GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 54, 1, BRATISLAVA, FEBRUARY 2003
21 — 40
SYSTEMATICS AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE PONTIAN
CANDONIDAE (OSTRACODA) FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA
REGION (NORTHERN TURKEY)
CEMAL TUNOGLU
Hacettepe University, Engineering Faculty, Dept. of Geological Engineering, 06532 Beytepe/Ankara, Turkey; tunay@hacettepe.edu.tr
(Manuscript received February 5, 2002; accepted in revised form October 3, 2002)
Abstract: In this study, 33 species (ten subgenera and one indet. subgenus) of Candonidae have been taxonomically
determined from the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. These are Candona, Caspiolla, Caspiocypris, Pontoniella,
Bakunella, Lineocypris, Reticulocandona, Typhlocypris, Metacandona and indet. subgenus. Five species are described
as new namely: Candona (Caspiolla) ataensis, Candona (Pontoniella) turcica, Candona (Lineocypris) bafraensis, Candona
(Caspiocypris) trabzonensis, Candona (Reticulocandona) stanchevae. Candona and its subgenera are dominant fossils
in the sedimentary record of the Eastern Black Sea during the Pontian. These localities could be described as the “Candona
Sea” due to this fact. The “Candona Sea” extended along the northern Anatolian coast from the Sinop Peninsula to the
Trabzon (Arakli) area during the whole Pontian and contains few endemic species. On the basis of the environmental
properties of Candona and the other identified Ostracoda species, this aquatic environment could have had oligohaline
(0.5—5 ‰) and mesohaline (5—18 ‰) salinity conditions in Pontian. This “Candona Sea” was located on the southern
border of Paratethys bioprovince and it has connections directly with Pontian, Euxinian and Caspian Basin bioprovinces
during this time interval.
Key words: Pontian, Turkey, systematic, Candonidae, Ostracoda.
Introduction
In general, Turkey’s Neogene Candonidae was researched by
Freels, 1980 partly including the Black Sea Coast. Although
there were some paleontological studies in the Black Sea re-
gion, the Ostracoda fauna of the Eastern Black Sea has not
been investigated in detail. Previously, the Ostracoda fauna of
the Sinop Peninsula (Central Black Sea region) has been in-
vestigated by Tunoglu (1984); Tunoglu & Gökçen (1985,
1991, 1995, 1997). The first paleontological and stratigraphic
data on the Eastern Black Sea region was produced by Özsa-
yar (1977a,b, 1980, 1983a,b, 1984) on the basis of the fora-
minifers and molluscan fauna. Tarkhanian Tschokrakian,
Karaganian and Sarmatian Paratethys lower, middle and Up-
per Miocene local stages have been distinguished. Other pale-
ontological (Ostracoda) studies on the same region by Tuno-
glu (2001a,b, 2002a,b) were based on the Tyrrhenocythere,
Loxoconcha, Leptocytheridae, Cytheridae and Candonidae
groups in the same stratigraphic levels.
The main aim of this study to define the Candonidae fauna
obtained from 150 samples of the five different localities situ-
ated on the Black Sea Coast (Northeast Turkey), (Fig. 1).
The Pontian sedimentary sequence of the Trabzon (Arakli
– Table 1, west of Degirmendere – Table 2 and east of De-
girmendere – Table 3/Trabzon) and Samsun areas (Bafra-
Gümü yaprak/Samsun – Table 4) were studied in the inves-
tigated area.
Geological setting
The study area is located in the eastern part of the Pontid
Tectonic Unit (Ketin 1966). This area is very complex. The
dominant magmatic and volcano-sedimentary belts were
formed during the Upper Cretaceous and Eocene periods.
Pontian sedimentary units are unconformably located on the
Eocene aged volcanic and volcanoclastic material (Tables 1, 2
and 3).
Neogene units are observed along the Sinop Peninsula,
Bafra, Çar amba (Samsun), Akçaabat, Arakli and Trabzon re-
gions from west to east along the Black Sea Coast. There are
very restricted and isolated sedimentary basins related to the
Paratethys along the Black Sea Coast of Turkey from Bulgaria
to the Georgian border. The most important of them was the
Sinop Basin which is located in the center of the northern
Anatolian coast and covers a wider area and contains a thicker
stratigraphic interval than the others (Tunoglu 1984). Other
relict Neogene Paratethys Basins are Igneada (near the Bul-
garian border), Çar amba, Bafra (Samsun) and Trabzon Rize
area, which occur from west to east along the Black Sea Coast
of Turkey.
Systematic description
Thirtythree Candonidae species belonging to two genera
and ten subgenera were identified from Pontian period. Previ-
ously one new genus and one new subgenus and their two
new species were presented by Tunoglu (2002b) from this
fauna. Within this fauna, five species are determined as new.
Ostracoda assemblages and their photographic (SEM) and
hand drawn illustrations are given in Figs. 3—9. The Classifi-
cation of Hartmann & Puri 1974 is used for the systematic de-
scription of the species. Moore (1961), Van Morkhoven
(1962, 1963) and Catalogue of Ostracoda (Ellis & Messina
1953—1985) have also been used for the identifications. All of
22 TUNOGLU
the systematic and taxonomic descriptions are given below.
The species are archived at the Geological Engineering De-
partment of Hacettepe University.
Family: Candonidae Kaufmann, 1900
Genus: Candona Baird, 1845
Subgenus: Caspiolla Mandelstam,1960
Type-species: Bairdia acronasuta Livental, 1929
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Late Miocene—Recent.
E c o l o g y : Generally in fresh-water, but also in semi-saline (oli-
gohaline and mesohaline) conditions (Stancheva 1965).
Candona (Caspiolla) balcanica (Zalanyi, 1929)
Fig. 3.1
1929 Paracypria balcanica Zalanyi, Morpho-system. Studien, p. 52, figs.19-20.
1966 Caspiolla balcanica (Zalanyi), Stancheva, p. 209, pl. 1, fig. 1,2.
1978 Candona (Caspiolla) balcanica (Zalanyi), Olteanu, p. 1018, pl. 9, figs. 1,2.
1980 Candona (Caspiolla) balcanica (Zalanyi), Freels, p. 54, 55, pl. 8, figs. 1—8.
1998 Candona (Caspiolla) balcanica (Zalanyi), Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 82, 83,
pl. 6, fig. 4.
M a t e r i a l : 5 carapaces, 46 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Bulgar-
ia/Silistra, middle Pontian (Stancheva 1966), Serbia, late Pontian,
Dacian Basin, Meotian; Caucasus, Turkmenistan and Beserabian,
Pontian; Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia (Olteanu 1978); Turkey/
Denizli Basin, Pliocene-early Pleistocene (Freels 1980); and Boz-
tepe, Arakli (Trabzon), Gümü yaprak village (Bafra/Samsun/North-
ern Turkey), Pontian (Tunoglu et al. 1998).
Candona (Caspiolla) lobata (Zalanyi, 1929)
Fig. 3.2
1929 Paracypria lobata Zalanyi, Morpho-systematische Studien, p. 55, figs. 21, 22.
1965 Caspiolla lobata (Zalanyi), Stancheva, p. 19, pl. 2, fig. 3
1980 Candona (Caspiolla) lobata (Zalanyi), Freels, p. 49, 50, pl. 7, figs. 1—5.
1998 Candona (Caspiolla) lobata (Zalanyi), Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 83, pl. 6,
fig. 5.
M a t e r i a l : 12 carapaces, 59 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : NW
Bulgaria, middle Pontian (Stancheva 1965); Pannonian Basin, Bel-
grade, Late Pontian (Sokac & Gagic 1968); Turkey; Samsun, Bafra,
Hara and Çiriklar village, late Miocene-limnic, brackish Pannonian
(Freels, 1980); Arakli (Trabzon), factory of brick-tile kilns, Boztepe
(Trabzon); and west of Degirmendere, Pontian.
