GeolCarp_Vol53_No5_333

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 53, 5, BRATISLAVA, OCTOBER 2002

333 — 346

PONTIAN LEPTOCYTHERIDAE AND CYTHERIDEIDAE

(OSTRACODA) SPECIES

FROM THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION OF TURKEY

CEMAL TUNOGLU

Hacettepe University, Engineering Faculty, Geological Engineering Department, 06532 Beytepe/Ankara, Turkey; tunay@hacettepe.edu.tr

(Manuscript received August 1, 2001; accepted in revised form March 19, 2002)

Abstract:  Leptocytheridae  Hanai  and  Cytherideidae  Sars  and  their  genera  are  well  known  biostratigraphically  and
choronostratigraphically in all of the Paratethys basins during the Pontian age. The fauna described includes fourteen
species,  five  known,  five  yet  unnamed  and  four  new  species  which  belong  to  the  above  families.  The  species  are
Leptocythere  (Amnicythere)  multituberculata,  Leptocythere  (Leptocythere)  cymbula,  Euxinocythere  (Maeotocythere)
bosqueti,  Cytherissa  bogatschovi,  Pontocythere  bayramensis,  Euxinocythere  (Maeotocythere)  krstici  n.sp.,  Cyprideis
krstici  n.sp.,  Euxinocythere  (Maeotocythere)  pontica  n.sp.,  Cytherissa  pannonica  n.sp.,  Cyprideis  sp.,  Euxinocythere
(Maeotocythere) sp., Leptocythere (Amnicythere) sp., Cytherissa sp.1 and Cytherissa sp. 2. On the basis of the ecological
properties of Cyprideis, Leptocythere, Euxinocythere, Cytherissa and Pontocythere and the other observed Ostracoda in
this faunal assemblage, the paleoenvironments include shallow marine, and littoral-brackish water (transitional) facies.
All of these known species are related to the Eastern Paratethys (especially Euxinian and Caspian Basins) bioprovince.

Key words: Ostracoda, Leptocytheridae, Cytherideidae, Pontian, Paratethys, Turkey.

Introduction

The primary objective of the paper is to describe the Ostracoda
assemblages that provided the essential basis for the systemat-
ic  analysis  of  Pontian  aged  units  in  the  southern  part  of  the
Eastern  Paratethys  of  the  northeast  coast  of  Anatolia.  From
this point of view the results of this investigation are entirely
new for Turkey, since the previous correlations and paleonto-
logical interpretations are mainly based on substage division.
No  attempt  has  been  made  previously  to  present  a  biostrati-
graphic zonation framework with satisfactory illustrations in-
cluding mainly Ostracoda.

Leptocytheridae, Cytherideidae and their genera and species

Cyprideis, Leptocythere, Euxinocythere, Cytherissa and Pon-
tocythere are very important in the Tethys and Paratethys bio-
provinces, especially in the Neogene period. All of these gen-
era  are  known  in  marine  and  especially  in  brackish
environments (Van Morkhoven 1962, 1963 and Moore 1961).
For this reason, these genera are very important in the brackish
environment of the Paratethys bioprovince during the Sarma-
tian, Meotian and Pontian stages (Ilnitskaya 1962; Agalarova
1967;  Karmisina  1975;  Krstić  1963a,b,  1968a,b,  1971a,b,
1975a,b,  1989;  Stancheva  1963,  1965,  1968,  1989;  Tunoglu
1984;  Rundic  1990).  They  have  abundant  and  characteristic
species  in  these  stages  (Jiříček  1977;  Carbonnel  &  Jiříček
1977; Jiříček 1983; Jiříček & Říha 1991).

