mains, larger quartz crystals are weakly elongate, parallel-to-
foliation ribbons formed during a subsolidus deformation
coeval with the high-T deformation below granite solidus. The
remaining quartz grains keep their interstitial location. At such
subsolidus temperatures, around 600 °C, abundant strain-in-
duced myrmekites (Simpson 1985) are developed parallel to
the foliation along the K-feldspars megacrysts (Fig. 3b). Large
plastically strained domains have macroscopically recogniz-
able
σ
- and
δ
-type rotated feldspar porphyroclasts enclosed
within dynamically recrystallized quartz-feldspar-mica mylo-
nitic matrix, where asymmetric mica-fish result from basal-
slip in biotite (Fig. 3c). Such microstructures may have
formed at temperatures of 600450 °C. Ductile flow at still
lower temperatures (~300 °C) is marked by dynamic recrystal-
lization of quartz ribbons into polygonal aggregates of equant
grains (Fig. 3d). U-stage textural measurements of quartz in
the ribbons suggest dominant prism <a> and basal <a> slips
(Fig. 6ad).
Fig. 3. Meso- and microfabrics of the Nízke Tatry orthogneiss (Jasenie valley-type, NTJ-1). a typical augen-banded structure: 3 cm large
K-feldspar porphyroclast with tails of plastically deformed and dynamically recrystallized margins within bands of stretched or dynamically
recrystallized feldspar grains; b parallel oriented growth of feldspars with subsolidus formation of strain myrmekite along the K-feldspar
margins; c biotite mica-fish undergoing slip along cleavage; d low-temperature dynamic rotation recrystallization of quartz among un-
dulose strained feldspar porphyroclasts. Scale bar: 1 cm (a), 0.5 mm (bd).
166 PUTI et al.
Because the magmatic foliations and lineations are ob-
served to be parallel to the late-metamorphic planar and linear
fabrics (Fig. 7ad) the deformation history recorded by the
magmatic rocks is considered to be similar to that recorded by
the host metamorphic rocks. Shape asymmetries around por-
phyroclasts point to a top-to-the-SE ductile thrusting of the
meso-Variscan Upper Tatra Nappe over the Middle Hron
Nappe, in present-day geographical coordinates.
The Malá Fatra orthogneiss
Orthogneisses in the Malá Fatra Mts (Figs. 4, 5a) were men-
tioned by Kamenický & Macek (1984) and Lupták (1996).
They represent tens of metres thick, steeply inclined and kilo-
meter-long lenses within the gneiss-migmatite-amphibolite
metamorphic complex.
The highest-temperature subsolidus deformation features
include narrow stripes of exsolved perthite followed by mi-
croclinization forming wide hatches organized into deforma-
tion bands, and twinned plagioclase crystals (Fig. 6gh) due
to plastic-slip (Jensen & Starkey 1985; Ji & Mainprice 1990).
Large plastic deformation at high-temperature (>500 °C) pro-
duced quartz layers (Wilson 1975; Culshaw & Fyson 1984)
that are mechanically separated from feldspar layers (Fig. 5b).
These monomineralic ribbons probably formed by a dynamic
migration recrystallization (Hirth & Tullis 1992). Their lattice
fabric (Fig. 6ef), measured using the U-stage, however
shows a distinct (Y) maximum of c-axes, indicating that the
prism <a> slip occurred (Hobbs 1981; Takeshita & Wenk
1988). Newly formed internal sub-ribbons, parallel to older
ones, seem to result from dislocation flow and recovery pro-
cess. A few ribbons, showing basal subboundaries indicative
of a prism <c> slip, may have formed at higher subsolidus
temperatures (~600 °C) (Blumenfeld et al. 1986; Gapais &
Barbarin 1986; Mainprice et al. 1986).