Candona (Caspiolla) bulgarica Stancheva, 1966
Fig. 3.3
1966 Candona (Caspiolla) bulgarica Stancheva, p. 220, pl. 1, figs. 3, 4.
1998 Candona (Caspiolla) bulgarica Stancheva, Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 83, pl.
6, fig. 6.
M a t e r i a l : 63 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : M.
Preslavets village (Bulgaria), Middle Pontian (Stancheva 1966);
Turkey, east of Degirmendere, Boztepe and Arakli (Trabzon/North-
ern Turkey), Pontian.
Candona (Caspiolla) liventalina (Evlachova)
Fig. 3.4,5
1965 Caspiolla aff. liventalina (Evlachova), Stancheva, p. 18, pl. 2, fig. 4.
1978 Candona (Caspiolla) liventalina (Evlachova), Olteanu, p. 1018, pl. 1, fig. 2;
pl. 2, fig. 7.
Fig. 2. Geographical distribution of known Candonidae species in this
investigation.
Fig. 1. a. Location map and subarea of the investigation regions. b. Geo-
logical map and section localities of first numbered subarea. c. Geologi-
cal map and section locality of second numbered subarea (Geological
maps simplified after the 1:500,000 scaled Geological map of Turkey).
(All the figures after Tunoglu 2002b.)
PONTIAN CANDONIDAE FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 23
Table 1: Stratigraphic distribution of Candonidae species and the other ostracod species of the Arakli (Trabzon) Section (after Tunoglu 2002a,b).
1998 Candona (Caspiolla) liventalina (Evlachova), Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 84,
pl. 6, figs. 7, 8.
M a t e r i a l : 3 carapaces, 45 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : NW
Bulgaria, Middle Pontian (Stancheva 1965). West Turkmenistan
and Azerbaijan, Pliocene and post Pliocene (Olteanu 1978); Turkey:
Boztepe, east of Degirmendere (Trabzon/Northern Turkey), Pontian.
Candona (Caspiolla) acronasuta (Livental, 1929)
Fig. 3.6—8
1929 Paracypria acuminata Zalanyi, Morpho-system. Studien, s. 47, figs. 13, 14.
1965 Caspiolla acronasuta (Livental), Stancheva, p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 2a,b.
1967 Caspiolla acronasuta (Livental), Agalarova, pl. 2, figs. 1, 3—5.
1998 Caspiolla acronasuta (Livental), Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 84, pl. 6, figs.
9—11.
24 TUNOGLU
Table 3: Stratigraphic distribution of Candonidae species and the other ostracod species of east of Degirmendere (Trabzon), (after Tunoglu
2002a,b).
Table 2: Stratigraphic distribution of Candonidae species and the other ostracod species of west of Degirmendere Section/Boztepe (Trabzon), (after
Tunoglu 2002a,b).
PONTIAN CANDONIDAE FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 25
Fig. 3. Photographic (SEM) figures of Pontian Candonidae species from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. 1. Candona (Caspiolla) balcanica
(Zalanyi, 1929). Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-25a, Pontian. Right valve, external view. 2. Candona (Caspiolla) lobata (Zalanyi, 1929).
Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-31, early-middle Pontian. Right valve, external view. 3. Candona (Caspiolla) bul-
garica
Stancheva, 1960. Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-20, Pontian. Left valve, external view. 4, 5. Candona (Caspiolla) liventalina (Evla-
chova, 1939). East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sample number: T-8, Pontian. 4. Left valve, external view. 5. Right valve, external view. 6—8. Can-
dona (Caspiolla) acronasuta
Livental. Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-26, late Pontian. 6. Right valve, external
view. 7. Left valve, external view. 8. Right valve, internal view. 9. Candona (Candona) sp. Arakli (Trabzon) factory of brick-tile kilns, sample num-
ber: Y-26, late Pontian. Right valve, external view. 10—12. Candona (Caspiolla) ataensis n.sp. Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample
number: Y-33, middle-late Pontian. 10. Left valve, external view, holotype. 11. Right valve, external view, paratype. 12. Left valve, internal view,
paratype.
26 TUNOGLU
M a t e r i a l : 19 carapaces, 78 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : NW
Bulgaria, middle Pontian (Stancheva 1965); Azerbaijan, Pontian
(Agalarova 1967); and Turkey: Arakli, factory of brick-tile kilns,
Boztepe (Trabzon), Pontian.
Candona (Caspiolla) ataensis n.sp.
Fig. 3.10—12; Fig. 7.1—7
D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : It is named after the founder of the
Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
H o l o t y p e : Left valve.
P a r a t y p e : 12 carapaces, 27 valves.
T y p e - l o c a l i t y : Factory of brick-tile kilns, Arakli Town (Trab-
zon City/Northeast Turkey).
T y p e - l e v e l : Pontian.
D i a g n o s i s : Carapace bean or kidney shaped in the lateral view.
Dorsal margin convex, ventral margin concave, anterior margin
well rounded, posterior margin tapering backwardly. Anterior mar-
gin is more tapered than the posterior in dorsal view. Surface of
valve smooth.
D e s c r i p t i o n : Carapace kidney or bean shaped in the lateral
view. Dorsal margin slightly convex, but very slightly concave at
the centre of dorsal margin. Ventral margin strongly concave. Ante-
ro-dorsal corner not angular and anterior margin is broadly rounded.
Postero-dorsal area not angular. Posterior margin diagonal from
postero-dorsal to postero-ventral, slightly convex and tapering at the
postero-ventral. Maximum dimensions at the centre of carapace.
Surface of valve smooth.
Central muscle scar, hinge adont. Marginal pore canals short, thin
and dense, vestibule wide at the anterior and posterior area. Sexual
dimorphism not observed.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.80—0.87 mm. Height: 0.38—0.40 mm.
Width: 0.36—0.40 mm.
R e m a r k s : C. ataensis n.sp. is similar to Candona (Caspiolla)
venusta (Zalanyi), but it differs from C. venusta by having longer
and depressed posterior margin.
L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l i n t h i s s t u d y : Fac-
tory of brick-tile kilns of Arakli Town (Trabzon City, Northern Tur-
key). sample numbers: Y-28, Y-29, Y-30 and Y-33; west of Degir-
mendere River, sample numbers: T-4, T-5, T-10, T-11 and T-15;
and Boztepe (Trabzon), sample numbers: C-28 and C-29, all of Pon-
tian age.
Subgenus: Pontoniella Mandelstam, 1960
Type-species: Paracypria acuminata Zalanyi, 1929
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Oligocene?, Pannonian—Re-
cent (Van Morkhoven 1963).
E n v i r o n m e n t : Marine to brackish (Van Morkhoven 1963).
Candona (Pontoniella) acuminata (Zalanyi, 1929)
Fig. 4.1—4; Fig. 7.8—14
1929 Paracypria acuminata Zalanyi, Morpho-system. Studien, s. 57, figs. 23,24.
1967 Pontoniella acuminata (Zalanyi) Agalarova, pl. 5, figs. 1—6, pl. 6, figs. 1,2.
1978 Candona (Pontoniella) acuminata striata Mandelstam, Olteanu, p. 1018, pl.
3, figs. 3—7.
1980 Candona (Pontoniella) acuminata sinistritruncata (Zalanyi), Freels, p. 58, pl.
8, figs. 11—21.
1998 Candona (Pontoniella) acuminata sinistritruncata (Zalanyi), Tunoglu, Ünal
& Bilen, p. 87, pl. 7, figs. 6—9, pl. 14, figs. 9—15.
M a t e r i a l : 4 carapaces, 33 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Crime-
an Peninsula: Kerch (Ivanov area), Kabistan/Azerbaijan (Pontian);
and Turkey: Boztepe (Trabzon), east of east of Degirmendere, fac-
tory of brick-tile kilns, Arakli Town (Trabzon City/Northern Tur-
key), Pontian.