The early and most important taxonomic paper devoted to

the  subfamily  Leptocytherinae  Hanai  and  its  genera  (Lepto-
cythere,  Amnicythere,  Euxinocythere,  Maeotocythere)  was
presented  by  Stancheva  1968  on  the  Paratethys  bioprovince.
Other essential articles that mention Cyprideis, Leptocythere,
Euxinocythere, Cytherissa and Pontocythere and their species

were published by Decima (1962); Devoto (1965); Krstić
(1971a,b, 1975a, 1989); Stancheva (1963); Agalarova (1967);
Carbonnel (1978); Tunoglu (1984, 2001a,b, 2002); Tunoglu &
Gökçen (1985, 1991, 1995, 1997); Rundic (1993); Tunoglu et
al. (1998); Tunoglu & Ünal (2001a,b). The same genera were
found in Pliocene to Recent brackish and coastal (littoral) as-
semblages in the Mediterranean bioprovince (Montenegro et
al. 1998; Van Morkhoven 1963).

The purpose of this paper is to systematically describe the

genera Cyprideis, Leptocythere, Euxinocythere, Cytherissa
and Pontocythere of the families Leptocytheridae and Cytheri-
deidae of Pontian age of the northeast coast of Anatolia.

Geological setting

The present study is based on the analysis of the Ostracoda

fauna that were obtained from 150 outcrop samples from two
different localities in the northeast part of Anatolia along the
Black Sea coast. These localities are shown in Fig. 1. The
studied area is situated along the southern border of the Euxin-
ian Basin of Paratethys during the Pontian Stage.

The first paleontological and stratigraphic data of these lo-

calities  were  presented  by  Özsayar  (1977a,b;  1980,  1983a,b
and  1984)  describing  the  foraminiferal  and  molluscan  fauna
assemblages from the Tarkhanian, Tschokrakian, Karaganian
and Sarmatian stages. This paper is a part of a detailed investi-
gation  of  the  Pontian  assemblages  of  the  families  Lepto-
cytheridae  and  Cytherideidae  and  their  genera  and  species.
First detailed Ostracoda investigations were realized and pre-
sented  by  Tunoglu  (1984);  Tunoglu  &  Gökçen  (1985,  1991,
1995 and 1997) in the Sinop Peninsula.

334 TUNOGLU

Systematic description

Fourteen Pontian Leptocytheridae and Cytherideidae spe-

cies were identified in the investigated area. Five of them were
already known, whereas five are still unidentified and four are
new. All are illustrated by SEM figures and hand drawings on
Figs. 3—5. The classification by Hartmann & Puri (1974) was
used for the systematic description of the species. Moore
(1961), Van Morkhoven (1962, 1963) and Catalogue of Ostra-
coda (Ellis & Messina 1953—1985) were also used for identifi-
cation. The stratigraphic distribution tables of Leptocytheridae
and Cytherideidae species besides the other Ostracoda species
are given in Tables 1—3. The paleogeographic distribution and

stratigraphic levels of known Leptocytheridae and Cytheri-
deidae and the other Ostracoda species in the study area are
given in Fig. 2 and Table 5. All the species are archived at the
Geological Engineering Department of Hacettepe University.

Phylum: Arthropoda Siebold et Stannius, 1845

Class: Crustacea Pennant, 1806

Subclass: Ostracoda Latreille, 1806

Order: Podocopida G.W. Muller, 1894

Suborder: Podocopa Sars, 1866

Family: Leptocytheridae Hanai, 1957

Genus: Leptocythere Sars

Type-species: Cythere pellucida Baird

S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Oligocene—Recent.
E c o l o g y : Some species typically inhabit brackish water

and some of them shallow marine water (Moore 1961; Van
Morkhoven 1963).

Leptocythere (Amnicythere) multituberculata (Livental)

Fig. 3.1; Fig. 5.1—3

1956 Leptocythere multituberculata (Livental), Agalarova, pl. 10, figs.

27 a,b,c.

1965 Leptocythere multituberculata (Livental), Stancheva, pl. 1, fig. 3.
1967 Leptocythere multituberculata (Livental), Agalarova, pl. 13, figs.

1—5.

1972 Leptocythere multituberculata (Livental), Sokac, pl. 32, figs.

14,15.

1975b Leptocythere(Amnicythere) multituberculata (Livental) Krstić, p.

216, pl. 3, fig. 15.