The feldspar layers consist of dynamically recrystallized
equant plagioclase and K-feldspar grains with slightly arcuate
to straight boundaries meeting at ~120° triple junctions
(Fig. 5c), suggesting a late kinematic annealing. Some lobate
or sutured grain boundaries may indicate that the strain-in-
duced grain boundary bulging, followed by subgrain rotation,
has not been completely annealed. The presence of plagio-
clases either recrystallized at their periphery, or entirely dy-
namically recrystallized (Fig. 5b), suggests that a dislocation
creep was an active deformation mechanism (Tullis & Yund
1985; Hacker & Christie 1990), and that subgrain rotation was
a principal recrystallization process (Poirier & Guillopé 1978;
Jensen & Starkey 1985; Ji & Mainprice 1990; Trimby et al.
1998). That the dynamic recrystallization (Urai et al. 1986;
Drury & Urai 1990) took place at a high temperature is also
documented by the higher albite content of the newly-formed
K-feldspars (ca. 58 %) and by the growth of new garnet
grains. Many of the plagioclase grains have their twins sub-
parallel to the foliation plane. The (010) or (001) twins were
measured with the U-stage, including small recrystallized pla-
gioclase grains that originated by the dynamic recrystalliza-
tion of original plagioclases in the mylonitic bands. Their
N
Y(
β
)
(Fig. 6g) and N
Z(
γ
)
(Fig. 6h) optical directions point to a
Fig. 4. Geological map of southern part of the Lúèanská Malá Fatra Mts (Rakús et al. 1988, modified by the authors). 1 Quaternary and Neo-
gene sediments; 2 Mesozoic cover and nappe complexes; 3 granodiorite to tonalite; 4 pegmatite and aplite veins; 5 lamprophyres; 6,
7 amphibolite; 8 orthogneiss; 9, 10 paragneiss to migmatite; 11 primary geological boundary; 12 fault: observed; assumed;
13 thrust plane of Mesozoic nappes; 14 Alpine blastomylonites at the base of allochthonous crystalline complex; 15 thrust plane of
crystalline complex.
OROGENIC GRANITOIDS IN THE BASEMENT OF THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS 167
slip on {010} planes close to the foliation, in the direction
N
Y(
β
)
= [001] subparallel to the lineation. This slip system
also characterizes high-grade mylonites (Olsen & Kohlstedt
1985; Egydio-Silva & Mainprice 1999). The porphyroclasts
of K-feldspars and plagioclases in this mylonitized granitoid
were rotated during their dynamic recrystallization. New re-
crystallized grains, formed at the periphery of the porphyro-
clasts, constitute
σ
- or
δ
-type features tailing the porphyro-
clasts and pointing to a top-to-the-NW sense of shear. In host
gneiss-migmatite rocks, characterized by a sillimanite linea-
tion (Fig. 6j), similar microstructures and senses of shear are
also observed, for example, asymmetric biotite-enriched pres-
sure shadows tailing garnets and plagioclase porphyroblasts,
asymmetric girdle patterns of biotite (Fig. 6i), and quartz (Fig.
6k) c-axes. The metamorphic, mylonitic and magmatic folia-
tions (Fig. 7eg), showing parallelism, reflect a complex evo-
lutionary history similar to that described in the previous para-
graph.
The Nízke Tatry granitoids
The granitoid cores of the Nízke Tatry and Malá Fatra
Mountains (Fig. 1) represent late-orogenic plutonic slices em-
placed within the metamorphic sequence (Fig. 2). They are
structurally more or less parallel to their host metamorphic
rocks having an attitude suggesting that a transpression-tran-
stension regime was acting during their emplacement. Their
contact with the metamorphic pile is often sharp, but in places
it is represented by nebulitic migmatites grading into inhomo-
geneous, schlieren-bearing granites. Close to contacts, the
strong magmatic fabrics (Siegl 1970, 1976), defined by lath-
shaped feldspars and flaky micas (Fig. 5d) is observable. At
some contacts, metre-scale xenoliths of para- and orthogneiss-
es indicate that magmatic stoping acted along the walls of
these plutonic slices, providing the space for these magmas to
emplace within the Jarabá Complex of the Upper Tatra
Nappe. Although no substancial superimposed ductile fabrics
have been observed in these plutonic bodies, the magmatic
structure is concluded to be coeval with the dominating mylo-
nitic foliations of the hosting para- and orthogneisses (Fig.