Candona (Pontoniella) srebarnensis Stancheva, 1981
Fig. 4.5; Fig. 7.15,16
1981 Candona (Pontoniella) srebarnensis Stancheva, p. 70, pl. 2, figs. 4—5.
1998 Candona (Pontoniella) srebarnensis Stancheva, Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p.
87, pl. 7, fig. 10; pl. 14, fig. 16.
M a t e r i a l : 3 carapaces, 28 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : North-
ern Bulgaria (Smirnenski, Bukjovci), middle Pontian (Stancheva
1981). Turkey: east of Degirmendere and Boztepe (Trabzon), Pon-
tian.
Candona (Pontoniella) pseudoglabra Stancheva, 1981
Fig. 4.6
1981 Candona (Pontoniella) pseudoglabra Stancheva, p. 73, 74, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6.
1998 Candona (Pontoniella) pseudoglabra Stancheva, Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p.
88, pl. 7, fig. 11.
M a t e r i a l : 3 carapaces, 18 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : North
Bulgaria (Smirnenski, Bukjovci), middle Pontian (Stancheva 1981);
Turkey: Arakli (Trabzon), factory of brick-tile kiln, Boztepe, east of
Degirmendere (Trabzon), Pontian.
Candona (Pontoniella) saxagintae Stancheva, 1981
Fig. 4.7
1981 Candona (Pontoniella) saxagintae Stancheva, p. 74, pl. 3, figs. 7, 8.
1998 Candona (Pontoniella) saxagintae Stancheva, Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 88,
pl. 7, figs. 12
M a t e r i a l : 8 carapaces, 23 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Sitova,
Staro Selo, Sreberna, Sarpovo (Northern Bulgaria), Middle-Late
Pontian (Stancheva 1981); and Boztepe, east of Degirmendere River
(Trabzon/ Northern Turkey), Pontian.
Candona (Pontoniella) sokachae Stancheva, 1981
Fig. 4.8
1981 Candona (Pontoniella) sokachae, Stancheva, p. 72, pl. 3, figs. 9, 10.
1998 Candona (Pontoniella) sokachae, Stancheva, Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 88,
pl. 7, fig. 13; pl. 14, fig. 17.
M a t e r i a l : 2 carapaces, 21 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Staro
Selo, Brasljan Plain (Northern Bulgaria), Middle Pontian (Stanche-
va 1981); and Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, east of
Degirmendere River, Boztepe (Trabzon), Pontian.
Candona (Pontoniella) sp. 1
Fig. 4.9; Fig. 7.17
D e s c r i p t i o n : Trapezoidal in lateral view. Dorsal margin
straight and long, ventral margin broadly concave, antero-dorsal
and postero-dorsal areas angular (150°). Anterior margin depressed
towards the ventral part and well rounded. Posterior margin oblique
towards the ventral part and blunt at the postero-ventral part and
spindle-like shape in dorsal view. Maximum length at the ventral,
maximum height and width at the centre of carapace. Valve surface
smooth. Hinge adont, marginal zone narrow, vestibule wide at the
anterior but narrow at the posterior part. Central muscle scar is that
of the genus.
PONTIAN CANDONIDAE FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 27
Fig. 4. Photographic (SEM) figures of Pontian Candonidae species from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. 1—4. Candona (Pontoniella) acumi-
nata
(Zalanyi, 1929). Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-29, Pontian. 1. Left valve, external view. 2. Right valve, exter-
nal view. 3. Carapace, dorsal view. 4. Left valve, internal view. 5. Candona (Pontoniella) srebarnensis Stancheva, 1981; Boztepe (Trabzon), sam-
ple number: C-26, Pontian. Left valve, external view. 6. Candona (Pontoniella) pseudoglabra Stancheva, 1981; Arakli (Trabzon), factory of
brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-30, middle-late Pontian. Right valve, external view. 7. Candona (Pontoniella) saxagintae Stancheva, 1981;
Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22, middle-late Pontian. Left valve, external view. 8. Candona (Pontoniella) sokachae Stancheva, 1981;
Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-31, early-middle Pontian. Right valve, external view. 9. Candona (Pontoniella) sp. 1;
Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-26, early Pontian. Right valve, external view. 10. Candona (Pontoniella) sp. 2; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample
number: C-22, middle Pontian. Left valve, external view. 11. Candona (Pontoniella) sp. 3; Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample num-
ber: Y-28, middle-late Pontian. Right valve, internal view.
28 TUNOGLU
M a t e r i a l : 1 carapace, 7 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.98—1.05 mm. Height: 0.35—0.40 mm.
Width: 0.32—0.36 mm.
R e m a r k s : The species differs from Candona (Pontoniella)
acuminata sinistritruncata Freels by having concave ventral margin
and beak shaped postero-ventral corner.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Tur-
key: Boztepe (Trabzon), Pontian.
Candona (Pontoniella) sp. 2
Fig. 4.10
D e s c r i p t i o n : Trapezoidal in lateral view. Dorsal margin
straight, antero-dorsal margin angular (~150°), ventral margin sinu-
ous, postero-ventral margin concave and centro-ventral margin con-
vex. Half of antero-ventral margin slightly folded. Anterior and
posterior marginal pore canals numerous, short and straight, with a
wide anterior and posterior vestibulum. Hinge and central muscle
scars are those of the genus.
M a t e r i a l : 6 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.80—0.85 mm. Height: 0.37—0.40 mm.
Width: 0.34—0.38 mm.
R e m a r k s : Candona (Pontoniella) sp. 2 is morphologically
very close to Pontoniella acuminata (Agalarova), but it differs from
P. acuminata by having tapered postero-ventral and sinuous antero-
ventral margin.
L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l i n t h i s s t u d y : Ar-
akli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample numbers: Y-31 and
Y-33; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22, Pontian.
Candona (Pontoniella) sp. 3
Fig. 4.11; Fig. 7.18,19
D e s c r i p t i o n : Trapezoidal in lateral view. Dorsal margin
straight and antero and postero-dorsal corners angular (150°). Ante-
rior margin depressed and longer towards anterior and well round-
ed. Posterior margin oblique toward the ventral margin and slightly
curved near the postero-ventral corner. Postero-ventral corner ta-
pered. Ventral margin broadly concave at the center. Maximum
length near the ventral margin, maximum height and width at the
antero-centre part. Carapace long, ovate at the dorsal view. Posteri-
or end is more tapered than anterior end. Hinge adont. Marginal
zone narrow, marginal pore canals short, simple, straight and dense.
Central muscle scars are those of the genus and the subgenus. Sexu-
al dimorphism not observed.
M a t e r i a l : 19 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.98—1.05 mm. Height: 0.43—0.45 mm.
Width: 0.40—0.44 mm.
R e m a r k s : This species is very similar to Candona (Pontoniel-
la) sp. 1 and Candona (Pontoniella) sp. 2 described in this study. C.
sp. 3 has a short and straight dorsal margin and a longer posterior
margin. A fold structure on the valve margin is absent.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Medi-
cine Faculty (Trabzon/North-east Turkey)/east of Degirmendere
River, sample numbers: T-10, T-11; Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of
brick-tile kilns, sample numbers: Y-27, Y-28, Y-30, Pontian.
Candona (Pontoniella) turcica n.sp.
Fig. 5.1,2; Fig. 8.1—6
D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : It is originated from Turkey.
H o l o t y p e : Right valve.
P a r a t y p e : 1 carapace, 17 valves.
T y p e - l o c a l i t y : Boztepe, west of Degirmendere River (Trab-
zon/Northern Turkey).
T y p e - l e v e l : Pontian.
D i a g n o s i s : Trapezoidal in lateral view. Dorsal margin straight,
ventral margin long and concave. Anterior margin forwardly ex-
tended and depressed to ventral margin. Posterior margin oblique
and very pointed at the postero-ventral corner. Valve surface
smooth. Anterior end more tapered than the posterior end in the dor-
sal view.