1978 Leptocythere multituberculata (Livental) Olteanu, p. 1019, pl. 7,

fig. 4.

1998 Leptocythere multituberculata (Livental) Tunoglu et al., p. 59, pl.

1, fig. 1; pl. 11, figs. 1—3.

M a t e r i a l : 1 carapace, 3 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.80—0.90 mm. Height: 0.40—0.42

mm. Width: 0.30—0.40 mm.

S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n :

This species occurs in the Pontian Stage in the northern Cau-
causus, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, Ap eron Peninsula
(Agalarova 1956, 1967). Meanwhile, the same species is ob-
served in Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosna-Hersegova, Croatia and
Greece (Sokac 1972; Krstić 1975b). L. multituberculata lives
in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea up till now (Olteanu 1978);
Trabzon/Turkey, factory of brick-tile kilns of Arakli.

Leptocythere (Amnicythere) sp.

Fig. 3.2

D e f i n i t i o n : Carapace is kidney shaped in lateral view.

Dorsal  margin  is  straight  and  long,  anterior  margin  is  well
rounded.  Postero-dorsal  area  is  not  angular  and  posterior
margin is wider and more rounded than the anterior margin.
Ventral margin is slightly concave at the antero-center. Maxi-
mum length and width are at the center, maximum height is
between center and posterior. Valve surface is smooth, ante-
rior  end  is  more  tapering  than  the  posterior  at  the  dorsal
view.  Muscle  scars  are  not  observed.  Marginal  pore  canals
and hinge are that of genus (Stancheva 1968).

Fig. 1. a – Location map and subarea of the investigated regions.
b – Geological map and section localities of one numbered subar-
ea. c – Geological map and section locality of two numbered sub-
area (geologic maps simplified from the 1:500,000 scale geolog-
ical map of Turkey).

PONTIAN LEPTOCYTHERIDAE AND CYTHERIDEIDAE FROM EASTERN BLACK SEA 337

E c o l o g y : Generally kaspibrackish water (Stancheva

1968; Krstić 1971).

Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) krstici n.sp.

Fig. 3.4,5

D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : Nadežda Krstić (Serbia/Yugo-

slavia).

H o l o t y p e : Right valve.
P a r a t y p e : 2 carapaces, 16 valves.
T y p e - l o c a l i t y : Arakli (Trabzon), factory of brick-tile

kilns.

T y p e - l e v e l : Pontian.
D i a g n o s i s : Valve is kidney shape in lateral view. Dorsal

margin is concave. Antero-dorsal area is well rounded. Ante-
rior margin is depressed towards ventral margin and well
rounded. Ventral margin is convex in the antero-center area.
Surface is covered with ridges which characterize the subge-
nus. Normal pore canals are very large between ridges.

D e s c r i p t i o n : Carapace is kidney shaped in the lateral

view. Dorsal margin is convex, ventral margin is concave, an-
terior margin is well rounded and posterior margin is “V”
shape. Maximum length, height and width are at the center of
valve. Valve surface is covered with characteristic ridges.
Longest ridge originates from the antero-dorsal corner and ex-
tends. Other ridges are parallel to ventral margin and posterior
margin. Normal pore canals are large. Muscle scars are not ob-
served. Hinge and marginal pore canals like genus and subge-
nus (Stancheva 1968). Sexual dimorphism not observed.

D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.55—0.58 mm. Height: 0.33—0.35

mm. Width: 0.38—0.46 mm.

Table 3: Stratigraphic distribution of Leptocytheridae and Cytherideidae species and the other Ostracoda association of Bafra-Gümü yaprak
Section (Samsun).

R e m a r k s : This species is very similar to Euxinocythere

(Maeotocythere) bosqueti, but the new species differs by be-
ing shorter and having different ridges on the surface of the
valve.

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Arakli (Trab-

zon), factory of brick-tile kilns (sample number: Y-29), Pon-
tian.

Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) sp.