7ad).
The Malá Fatra granitoids
Zircons from plutonic granitoids show the age ~353 Ma (U-
Pb, Shcherbak et al. 1990). We have studied the margins of
the Malá Fatra (Ve¾ká Lúka) pluton (Fig. 4) which display
well-defined magmatic foliations defined by the preferred ori-
entations of micas and feldspars (Fig. 7g). Their orientations
are very constant with ~ENE-WSW strikes and steep dips to-
wards the NNW, conformably to the host metamorphic rocks.
Two differently oriented magmatic lineations are recorded.
Some of them have direction of dip 325°330° and plunge
70°75° onto 335350/7080 foliation planes. These linea-
tions probably represent the subvertical magmatic emplace-
ment of the plutonic body. Most of the lineations, however,
Fig. 5. Meso- and microfabrics of the Malá Fatra Mts orthogneiss (ac) and the Ïumbier tonalite (d, DUM-1). a mylonitic orthogneiss
fabrics in XZ section. b quartz ribbons alternating with layers of dynamically recrystallized feldspar grains and preserved feldspar core-
mantle structures. c recrystallized feldspars with their characteristic grain-boundary tripple junctions. d magmatic foliation in Ïumbier
tonalite formed by lath-shaped cumulated plagioclase, biotite and large quartz grains. Scale bar = 1 cm (a), 1 mm (bd).
168 PUTI et al.
are oriented at 240260/1530 onto 320350/5075 foliation
planes. These orientations are ascribed to the ultimate stages
of magma emplacement within a lateral strike-slip shear zone,
affecting the surrounding metamorphic rooms with the duc-
tilely deformed orthogneisses. Top-to the NW shear in ortog-
neisses indicates transtensional (?) deformation zone.
Petrological and geochemical comparison of the
orthogneisses and granitoids in the Nízke Tatry
Mountains
Because comparable data from the orthogneisses and grani-
toids of the Malá Fatra Mountains are not available, this para-
graph concerns only the Nízke Tatry Mountains.
The Nízke Tatry orthogneisses
These orthogneisses usually have the composition of two
mica (S-type) granites or granodiorites. Dominant minerals are
subhedral An
2530
plagioclases, biotite and muscovite. Sub- to
euhedral variably sericitized K-feldspars usually form large
megacrysts 110 cm in size but also occur as an interstitial
phase. In the mylonitic facies, the original magmatic phenoc-
rysts are overgrown by albite, quartz and secondary K-feld-
spar to form augens. Petrík et al. (1998) showed that the K-
feldspar megacrysts have a bell-shaped distribution of Ba
concentrations that reach up to 4400 ppm in crystal centres.
Such distributions were successfully modelled by in situ frac-
tional crystallization, which supports the magmatic origin of
these K-feldspar phenocrysts. Ba distributions also show that
Fig. 6. Microtextural patterns of quartz, plagioclase, biotite and sillimanite. (ad) quartz ribbon c-axis patterns (Nízke Tatry Mts, NT, or-
thogneiss): a density levels of contours (d.l.c.): 8653.5 [n = 215]; b d.l.c.: 16141311.5109764.5 [n = 198]; c d.l.c.: 9
86.554 [n = 372]; d d.l.c.: 108.5764.5 [n = 200]. (ef) quartz ribbon c-axis patterns (Malá Fatra Mts., MF, orthogneiss): e
d.l.c.: 2018.51715.51311.5108.564.5 [n = 149]; f d.l.c.: 2420.51713.5106.5-3 [n = 191]. g plagioclase N
β
optical di-
rection pattern (MF orthogneiss) d.l.c.: 11108.5764.5 [n = 83]. h plagioclase N
γ
optical direction pattern (MF orthogneiss) d.l.c.:
151412.511108.575.5 [n = 115]. i biotite basal plane pattern (MF paragneiss) [n = 150], maximum = 23.2. j sillimanite linea-
tion pattern (MF paragneiss) [n = 80], maximum = 16.3. k quartz c-axis patterns (MF paragneiss) 7.564 [n = 150].