D e s c r i p t i o n : Trapezoidal in lateral view. Dorsal margin
straight or slightly convex, ventral margin concave, sinusoidal at the
anterior and posterior half of the ventral valve. Posterior margin ob-
lique and elongate. Postero-ventral corner is very tapered. Anterior
margin depressed to ventral margin (longest and well rounded
ahead). Dorsal view is spindle shaped, posterior end more tapered
than the anterior end. Maximum length at the ventral margin, maxi-
mum height and width (at the anterior of mid-length). Valve surface
smooth and shiny.
Marginal zone moderately wide. Marginal pore canals moderate-
ly dense, simple and straight. Vestibule wide at the anterior and pos-
tero-ventral corner. Hinge adont. Central muscle scars are those of
the genus. Sexual dimorphism not observed.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 1.30—1.40 mm. Height: 0.45—0.49 mm.
Width: 0.36—0.40 mm.
R e m a r k s : C. turcica is closely similar to (Pontoniella) sche-
machensis Mandelstham in general valve shape, but the former dif-
fers from the latter in having a longer carapace, more blunt anterior
end, more undulated ventral margin of the left valve and more angu-
lar antero-dorsal corner angular (~ 160° instead of C. Pontoniella
schemachensis).
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Boz-
tepe (Trabzon/Northern Turkey), sample numbers: C-21 and C-24,
Pontian.
Candona (Pontoniella) aliusensis Stancheva, 1981
Fig. 5.3—5; Fig. 8.7—12
1981 Candona (Pontoniella) aliusensis Stancheva, p. 71, pl. 2, figs. 7—9.
1998 Candona (Pontoniella) aliusensis Stancheva, Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p.91,
pl. 8, figs. 3—5; pl. 15, figs. 7—12.
M a t e r i a l : 11 carapaces, 26 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Dacian
Basin, Northern Bulgaria, Middle Pontian (Stancheva 1981).
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Medi-
cine Faculty (Trabzon)/east of Degirmendere River, sample num-
bers: T-3, T-8 and T-15; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample numbers: C-15,
C-22, C-27 and C-28, Pontian.
Subgenus: Candona Baird, 1845
Type-species: Cypris candida Müller, 1776
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Eocene, Oligocene-Recent.
E n v i r o n m e n t : Mainly continental, fresh-water (lacustrin, riv-
er, deltaic environments), rare in brackish (littoral) environments
(Van Morkhoven 1962, 1963 and Moore 1961).
Candona (Candona) candida (O.F. Müeller, 1776)
Fig. 5.6,7; Fig. 8.13—17
1776 Candona candida O.F. Müeller, Zool. Danicae Prodr.: 199.
1900 Candona studeri O.F. Müeller, Kaufmann, Zool. Anz. 23 (608): Rev. Suisse
Zool. 8: 385; pl. 27, figs.16—20, pl. 30, figs. 6—11, pl. 31, fig. 23.
1965 Candona candida O.F. Müeller, Devoto, p. 337, fig. 36.
1973 Candona (Candona) candida candida O.F. Müeller, Krstic, p. 151—153, pl. 1,
figs. 1, 2.
1972 Candona (Candona) candida, O.F. Müeller, Sokac, p. 24, 25, pl. 9, figs. 1—4.
1980 Candona (Candona) aff. candida O.F. Müeller, Freels, p. 80—82, pl. 13,
figs. 6—8.
1984 Candona (Candona) cf. candida O.F. Müeller, Tunoglu, p. 118—119, pl. 9,
figs. 1—3.
PONTIAN CANDONIDAE FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 29
Fig. 5. Photographic (SEM) figures of Pontian Candonidae species from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. 1, 2. Candona (Pontoniella) turcica
n.sp.; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22, middle-late Pontian. 1. Right valve, external view. 2. Left valve, external view. 3—5. Candona
(Pontoniella) aliusensis
Stancheva, 1981; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22, Pontian. 3. Right valve, external view. 4. Left valve, external
view. 5. Left valve, external view. 6, 7. Candona (Candona) candida O.F. Muller, 1776; Gümü yaprak village (Bafra/Samsun), sample number:
G-1, Pontian. 6. Left valve, external view. 7. Right valve, external view. 8, 9. Candona (Lineocypris) bafraensis n.sp.; Gümü yaprak village
(Bafra/Samsun), sample number: G-1, Pontian. 8. Left valve, external view, paratype. 9. Right valve, external view, holotype. 10. Candona (subge-
nus indet.) sp.; Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y- 26, late Pontian. Left valve, external view. 11, 12. Candona (Caspi-
ocypris) trabzonensis
n.sp.; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-17, early Pontian. 11. Right valve, external view, holotype. 12. Left valve, exter-
nal view, paratype. 13, 14. Cyclocypris sp.; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22, middle Pontian. 13. Left valve, external view. 14. Right
valve, external view. 15. Candona (Caspiocypris) araxica Freels, 1980; East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sample number: T-11, middle-late Pon-
tian. Left valve, external view. 16. Candona (Candona) parallela pannonica (Zalanyi, 199); Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample
number: Y-32, middle Pontian. Right valve, external view.
30 TUNOGLU
1998 Candona (Candona) cf. candida O.F. Müeller, Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 92,
pl. 9, figs. 6, 7; pl. 15, figs. 13—17.
2000 Candona candida O.F. Müeller, Meisch, p. 65—70, figs. 20—22.
M a t e r i a l : 5 carapaces, 42 valves.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Liri
Valley (Italy), Pleistocene; Yugoslavia, Pontian (Krstic 1973); Pan-
nonian Basin, Pontian (Sokac 1972); Aydin (Turkey), Late Miocene
(Freels 1980), Gümü yaprak Village (Bafra/Samsun/Turkey), Pon-
tian.
Candona (Candona) parallela pannonica (Zalanyi, 1929)
Fig. 5.16
1929 Paracypria parallela pannonica (Zalanyi), Morpho-system. Studien, s. 58,
figs. 25, 26.
1995 Candona (Candona) parallela pannonica (Zalanyi), Tunoglu, Temel &
Gençoglu, pl. 1, figs. 24—28.
1998 Candona (Candona) parallela pannonica (Zalanyi), Tunoglu, Ünal, Bilen, p.
92, pl. 8, fig. 16.
M a t e r i a l : 15 carapaces, 42 valves.
R e m a r k s : Candona (Candona) parallela is a synonym of
Pseudocandona albicans.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Turkey
(Sivrihisar/Eski ehir), Pliocene (Tunoglu et al. 1995); Arakli (Trab-
zon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, Pontian.
Candona (Candona) sp.
Fig. 3.9
D e f i n i t i o n : Carapace elongate kidney shaped, dorsal margin
straight or slightly convex, ventral margin concave at the centre.
Anterior margin depressed to ventral margin and well rounded, pos-
tero-dorsal corner angular (130°) and diagonal postwardly, postero-
ventral corner blunt. Maximum length, height and width at the cen-
tre. Muscle scars, hinge, marginal pore canals, marginal zone and
vestibule of genus character.
M a t e r i a l : 9 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.85—0.87 mm. Height: 0.44—0.46 mm.
Width: 0.40—0.46 mm.
R e m a r k s : This species differs from Candona (Candona) par-
allela pannonica Zalanyi by having a very tapered postero-ventral
angle.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Arakli
(Trabzon), factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-26, Pon-
tian.
Subgenus: Lineocypris Zalanyi, 1929
Type-species: Lineocypris trapezoidea Zalanyi, 1929
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : (?Early Cretaceous), Plioce-
ne—Recent.
E n v i r o n m e n t : Fresh-water, mainly in deep lakes (Van
Morkhoven 1963).
Candona (Lineocypris) bafraensis n.sp.
Fig. 5.8,9; Fig. 8.18—23
D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : It is named after Bafra Town, Samsun
City, Northern Turkey which is the type locality of this material.