Fig. 3.6

Carapace is kidney shaped in lateral view. Dorsal margin is

well  rounded  and  convex,  antero-dorsal  and  postero-dorsal
corners are not angular, anterior margin is depressed towards
ventral margin and well rounded, ventral margin is straight or
slightly  convex.  Posterior  margin  is  broadly  “V”  shaped.
Valve  surface  is  characterized  by  ridges,  which  are  located
along the posterior, anterior margin and center. Large normal
pore canals occur between them. Maximum length is near the
ventral margin, maximum height is at the anterior and maxi-
mum width is at the antero-center. Muscle scars were not ob-
served. Marginal pore canals as in subgenus (Stancheva 1968).
Hinge is that of genus character (Stancheva 1968).

Material: 1 carapace, 5 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s: Length: 0.55—0.57 mm. Height: 0.32—0.36

mm. Width: 0.40—0.50 mm.

R e m a r k s: This specimen is included in Euxinocythere

(Maeotocythere) krstici n.sp, but differs by general valve
shape and ridges on the valve surface.

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l: Boztepe (Trab-

zon), (sample number: C-26), Pontian.

PONTIAN LEPTOCYTHERIDAE AND CYTHERIDEIDAE FROM EASTERN BLACK SEA 339

Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) pontica n.sp.

Fig. 3.7—9; Fig. 5.4—6

D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : Pontic Basin, Pontian stage,

Pontids (a tectonic unit of northern Turkey).

H o l o t y p e :  Left valve.
P a r a t y p e :  3 carapaces, 18 valves.
T y p e - l o c a l i t y :   Arakli  (Trabzon),  factory  of  brick-tile

kilns.

T y p e - l e v e l : Pontian.
D i a g n o s i s : Valve is rectangular in lateral view. Dorsal

margin is straight or slightly convex. Antero-dorsal and pos-
tero-dorsal corners are angular. Anterior margin is depressed
towards ventral margin and well rounded; posterior margin is
broadly “V” shaped, ventral margin is concave. Valve sur-
face is covered with sinusoidal ridges.

D e s c r i p t i o n : Carapace is rectangular in lateral view.

Dorsal margin is nearly straight, ventral margin is concave,
anterior margin is depressed towards ventral margin and well
rounded, antero-dorsal angle is 130 degree, postero-ventral
angle is 110 degree. Posterior margin is broadly “V” shaped.
Maximum length and width are at the center, maximum
height is at the anterior. Surface of the valve is covered with
long and short sinusoidal ridges.

Muscle scars are not observed. Hinge and marginal pore

canals are those of genus character (Stancheva 1968).

D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.55—0.66 mm. Height: 0.31—0.36

mm. Width: 0.40—0.46 mm.

R e m a r k s : Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) pontica differs

from Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) bosqueti by having dif-
ferent valve shape and reticulates that are located and oriented
in different areas on the surface of the valve (see Fig. 3).

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Arakli (Trab-

zon), factory of brick-tile kilns, Y-27, Y-31; Pontian.

Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) bosqueti (Livental, 1929)

Fig. 3.10,11; Fig. 5.7—12

1929 Cythere bosqueti Livental, p. 24, pl. 1, fig 27.
1965 Leptocythere bosqueti (Livental) Stancheva, p. 25, pl. 3, fig. 7.
1967 Leptocythere bosqueti (Livental) Agalarova, p. 101—102, pl. 14,

figs. 1—4a,b.

1968 Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) bosqueti (Livental) Stancheva, p.

40.

1975 Leptocythere (Euxinocythere) bosqueti (Livental) Karmi ina, p.

189—192, pl. 23, fig. 4.

1975b Leptocythere (Maeotocythere) aff. bosqueti (Livental), Krstić, p.

217, pl. 2, figs. 2—3.

1978 Leptocythere bosqueti (Livental), Olteanu, p. 1019, pl. 4, fig. 2,

pl. 6, figs. 2, 6, pl. 7, fig. 11.

1984 Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) cf. bosqueti (Livental) Tunoglu,

p. 54, 55, pl. 1, figs. 24—26.