OROGENIC GRANITOIDS IN THE BASEMENT OF THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS 169
the megacrysts have formed from several individual cores,
each having its own Ba profile. Biotite, that defines the folia-
tion of orthogneisses, is dark-brown to pale yellow, fresh or
variably chloritized. It is relatively rich in iron [Fe/
(Fe+Mg) = 0.6] and reduced (Fe
3+
/Fe
tot
= 0.03), a feature
which is typical of other S-type granitoids in the Western Car-
pathians (Petrík et al. 1994). Muscovite may be abundant, up
to 10 vol. %, and in some mylonitic varieties, it encloses silli-
manite indicating that former products of muscovite dehydra-
tion melting were subsequently re-hydrated. Accessory miner-
als are represented by abundant euhedral apatite, zircon and
monazite, which are mainly enclosed in biotite. Ore minerals
are represented by common pyrrhotite.
The orthogneisses are moderately acidic, peraluminous
rocks, varying in composition from granodiorite (augen variet-
ies) to tonalite (banded varieties) with SiO
2
varying between
6776 wt. % and alumina saturation index (ASI) varying be-
tween 1.04 and 1.3. According to the limited trace element
data set (Petrík et al. 1998), they have moderate contents in Rb
(100175 ppm), Ba (1100316 ppm), Sr (234120 ppm) and
Y (1128 ppm). Their REE concentrations are moderate to
low, weakly fractionated, with distinct negative Eu anomaly
and low La/Yb ratio (Fig. 9). These REE patterns are consis-
tent with those from other Tatric orthogneissic cores, such as
the Tribeè, Povaský Inovec and Western Tatra Mountains
(Méres & Hovorka 1992; Petrík 2001; Janák et al. 2001) and
indicate a sedimentary protolith. In conclusion, major and
trace elements favour an S-type granite precursor for these or-
thogneisses (Petrík et al. 1998).
The Nízke Tatry Ïumbier, Praivá and Králièka granitoids
Defined by Koutek (1931) as petrographically contrasted
rocks, the dated (DUM-1) Ïumbier granodioritestonalites
and Praivá granites represent classical Variscan granitoid
types of the Western Carpathians. The Ïumbier and Praivá
granitoids have been dated by the Rb/Sr method (Bagdasaryan
et al. 1985) yielding a poorly constrained age at 362±21 Ma
(I
Sr
= 0.7079±0.0002). The silica content of the Ïumbier and
Praivá granitoids shows an unusually wide range from 60 to
72 %. The mafic subtypes, with 6065 % SiO
2
contain 20
25 vol. % of biotite (Cesnak 1985) and are meta- to subalumi-
nous. The more acidic subtypes have a peraluminous nature
(A/CNK = 11.3) due to common sericite and late muscovite.
The Praivá type shows consistently higher K
2
O contents 3
4 %, compared to 23 % in the Ïumbier type. Similarly, both
types have common trace element trends: Ba fractionates from
2000 down to 300 ppm, Sr from 960 to 200 ppm, Zr from 250
to 50 ppm, values within the ranges of other Carboniferous I-
and S-type granitoids (Petrík et al. 1994). In contrast with or-
thogneisses, rare earth elements show steep normalized pat-
terns and no Eu anomaly (Petrík et al. 1994; Broska & Uher
Fig. 7. Orientation diagrams of mesostructures from the Nízke Tatry (ad) and Malá Fatra (eg) Mts. (ab) and (eg) contour pole diagrams
(planar data); (cd) contour orientation diagrams (linear data). a early-Variscan syntectonic metamorphic and/or magmatic foliations (69
data from orthogneisses and metamorphic rocks), density levels of contours (d.l.c.): 2014.5105. b meso-Variscan mylonitic planes (27
data from orthogneisses), d.l.c.: 19149.55. c meso-Variscan mylonitic lineations (61 data from orthogneisses), d.l.c.: 2619136.5. d
metamorphic/ductile mesofold axes (35 data), d.l.c.: 1914.5105. e early-Variscan metamorphic foliations (59 data from metamorphic
mantle rocks), d.l.c.: 19149.55. f meso-Variscan mylonitic foliations (36 data from orthogneisses), d.l.c.: 17138.54. g Variscan fo-
liation planes of xenolithic bodies and magmatic foliations in marginal domain of the granitoid pluton (17 data), d.l.c.: 251912.56.