H o l o t y p e : Right valve.
P a r a t y p e : 11 carapaces, 29 valves.
T y p e - l o c a l i t y : Gümü yaprak village (Bafra Town/Samsun
City).
T y p e - l e v e l : Pontian.
D i a g n o s i s : Trapezoidal in the lateral view. Dorsal margin
straight, antero-dorsal and postero-dorsal corners angular. Posterior
margin oblique and slightly convex. Anterior margin long towards
anterior and well rounded. Left valve of ventral margin slightly con-
vex but concave at the right valve. Valve surface smooth, anterior
end more tapered than the posterior end in the dorsal view.
D e s c r i p t i o n : Trapezoidal in the lateral view. A straight dorsal
margine presents one third of the total length. Antero-dorsal corner
angular (160°). Anterior margin depressed to ventral margin and
well rounded. Postero-dorsal corner angular (150°) and slightly
convex. Ventral margin of right valve concave at the centre, ventral
margin of the left valve nearly straight. Both ends equally tapered in
dorsal view. Maximum length at the ventral margin, maximum
height and width at the central part. Valve surface smooth and
shiny. Hinge adont. Marginal zone modarately wide. Marginal pore
canals modarately dense, straight, simple and thin. Vestibule wide
at the anterior and posterior part. Muscle scars of genus and subge-
nus character.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.85—0.88 mm. Height: 0.42—0.45 mm.
Width: 0.36—0.44 mm.
R e m a r k s : C. (Lineocypris) bafraensis is very similar to Can-
dona (Lineocypris) sp. (Tunoglu & Gökçen 1997), but it differs
from C. (Lineocypris) aff. granulosa by a straight dorsal margin and
a long anterior margin.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Gümü-
yaprak Village (Bafra/Samsun, Turkey), sample numbers: G-1 and
G-2, Pontian.
Candona (subgenus indet.) sp.
Fig. 5.10
D e s c r i p t i o n : Bean shaped in the lateral view. Dorsal margin
straight. Antero-dorsal and postero-dorsal corners not angular, ante-
rior and posterior margins equal and well rounded. Ventral margin
concave. Maximum length and width at the center of carapace.
Maximum height at the anterior part. Valve surface smooth and
shiny. Both ends equal and tapered from the dorsal view. Central
muscle scars, marginal pore canals, hinge, marginal zone and vesti-
bule of genus character.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.75—0.78 mm. Height: 0.40—0.43 mm.
Width: 0.36—0.42 mm.
R e m a r k s : This specimen is closely similar to the Candona
species, but it is inconsistent with known Candona subgenera. Its
subgenus and species determination is still incertain.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Arakli
(Trabzon), factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-26, Pontian.
Subgenus: Caspiocypris Mandelstam, 1956
Type-species: Bairdia candida Livental, 1929
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Miocene—Recent.
E n v i r o n m e n t : Limnic/fresh-water (Freels 1980).
Candona (Caspiocypris) trabzonensis n.sp.
Fig. 5.11,12
D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : Named after Trabzon City, the type lo-
cality in northern Turkey.
H o l o t y p e : Right valve.
P a r a t y p e : 3 carapaces, 26 valves.
T y p e - l o c a l i t y : Boztepe District/East side of Degirmendere
River of Trabzon.
T y p e - l e v e l : Pontian.
D i a g n o s i s : Bean to kidney shaped in lateral view. Dorsal mar-
gin convex. Antero-dorsal and postero-dorsal corners not angular.
PONTIAN CANDONIDAE FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 31
Anterior and posterior margins well rounded, but posterior margin
more broad. Ventral margin concave. Anterior end more tapering than
the posterior end in dorsal view. Valve surface smooth and shiny.
D e s c r i p t i o n : Bean to kidney shaped in lateral view. Dorsal
margin long, straight or slightly convex. Ventral margin concave at
the centre of the posterior part. Anterior margin depressed at the
ventral margin and well rounded. Posterior margin oblique and well
rounded at the postero-ventral corner. Both end equally obtuse and
elipsoidal in dorsal view. Maximum length at the ventral margin.
Maximum height and width at the centre of the carapace. Valve sur-
face smooth and shiny. Hinge adont. Marginal zone narrow. Mar-
ginal pore canals straight, short and simple. Vestibule narrow along
the anterior, posterior and ventral margins. Muscle scars of genus
character. Sexual dimorphism not observed.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.77—0.80 mm. Height: 0.40—0.43 mm.
Width: 0.36—0.42 mm.
R e m a r k s : C. trabzonensis differs from Candona (?) protocta
and Candona (?) distorta by having more angular postero-dorsal
and antero-dorsal corners. C. trabzonensis is also distinguished
from Candona (Caspiocypris) labiata (Zalanyi) by having angular
postero-dorsal corner (~ 95°), Candona (Caspiocypris) alta Zalanyi
is distinguished from C. trabzonensis by not having longest posteri-
or margin (Tunoglu 1984).
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Boz-
tepe (Trabzon), sample numbers: C-16, C-17 and C-25a, Pontian.
Candona (Caspiocypris) araxica Freels, 1980
Fig. 5.15
1980 Candona (Caspiocypris) araxica, Freels, p. 42—44, pl. 5, figs. 8—14.
1998 Candona (Caspiocypris) araxica, Freels; Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 95, pl.
8, fig. 15.
M a t e r i a l : 5 carapaces, 31 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.80—0.83 mm. Height: 0.40—0.42 mm.
Width: 0.34—0.38 mm.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Turkey
(Erzurum-Pasinler Basin, Horasan-Azap), late Miocene-Pliocene
(Freels 1980); Medicine Faculty of Black Sea Technical University/
east of Degirmendere River (Trabzon), Pontian.
Candona (Caspiocypris) sp.
Fig. 6.15,16
D e f i n i t i o n : Rectangular in side view. Dorsal margin straight.
Ventral margin concave at the centre of the carapace. Antero-dorsal
and postero-dorsal corners not angular and well rounded. Anterior
margin depressed to ventral margin and well rounded. Posterior
margin diagonal to posterior end. Maximum length, height and
width at the centre of the carapace. Dorsal view ovate, anterior end
more tapering than the posterior. Valve surface smooth and shiny.
Hinge adont. Central muscle scars of genus character. Marginal
zone broad. Vestibule narrow. Sexual dimorphism not observed.
M a t e r i a l : 2 carapaces, 12 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.82—0.85 mm. Height: 0.49—0.52 mm.
Width: 0.40—0.42 mm.
R e m a r k s : C. (Caspiocypris) sp. differs from Candona (Caspi-
ocypris) labiata (Zalanyi) by having more angular potero-dorsal
corner (~ 95°) and anterior margin more depressed to ventral mar-
gin. C. (Caspiocypris) sp. is also distinguished from Candona (Cas-
piocypris) alta (Zalanyi) by having more longer posterior margin to
ventral margin.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Medi-
cine Faculty/east of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sample numbers: T-3,
T-4, T-5, T-8, T-9, T-10, T-11 and T-15; Arakli (Trabzon), factory
of brick-tile kilns, sample numbers: Y-26, Y-27, Y-32, Pontian.
Subgenus: Bakunella Schneider & Mandelstam, 1958
Type-species: Pontocypris dorsoarcuata Zalanyi, 1929
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Pliocene—Recent.
E n v i r o n m e n t : Marine, brackish water, rare in the fresh water
(Van Morkhoven 1963).
Candona (Bakunella) dorsoarcuata Zalanyi, 1929
Fig. 6.1—3,9,10; Fig. 9.1—4
1965 Bakunella dorsoarcuata (Zalanyi); Stancheva, p. 15, 16; pl. 4, fig. 8.
1967 Bakunella dorsoarcuata (Zalanyi); Agalarova, pl. 3, fig. 3—5.
1969 Candona (Bakunella) dorsoarcuata (Zalanyi); Gramann, pl. 32, fig. 5a,b.
1978 Bakunella dorsoarcuata (Zalanyi), Olteanu, p. 1019, pl. 6, figs. 3—4.
1980 Candona (Bakunella) dorsoarcuata (Zalanyi); Freels, p. 32, pl. 3, figs. 10—15.
1991 Candona (Bakunella) dorsoarcuata (Zalanyi); Jiricek & Riha, pl. 6, fig. 4.
1998 Candona (Bakunella) dorsoarcuata (Zalanyi); Tunoglu, Ünal & Bilen, p. 96,
97, pl. 9, figs. 1—3, 9, 10; pl. 16, figs. 1—4.
M a t e r i a l : 29 carapaces, 78 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.72—0.82 mm. Height: 0.45—0.49 mm.
Width: 0.48—0.52 mm.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Black
Sea coasts, Pliocene and Pontian stages (Agalarova 1967);
Kabistan/Azerbaijan, Ukraine (Apsheron Peninsula), Keyzeki or,
Northern Bulgaria (Antimova Village), Pontian (Stancheva 1965),
Turkey, Black Sea coasts, Late Miocene (Freels 1980). Medicine
Faculty/east of Degirmendere River (Trabzon), Boztepe (Trabzon),
Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, Pontian (Tunoglu et al.
1998).
Candona (Bakunella) sp. 1
Fig. 6.4,5; Fig. 9.7—10
D e f i n i t i o n : Triangular in the lateral view. Dorsal margin
strongly convex, ventral margin concave. Anterior margin de-
pressed on antero-dorsal side and well rounded, posterior margin
oblique and slightly convex. Maximum length near the ventral mar-
gin, maximum height at the anterior, maximum width at the posteri-
or end. Anterior and posterior ends obtuse in the dorsal view. Valve
surface covered with thin, pentagonal reticulates. Hinge, muscle
scars and marginal pore canals of genus character.
M a t e r i a l : 1 carapace, 9 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.70—0.80 mm. Height: 0.42—0.44 mm.
Width: 0.40—0.44 mm.
R e m a r k s : This species is similar to Bakunella dorsoarcuata
(Zalanyi), but differs from it in having more concave dorsal margin,
shorter posterior margin and more depressed to ventral margin.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Medi-
cine Faculty/east of Degirmendere River (Trabzon), sample num-
bers: T-11, T-15; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample numbers: C-21, C-24,
C-25a, C-27; Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample
numbers: Y-29, Y-31, Pontian.
Candona (Bakunella) sp. 2
Fig. 6.6—8; Fig. 9.5,6
D e f i n i t i o n : Triangular in the lateral view. Dorsal margin short
and slightly concave, antero-dorsal corner well rounded. Anterior
margin depressed to ventral margin and well rounded, postero-dor-
sal corner well curved. Postero-ventral end shaped a beak. Ventral
margin concave at the postero-central area. Anterior end more ta-
pering than posterior in dorsal view. Posterior end blunt. Maximum
length at the ventral margin, maximum height near the anterior mar-
gin, maximum width near the posterior end. Surface of the valve
covered with definite and undefinite reticulates. Hinge adont, mar-
ginal zone narrow. Marginal pore canals short, thin and modarately
32 TUNOGLU
dense. Vestibule wide in anterior part, but narrow in posterior part
and along ventral margin. Muscle scar of genus and subgenus
character.
M a t e r i a l : 4 carapaces, 15 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.80—0.82 mm. Height: 0.50—0.52 mm.
Width: 0.40—0.44 mm.
R e m a r k s : Candona (Bakunella) sp. 2 differs from Candona
(Bakunella) dorsoarcuata Zalanyi by having more and different sur-
face ornamentation in posterior margin and postero-ventral corner.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Gümü-
yaprak Village (Bafra/Samsun), sample numbers: G-1 and G-2,
Pontian.
Subgenus: Reticulocandona Krstic, 1972
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Late Miocene—Recent.
E n v i r o n m e n t : Generally fresh-water, rare in brackish condi-
tions (Krstic 1972, 1974).
Candona (Reticulocandona) sp.
Fig. 6.11
D e f i n i t i o n : Rectangular in the lateral view. Dorsal margin
straight and long, but right valve slightly concave, ventral margin
convex at the center. Anterior margin depressed to ventral margin,
antero-dorsal corner angular (150°) and well rounded. Postero-dor-
sal corner also angular (110°). Postero-ventral corner well rounded.
Both ends equally tapered in dorsal view. Maximum width at the
centre, maximum length near the ventral margin, maximum height
near the anterior and posterior margin. Marginal zone narrow. Ves-
tibule wide at the anterior and posterior. Hinge adont and central
muscle scars of genus character.
M a t e r i a l : 2 carapaces, 14 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.94—0.96 mm. Height: 0.50—0.52 mm.
Width: 0.44—0.48 mm.
R e m a r k s : Candona (Reticulocandona) sp. is similar to Cando-
na (Reticulocandona?) sp. (Stancheva, 1989) and Candona (R.) re-
ticulata (Mehes), but Candona (Reticulocandona) sp. of Stancheva
differs from Candona (Reticulocandona) sp. by having more angu-
lar (100°) postero-dorsal corner.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Medi-
cine Faculty/east of Degirmendere River (Trabzon), sample num-
bers: T-3, T-8, T-10 and T-15; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample numbers:
C-16, C-24 and C-26; Pontian.
Candona (Reticulocandona) stanchevae n.sp.
Fig. 6.12—14; Fig. 9.11—17
D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : Maria Stancheva (Bulgaria).
H o l o t y p e : Right valve.
P a r a t y p e : 4 carapaces, 27 valves.
T y p e - l o c a l i t y : Boztepe (Trabzon).
T y p e - l e v e l : Pontian.
D i a g n o s i s : Rectangular shaped in the lateral view. Dorsal mar-
gin straight, anterior margin well rounded. Posterior margin well
rounded and depressed to ventral with angular antero-dorsal corner
(120°). Marginal zone narrow. Vestibule wide. Hinge adont, muscle
scars are those of the genus.
D e s c r i p t i o n : Rectangular shaped in lateral view. Dorsal mar-
gin straight, antero-dorsal corner not angular and well rounded, an-
terior margin elongate and well rounded. Postero-dorsal corner an-
gular (120°), ventral margin concave at the centre. Dorsal view
ovate, anterior end more tapering than the posterior end. Maximum
length near the ventral margin, maximum height and width at the
centre. Valve surface smooth and shiny. Hinge adont, central mus-
cle scars of genus and subgenus character. Marginal zone narrow,
marginal pore canals short, thin and rare. Vestibule wide along the
anterior, posterior and ventral margin, sexual dimorphism not ob-
served.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.90—0.95 mm. Height: 0.50—0.52 mm.
Width: 0.40—0.42 mm.
R e m a r k s : Candona (Reticulocandona) stanchevae n.sp. is
closely similar to Candona (Reticulocandona) sp. (Stancheva,
1989), but it differs from Candona (Reticulocandona) sp., because
Candona (Reticulocandona) sp. has more tapering postero-ventral
corner than Candona (Reticulocandona) stanchevae n.sp. For this
reason, it is recognized as a new species in this investigation.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Medi-
cine Faculty (Trabzon)/east of Degirmendere, sample numbers: T-3,
T-4, T-8, T-9, T-10, T-11 and T-15; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample
numbers: C-15, C-17, C-23, C-24, C-25a and C-26, Pontian.
Subgenus: Typhlocypris Vejdovsky
Type-species: Cypris eremita Vejdovsky
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Late Miocene—Recent.
E n v i r o n m e n t : Fresh-water (Krstic 1974), rare in marine con-
ditions/brackish waters.