170 PUTI et al.
Fig. 8. Rare earth element patterns of orthogneisses and granites.
The field of the West-Carpathian orthogneisses is based on the data
of Méres & Hovorka (1993), Janák et al. (2001).
2001). They are apparently controlled by allanite or monazite
(Fig. 8). The above-mentioned relatively high initial Sr ratio
I
Sr
=
87
Sr/
86
Sr
(350)
= 0.7079, not consistent with the otherwise
I-type petrographical character is noteworthy. This ratio may
result from the mixing of a mafic (dioritic) and a mature su-
pracrustal end-member (Petrík 2001). The latter end-member
may be represented by another characteristic Nízke Tatry
granite, the peraluminous Králièka type characterized by high
ratios of
87
Sr/
86
Sr
(365)
= 0.71601 and
144
Nd/
143
Nd
(350)
=
0.511834. The Rb/Sr age is 365±40 (Rb/Sr, Bagdasaryan et
al. 1985; 2
σ
recalculated by Petrík 2000). The Králièka gran-
ite occurs only within orthogneisses. The strontium isotopic
composition, one of the highest among the Tatric granitoids,
strongly indicates a mature, crustal protolith consistent with
the S-type nature of the Nízke Tatry orthogneiss. The Králièka
granite also shows
ε
Nd
(350)
= 6.89 (Kohút et al. 1999), the
most negative value among all analysed West-Carpathian
granitoids. The composition of the Králièka granite was used
by Petrík (2000) as a supracrustal felsic end-member in a mix-
ing model of the West-Carpathian granitoids.
Table 1: U-Pb isotope data for the zircon from the orthogneiss sample NTJ-1.
¹ Sieve
fraction
Fract.
weight
Concentr. ppm
Isotopic ratios corrected for blank and common Pb
b
Age, Ma
mm
mg
Pb
U
206
Pb/
204
Pb
a
207
Pb/
206
Pb
208
Pb/
206
Pb
207
Pb/
235
U
206
Pb/
238
U
Rho
c
207
Pb/
235
U
206
Pb/
238
U
207
Pb/
206
Pb
1
<60
0.70
56.8
705
363
0.05965±7
0.0581±1
0.5826±20
0.0708±2
0.93
466.2±1.6
441.2±1.4
590.9±2.6
2
70+60
1.54
45.4
604
893
0.06165±3
0.0568±1
0.6196±19
0.0729±2
0.99
489.6±1.5
453.6±1.4
661.8±1.1
3
>100
1.23
40.5
523
1392
0.06372±4
0.0623±1
0.6729±22
0.0766±2
0.98
522.5±1.7
475.8±1.5
732.3±1.5
4
60+50
A 50%
0.44
36.4
428
565
0.06271±6
0.0749±1
0.6791±22
0.0785±2
0.95
526.2±1.7
487.4±1.5
698.5±2.2
5 100+70
A 30%
0.25
76.0
861
1175
0.06517±8
0.0858±1
0.7646±25
0.0851±3
0.93
576.6±1.9
526.4±1.6
779.8±2.5
Notes:
a
measured ratio;
b
uncertainties (95 % confidence level) refer to last digits of corresponding ratios;
c
correlation coefficients of
207
Pb/
235
U vs.
206
Pb/
238
U ratios; 50 % of
zircon removed during of the air-abrasion.
Geochronology
Isotopic-geochronology was performed at the Institute of
Precambrian Geology and Geochronology (Russian Academy
of Sciences, St. Petersburg) on a Finnigan MAT 261 8-collec-
tor mass-spectrometer in static mode. Zircons were extracted
from crushed rock samples with heavy liquid and magnetic
separation techniques. Hand-picked aliquots of zircon were
analysed following the method of Krogh (1973). The total
blanks were 0.050.1 ng Pb and 0.005 ng U. An air-abrasion
treatment of the zircon was performed by the Kroghs (1982)
technique. The PbDat and ISOPLOT programs by Ludwig
(1991a,b) were used for uncertainties and correlations of U/
Pb. On the basis of reproducibility of standard zircon analyses
the uncertainties in U/Pb is defined at 0.5 %. Ages were deter-
mined using the decay constants given by Steiger & Jäger
(1977). All errors are reported at the 2
σ
level. Corrections for
common Pb were made using values of Stacey & Kramers
(1975).
The Nízke Tatry NTJ-1 orthogneiss
The zircon population from sample NTJ-1 consists of idio-
morphic and subhedral translucent, transparent, rarely nebu-
lous prismatic and pyramidal lilac-brown crystals having reg-
ular magmatic zonation in cathodo-luminescence (CL).
However some zircons contain cores or relicts of metamict
cores traced by numerous tiny opaque inclusions, visible in
CL images (Fig. 9a,b). The zircons have a length/width ratio
of 1.53.0 and crystal sizes 30150
µ
m. They appear to be of
primary, igneous origin, with no evidence of metamorphic re-
working.
Three sieve fractions (<60
µ
m, 7060
µ
m and >100
µ
m; #
13 in Table 1) and two abraded zircon fractions (6050
µ
m
and 10070
µ
m; # 4, 5 in Table 1) consisting of mostly idio-
morphic and transparent zircons were analysed. On a concor-
dia plot all the data points are discordant (Fig. 10a) and do not
belong to a common regression line. Analyses of the smallest
zircon fraction and both abraded zircon fractions define a dis-
cordia intersecting the concordia at 381.3±5.7 and 1232±31 Ma
respectively (MSWD = 1.9). The data points for these zircons
cluster near the lower intercept of the discordia. Displacement
of two unabraded zircon fractions (# 2 and 3 in Table 1) from
this discordia could be explained either by recent Pb loss in
these zircons or by the presence of different age inherited
components of radiogenic Pb. Taking into account the igne-
OROGENIC GRANITOIDS IN THE BASEMENT OF THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS 171
Fig. 9. CL images showing internal structure of zircons from samples NTJ-1 (a, b) and DUM-1 (c, d).
ous origin of the zircons, the lower intercept of the calculated
discordia is interpreted as the primary emplacement age of the
granitoids.
The Nízke Tatry DUM-1 tonalite
The zircon population from the Ïumbier tonalites (sample
DUM-1) consists of idiomorphic and subhedral transparent
(about 70 % of population) and cloudy, prismatic and pyrami-
dal pale pink crystals showing a magmatic zonation in CL.
The zircons often reveal oscillatory zonation and cores relics
visible under CL (Fig. 9c,d). The range of crystal sizes is 40
250
µ
m. Zircons have a length/width ratio of 2.04.0, and ap-
pear to be of primary igneous origin.
Three sieve fractions (<60
µ
m, 8060
µ
m and >100
µ
m;
# 13 in Table 2) consisting of mostly idiomorphic and trans-
parent zircon were analysed. A zircon from the smallest frac-
tion (<60
µ
m; # 3, Table 2) was subjected to air-abrasion
whereby about 40 % of its material was removed. Data points
define a discordia intersecting the concordia at 343±3 and
Table 2: U-Pb isotope data for the zircon from the tonalite sample DUM-1.