Candona (Typhlocypris ) sp. 1
Fig. 6.17; Fig. 9.24,25
D e f i n i t i o n : Triangular shaped in lateral view. Dorsal margin
straight and short. Ventral margin concave at the antero-centre. An-
terior margin beak shaped. Antero-dorsal corner angular (135°) and
well rounded. Postero-dorsal corner angular (145°) and postero-
ventral corner tapering. Both ends equally tepered in the dorsal
view. Maximum length at the ventral margin, maximum height at
the antero-center area and maximum width at the center. Marginal
zone very narrow, marginal pore canals moderately dense, straight,
short and simple. Vestibule moderately wide at the anterior margin,
but narrow at the posterior end. Hinge adont, muscle scars of genus
character.
M a t e r i a l : 4 carapaces, 21 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.92—0.95 mm. Height: 0.54—0.55 mm.
Width: 0.44—0.48 mm.
R e m a r k s : Candona (Typhlocypris) sp. 1 could be diferentiated
from Candona (Typhlocypris) centropunctata Suzin by having
longer carapace and shorter dorsal margin.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Medi-
cine Faculty/east of Degirmendere River (Trabzon), sample num-
ber: T-4, Pontian.
Candona (Typhlocypris) sp. 2
Fig. 6.18
D e f i n i t i o n : Triangular shaped in lateral view. Dorsal margin
strongly concave. Ventral margin broadly convex. Anterior margin
slightly depressed to the ventral margin and well rounded. Anterior
margin slightly folded at the antero-dorsal part. Posterior margin
slightly concave and tapering at the postero-ventral. Spindle shape
in dorsal view. Anterior end more tapering than the posterior. Maxi-
mum length at the ventral margin, maximum height and width at the
centre. Valve surface smooth and shiny. Marginal zone narrow.
Marginal pore canals short and thin and moderately numerous.
Hinge adont. Central muscle scars of subfamily Candonidae.
M a t e r i a l : 3 carapaces, 10 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.54—0.56 mm. Height: 0.40—0.42 mm.
Width: 0.34—0.38 mm.
R e m a r k s : Candona (Typhlocypris) sp. 2 differs from Candona
(Typhlocypris) sp. sensu Krstic by having very tapering postero-
ventral corner and longest towards posterior.
PONTIAN CANDONIDAE FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 33
Fig. 6. Photographic (SEM) figures of Pontian Candonidae species from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. 1—3, 9, 10. Candona (Bakunella) dor-
soarcuata
Zalanyi, 1929; Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-31, Pontian. 1. Left valve, external view. 2. Left valve, in-
ternal view. 3. Left valve, external view. 9. Left valve, dorsal view. 10. Carapace, dorsal view. 4, 5. Candona (Bakunella) sp. 1; Arakli (Trabzon)/
factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-31, Early-Middle Pontian. 4. Left valve, external view. 5. Right valve, external view. 6—8. Candona
(Bakunella)
sp. 2; Gümü yaprak village (Bafra/Samsun), sample number: G-1, Pontian. 6. Left valve, external view. 7. Left valve, dorsal view. 8.
Right valve, dorsal view. 11. Candona (Reticulocandona) sp.; East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sample number: T-8, Pontian. Left valve, external
view. 12—14. Candona (Reticulocandona) stanchevae n.sp.; East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sample number: T-9, Pontian. 12. Right valve, exter-
nal view, holotype. 13. Left valve, internal view, paratype. 14. Right valve, dorsal view, paratype. 15, 16. Candona (Caspiocypris) sp.; East of De-
girmendere (Trabzon), sample number: T-4, Pontian. 15. Left valve, external view. 16. Carapace, dorsal view. 17. Candona (Typhlocypris) sp. 1;
East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), T-4, early-middle Pontian. Right valve, external view. 18. Candona (Typhlocypris) sp. 2; East of Degirmendere
(Trabzon), sample number: T-3, middle Pontian. Left valve, external view. 19. Candona (Metacandona) sp.; East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sam-
ple number: T-3, early Pontian. Left valve, external view.
34 TUNOGLU
Fig. 7. Hand drawn figures of Pontian Candonidae species from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. 1—7. Candona (Caspiolla) ataensis n.sp.; Ar-
akli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-29, Pontian. 1. Left valve, external view, holotype. 2. Right valve, external view,
paratype. 3. Left valve, internal view, holotype. 4. Right valve, internal view, paratype. 5. Central muscle scars, holotype. 6. Left valve, dorsal view,
holotype. 7. Right valve, dorsal view, paratype. 8—14. Candona (Pontoniella) acuminata (Zalanyi, 1929); Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile
kilns, sample number: Y-29, Pontian. 8. Right valve, external view. 9. Left valve, external view. 10. Right valve, internal view. 11. Left valve, inter-
nal view. 12. Left valve, dorsal view. 13. Right valve, dorsal view. 14. Central muscle scars, right valve, external view. 15, 16. Candona (Pontoniel-
la) srebarnensis
Stancheva, 1981; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-26, Pontian. 15. Left valve, external view. 16. Right valve, external view.
17. Candona (Pontoniella) sp. 1; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-26, early Pontian. Right valve, external view. 18, 19. Candona (Pontoniel-
la)
sp. 3; Arakli (Trabzon)/factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-28, middle-late Pontian. 18. Right valve, external view. 19. Right valve, in-
ternal view.
PONTIAN CANDONIDAE FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 35
Fig. 8. Hand drawn figures of Pontian Candonidae species from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. 1—6. Candona (Pontoniella) turcica n.sp.;
Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22, middle-late Pontian. 1. Left valve, external view, paratype. 2. Right valve, external view, holotype. 3. Right
valve, internal view, holotype. 4. Left valve, internal view, paratype. 5. Left valve, dorsal view, paratype. 6. Right valve, dorsal view, holotype.
7—12. Candona (Pontoniella) aliusensis Stancheva, 1981; Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22, middle-late Pontian. 7. Left valve, external
view,
%;
8. Left valve, external view,
&
;
9. Left valve, dorsal view,
&
; 10. Left valve, internal view,
%
; 11. Left valve, dorsal view,
%
; 12. Left
valve, internal view,
&
; 13—17. Candona (Candona) candida (O.F. Muller, 1776); Gümü yaprak village (Bafra/Samsun), sample number: G-1, Pon-
tian. 13. Right valve, external view. 14. Left valve, external view. 15. Right valve, internal view. 16. Left valve, dorsal view. 17. Right valve, dorsal
view. 18—23. Candona (Lineocypris) bafraensis n.sp.; Gümü yaprak village (Bafra/Samsun), sample number: G-1, Pontian. 18. Right valve, exter-
nal view, holotype. 19. Left valve, external view, paratype. 20. Right valve, internal view, holotype. 21. Left valve, internal view, paratype. 22. Left
valve, dorsal view, paratype. 23. Right valve, dorsal view, holotype.
36 TUNOGLU
Fig. 9. Hand drawn figures of Pontian Candonidae species from Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. 1—4. Candona (Bakunella) dorsoarcuata
Zalanyi, 1929; Arakli (Trabzon)/ factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-31, Ponsiyen. 1. Right valve, external view. 2. Left valve, external
view. 3. Left valve, dorsal view. 4. Right valve, dorsal view. 5, 6. Candona (Bakunella) sp. 2; Gümü yaprak village (Bafra/Samsun), sample num-
ber: G-1, Pontian. 5. Left valve, external view. 6. Left valve, dorsal view. 7—10. Candona (Bakunella) sp. 1; Arakli (Trabzon)/ factory of brick-tile
kilns, sample number: Y-31, early-middle Pontian. 7. Right valve, external view. 8. Left valve, external view. 9. Right valve, internal view. 10. Left
valve, internal view. 11—17. Candona (Reticulocandona) stanchevae n.sp.; East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sample number: T-8, Pontian. 11. Right
valve, external view. 12. Left valve, external view. 13. Right valve, internal view. 14. Left valve, internal view. 15. Central muscle scars. 16. Left
valve, dorsal view. 17. Right valve, dorsal view. 18—23. Candona (Caspiocypris) sp.; East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sample number: T-4, Pon-
tian. 18. Left valve, external view. 19. Right valve, external view. 20. Left valve, internal view. 21. Left valve, dorsal view. 22. Right valve, dorsal
view. 23. Right valve, internal view. 24, 25. Candona (Typhlocypris) sp. 1; East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sample number T-4, early-middle Pon-
tian. 24. Right valve, internal view. 25. Right valve, external view. 26—28. Candona (Metacandona) sp.; East of Degirmendere (Trabzon), sample
number: T-3, early Pontian. 26. Left valve, external view. 27. Left valve, dorsal view. 28. Left valve, internal view.
PONTIAN CANDONIDAE FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 37
Table 4: Stratigraphic distribution of Candonidae species and the other ostracoda species of Bafra-Gümü yaprak Section (Samsun), (after Tunoglu
2001b, 2002a).
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Boz-
tepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22; Medicine Faculty of Black
Sea Technical University/east of Degirmendere River (Trabzon),
sample numbers: T-5 and T-10, Pontian.
Subgenus: Metacandona Bronshtein
Type-species: Candona pubescens Koch
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Miocene—Recent.
E n v i r o n m e n t : Fresh-water (Van Morkhoven 1963).
A f f i n i t y : Metacandona was first introduced by Bronshtein in
1930 for Candona species with a pitted surface from Lake Baikal
(Bronshtein 1988). After than Bronshtein was renamed described
species and supposed Metacandona as a younger synonym of
Pseudocandona. Metacandona is also belived to be a synonym of
Lineocypris (Van Morkhoven 1963).
Candona (Metacandona) sp.
Fig. 6.19; Fig. 9.26—28
D e f i n i t i o n : Valve of conical shape in lateral view. Dorsal
margin short and slightly convex. Postero-dorsal and antero-dorsal
margins angular. Anterior margin broadly rounded. Ventral margin
convex at the centre of carapace. Anterior part of the ventral margin
slightly concave. Maximum length near the ventral valve, maximum
height and width at the central part. Carapace ovate in shape in dor-
sal view. Posterior end more tapering than the anterior. Surface of
the valve smooth and shiny. Marginal zone narrow. Marginal pore
canals not observed. Vestibule narrow at the posterior and ventral
margins, but wide at the anterior margin. Hinge adont, central mus-
cle scars of genus character.
M a t e r i a l : 1 carapace, 5 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.68—0.70 mm. Height: 0.37—0.39 mm.
Width: 0.36—0.40 mm.
R e m a r k s : Candona (Metacandona) sp. differs from Candona
(Metacandona) dasherahi (Krstic) by having a more rising central
part and more angular postero-dorsal corner.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study: Medi-
cine Faculty of Black Sea Technical University/east of Degirmen-
dere River (Trabzon), sample number: T-3, Pontian.
Subfamily: Cyclocypridinae Kaufman
Genus: Cyclocypris Bardy &Norman
Type-species: Cypris cinerea Brady
S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Miocene—Recent (Van Mork-
hoven 1963).
38 TUNOGLU
E c o l o g y : Cyclocypris generally live in freshwater
and brackish water environments, rich in plants, active
swimmers (Van Morkhoven 1963).
Cyclocypris sp.
Fig. 5.13,14
D e s c r i p t i o n : External lateral view egg shape. Dor-
sal and ventral margins convex. Anterior and posterior
margins well rounded. Posterior end broadly rounded,
but anterior end depressed towards ventral margin. Dor-
sal view ovate and anterior end tapering more than the
posterior end. Maximum length, height and width at the
centre of the valve. Valve surface smooth and shiny.
Marginal zone moderate width. Marginal pore canals
simple and moderate dens. Hinge adont, muscle scars are
of genus character.
M a t e r i a l : 12 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.84—0.89 mm. Height: 0.42—
0.44 mm. Width: 0.36—0.40 mm.
R e m a r k s : Cyclocypris sp. is similar to Cyclocypris
huckei Triebel (Stancheva 1966) and Cyclocypris arma
Schneider (Agalarova 1967) according to their valve
shape, but Cyclocypris sp. has more spherical valve
shape at the lateral view than the others.
Locality and stratigraphic level in this study:
Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22; Gümü yaprak
Village (Bafra/Samsun), sample number: G-1, G-2, Pon-
tian.
Results and interpretation
A total of 33 species (two genera, nine subgenera
and one indet. subgenus) of the Candonidae family
have been taxonomically determined from the east-
ern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. The high percent-
age of new species, genera and subgenera (Tunoglu
2001a and 2002a) within the fauna confirms the
well known trend to endemism of brackish and
freshwater ostracods. The studied species of Can-
donidae offer good biostratigraphic markers for the
time span in the Pontian/Euxinian and Caspian Ba-
sins during the Pontian Stage (Table 5). The term
brackish is used in this study to define only the sa-
linity and represent brackish marginal facies of
open marine conditions which includes bays and la-
goons along this coastal zone. These bays and la-
goons were characterized by mainly freshwater in-
fluence into the marine or brackish water.
Candona (Caspiolla) acronasuta, Candona
(Caspiolla) bulgarica, Candona (Pontoniella)
aliusensis, Candona (Pontoniella) srebarnensis and
Candona (Pontoniella) sokachae have very short
stratigraphic distributions since the middle Pontian
(Table 5). The stratigraphical distribution of Cando-
na (Pontoniella) pseudoglabra was in the middle
and upper Pontian. The investigated stratigraphic
levels have been assigned to the Pontian and espe-
cially the Middle Pontian according to known Can-
donidae, the other ostracod species and endemic
species and their stratigraphic distribution have
been given in Table 5.
Table 5: Stratigraphic levels of known Candonidae and the other ostracod species
in the investigated localities.
Table 6: Environmental definition by Candonidae genera and subgenera and the
other ostracod genera in the study area.
PONTIAN CANDONIDAE FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION 39
The Arakli Section deposits are interpreted as being a very
shallow marine shelf, which was located in an important bay
of this coastal area since the Pontian. In this littoral environ-
ment was a mixture of lagoonal, brackish and lacustrine coast-
al plain conditions (Table 6). It appears that both brackish,
lacustrine and fluvial sediments were mixed, but strong influ-
ence is indicated by the fresh water ostracod faunal assem-
blages. Candona and its subgenera are dominant in this area
(see Table 1, 2, 3 and 4). For this reason, “Candona Sea” was
used terminologically for these localities. The Candona Sea
was situated along the northern Anatolian coast from the Si-
nop Peninsula (Tunoglu 1984; Tunoglu & Gökçen 1985, 1991
and 1997) to the Trabzon area during the Early—Late Pontian
and contained abundant endemic species (see Tables 1, 2, 3 and
4). On the basis of the environmental properties of Candona
and the other ostracod species, this aquatic environment (very
shallow coastal area) may have had oligohaline (0.5—5 ‰) and
mesohaline (5—18 ‰) salinity conditions at this time (Table 6)
according to the salinity values of Remane (1971). The south-
ern border of the Paratethys bioprovince is related to the Pon-
tian/Euxinian and Caspian Basins bioprovinces (see Figs. 1—2).
Acknowledgements: The author is grateful to TÜBITAK
(The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey)
for providing financial support during both the field and lab-
oratory studies. I also thank Cüneyt Bilen and Aziz Ünal
who helped during some field study of this study. I especial-
ly thank Mr. Mehmet Ali Siyez (Head of Department), Mr.
Mehmet Ali Yilman (Chemist Major) and Nebahat Yurtseven-
M.sc. Chemist and SEM Operator) at the Ministery of the In-
terior, Gendarmerie General Command, Head of Criminal De-
partment and Narcotics Laboratory for SEM Analyses.
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