¹
Sieve
fraction
mm
Fraction
weight
mg
Concentr.
ppm
Isotopic ratios corrected for blank and common Pb
b
Age, Ma
Pb
U
206
Pb/
204
Pb
a
207
Pb/
206
Pb
208
Pb/
206
Pb
207
Pb/
235
U
206
Pb/
238
U
Rho
c
207
Pb/
235
U
206
Pb/
238
U
207
Pb/
206
Pb
1
>100
0.41
21.9 365
1660
0.0571±1
0.1192±1
0.4573±17
0.0581±2
0.73
382.4±1.4
363.8±1.1
496.1±5.6
2
80+60
0.97
22.0 380
2636
0.0549±1
0.1291±1
0.4232±8
0.0559±2
0.86
358.4±0.7
350.7±0.7
408.4±1.6
3
<60
A 40%
0.76
10.7 175
790
0.0542±1
0.1585±1
0.4148±12
0.0555±2
0.53
352.3±1.1
348.2±0.7
379.1±4.8
Notes:
a
measured ratio;
b
uncertainties (95% confidence level) refer to last digits of corresponding ratios;
c
correlation coefficients of
207
Pb/
235
U vs.
206
Pb/
238
U ratios;
40 % of zircon removed during of the air-abrasion.
172 PUTI et al.
Fig. 10. Concordia diagrams for zircons from the Nízke Tatry Mts.: (a) orthogneiss NTJ-1 sample; (b) tonalite DUM-1 sample.
1744±205 Ma respectively, MSWD = 0.68 (Fig. 10b). The
data points for this zircon cluster near the lower intercept of
the discordia, ascribed to the presence of inherited radiogenic
Pb component, mostly revealed in zircon from fraction
>100
µ
m. Taking into account the igneous origin of the study
zircon, the lower intercept age (343±3 Ma) is interpreted as
the primary emplacement age of the tonalites. In conclusion,
the Ïumbier tonalites were emplaced in the Variscan cycle,
but later than the magmatic protoliths of the NTJ-1 orthog-
neiss.
Discussion
In agreement with Krist et al. (1992), our structural and
geochronological results (although conventional multi grain
zircon ages) strongly suggest that K-feldspar-bearing orthog-
neisses within the Jarabá structural complex (Fig. 2), includ-
ing the dated sample NTJ-1 at ~380 Ma, originate from early
Variscan syncollisional magmatism and metamorphism. This
is consistent with the fabric similarities that are observed be-
tween both the older granites and orthogneisses, and the
host metamorphics. The ongoing collisional thickening of the
Upper Tatra Nappe raised the temperature of its middle- and
lower-crustal complexes, and decompression along the thrust-
fault, shear zones triggered partial melting and generation of
large meso-Variscan (~360340 Ma) mainly S-type granitoid
plutons that emplaced together with older I-type granitoids
(including the dated Ïumbier tonalite at 343±3 Ma) at mid-
crustal level. Magmatic emplacement accompanied tectonic
erosion of the wall mostly ductilely deformed rocks due to ac-
tive subvertical probably transtension zones. Thus, a special
wall-type magmatic stoping occurred in marginal zones of
these granitoid plutons, characteristic of large xenoliths of the
metamorphic mantle rocks, include the orthogneisses.
Having characterized the evolution of orthogneisses, three
stages of nappe formation can be reconstructed from the struc-
tural and age relationships between the orthogneisses and the
granitoid plutons within the Western Carpathians basement:
(1) An early Variscan stage at ~405360 Ma took place,
when the southeast-vergent mid-crustal Jarabá and lower
crustal leptynite-amphibolite complexes were collisionally
juxtaposed into the composite Upper Tatra Nappe. The or-
thogneisses, now dated at ca. 380 Ma, instead of ~405
380 Ma (Krist et al. 1992; Adamija et al. 1992; Poller et al.
2000) were magmatically emplaced at the base of the Jarabá
Complex (Fig. 2). Therefore the magmatic age of K-feldspar-
bearing orthogneisses is ascribed to the metamorphic peak of
the collision regional-metamorphism within the Jarabá Com-
plex (405380 Ma), following an older (430410 Ma) sub-
duction/obduction metamorphic event recognized in the
Variscan belt (von Quadt & Gebauer 1988; Matte 1991). The
composite Upper Tatra Nappe is inferred to have overriden
the Middle Hron Nappe at 380360 Ma. The plagioclase or-
thogneiss (meta-trondhjemite) magmatically emplaced within
the LAC (Fig. 2) at ~500 Ma (Puti et al. 2001).
(2) A meso-Variscan event took place at ~360340 Ma,
when the Upper Tatra Nappe was intruded by large granitoid
plutons emplaced into initially EW to NESW (?) striking
transtensional (?) shear zones within collapsing thickened
crust. The mylonitic structures in these orthogneisses likely
developed during this event. Part of them show SE-vergent
thrusting close the base of the Jarabá Complex (in the Nízke
Tatry Mts), or a transtensional top-to the NW shearing (in the
Malá Fatra Mts).
(3) A late-Variscan event took place at ~340300 Ma as the
consequence of an oblique collision of the mostly low-grade
basement complexes of the Lower Nappe (basement of the
mid-Cretaceous Gemeric Unit, Fig. 2) with the early-orogenic
Variscan basement complexes (basement of the mid-Creta-
ceous Tatric and Veporic Units). The youngest Variscan gran-
itoids of the Upper Tatra Nappe, of mostly I-types (Sihla and
Modra tonalites for example) fall into this time interval. They
indicate a thermal event accompanying the late Variscan post-
collisional collapse and formation of whole-crustal extension-
al faults.
Poller et al. (2000) have attributed the origin of the Western
Tatra Mountains granitic orthogneisses (at ~405 Ma) to the
subduction of an oceanic slab and generation of older gran-
ites in the upper plate active continental margin.
Conclusions
1. Our structural analysis of the orthogneisses from the Tat-
ric basement Jarabá Complex (Nízke Tatry and Malá Fatra
OROGENIC GRANITOIDS IN THE BASEMENT OF THE WESTERN CARPATHIANS 173
Mountains) indicates that an early Variscan thrust-fault zone
became active in-between the tectonically juxtaposed mid-
crustal Jarabá Complex and lower-crustal leptynite-amphibo-
lite complex that build most of the Tatric and Veporic crystal-
line basement of the Western Carpathians.
2. Magmatic ages and structures point to a regional-meta-
morphic, syn-collisional environment that rapidly transformed
the oldest granites into orthogneisses.
3. We have distinguished the principal stages of micro-
structural evolution of the orthogneisses (magmatic, sub-
magmatic and solidus) each having its characteristic deforma-
tion micro-mechanisms, textural patterns and mineral
changes. Strong microstructural gradients point to higher
strain rates during the former magmatic emplacement of the
orthogneiss, in agreement with points 1 and 2, as well as dur-
ing their final exhumation.
4. Our U-Pb dating of the Nízke Tatry (Jasenie, Struhár) or-
thogneiss yield an upper intercept at 1232±31 Ma, and a low-
er intercept at 381±6 Ma. The latter age is interpreted as the
crystallization age of the original granite-granodiorite that
was subsequently transformed into orthogneiss. The medium-
to low-grade mylonitic fabrics of the orthogneisses reflect a
continuous straining of the shear zone into which were em-
placed large granitoid plutons. This continuum is in agree-
ment with the obtained age of 343±3 Ma for the Ïumbier to-
nalite of the Upper Tatra Nappe in the Nízke Tatry
Mountains.
5. Petrological-geochemical data indicate a sedimentary-
metamorphic S-type protolith of the dated NTJ-1 orthogneiss.
By contrast, the dated DUM-1 tonalite shows an igneous I-
type origin.
Acknowledgments: This study was supported by the VEGA
Grant of the Slovak Republic (# 1/8248/01, M.P., # 7030 I.P.)
and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project # 99-05-
64058, S.P.K.). The paper has benefited from thorough and
constructive review by J.L. Bouchez. The suggestions of D.
Gebauer and M. Janák are greatly acknowledged.
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