1998 Leptocythere (Maeotocythere) bosqueti (Livental), Tunoglu et al.,

p. 62, 63, pl. 1, figs. 10, 11; pl. 11, figs. 7—12.

M a t e r i a l : 4 carapaces, 18 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.54-0.58 mm. Height: 0.35-0.39

mm. Width: 0.42-0.46 mm.

S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n :

Northern Bulgaria, Pontian (Stancheva 1965, 1968); Azer-
baijan, Pontian (Agalarova 1967); Yugoslavia (Serbia), Pon-

tian (Krstić 1975b); Ukraine, Russian, Pontian (Karmisina
1975), Turkey, Sinop Neogene Basin, Pontian (Tunoglu 1984);
Black Sea and Caspian Sea, Recent (Olteanu 1978). This spe-
cies was observed in the northern Caucasus and Turkmenia
from Pliocene and post-Pliocene units (Agalarova 1967).

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Trabzon/Tur-

key, factory of brick-tile kilns of Arakli, Pontian.

Family: Cytherideidae Sars, 1925

Genus: Cyprideis Jones

Type-spcies: Candona torosa Jones

S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Sarmatian—Recent (Van

Morkhoven 1963).

E n v i r o n m e n t : Generally, most of the species are found

in brackish water environments (mesopolihaline), rarely in
high salinity conditions (80 ‰) lakes (Van Morkhoven 1963).

Cyprideis sp.

Fig. 3.12; Fig. 5.13—15

Valve is triangular in side view, dorsal and ventral margins

are diagonal. Dorsal and ventral margins are straight, anterior
margin  is  broadly  rounded,  antero-dorsal  and  postero-dorsal
corners are not angular, posterior margin is diagonal towards
postero-ventral  corner.  Maximum  length  is  near  the  ventral
margin,  maximum  height  is  at  the  antero-center,  maximum
width  is  at  the  center.  Surface  of  the  valve  is  covered  with
small, pitted reticulates that are parallel to anterior and posteri-
or margins.

Muscle scars, marginal pore canals, hinge and vestibulum

are that of genus.

M a t e r i a l : 19 valves
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.60—0.64 mm. Height: 0.35—0.40

mm. Width: 0.50—0.52 mm.

A f f i n i t i e s : This specimen differs from Cyprideis trian-

gulata Krstić by not having an angular antero-dorsal corner. In
addition, this species does not have spines along the anterior
and posterior margin.

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Gümüsyaprak

Village (Bafra/Samsun), (sample: G-2); Trabzon, the factory
of brick-tile kilns of Arakli (sample: Y-32), Pontian.

Cyprideis krstici n.sp.

Fig. 3.13—16; Fig. 5.16—22

D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : Nadežda Krstić, Serbia (for de-

tailed investigations on the Cyprideis and its species).

H o l o t y p e :  Right valve.
P a r a t y p e :  5 carapaces, 27 valves.
T y p e - l o c a l i t y :   Arakli  (Trabzon),  factory  of  brick-tile

kilns.

T y p e - l e v e l : Pontian.
D i a g n o s i s : Carapace is kidney shaped in the lateral view,

dorsal  margin  is  convex,  ventral  margin  is  concave,  anterior
and  posterior  margins  are  slightly  rounded,  surface  of  the
valve  is  covered  with  small  reticulates.  Muscle  scars,  hinge,
marginal pore canals and vestibule are that of genus.

340 TUNOGLU

D e s c r i p t i o n : Valve is kidney shape in lateral view. Left

and right valves are differently shaped, right valve is kidney
shaped, but left valve is subrectangular. Dorsal margin is con-
vex, ventral valve is concave, anterior and posterior margins
are broadly and slightly rounded. Anterior margin slopes to-

ward ventral margin. Maximum length, height and width are at
the centre of the carapace. Valve surface is covered with small
and dense reticulates. Anterior end is more pointed than the
posterior end in dorsal view. Muscle scars, marginal pore ca-
nals, hinge and vestibul are in genus character.

Fig. 4. 1—3. Cytherissa bogatschovi (Livental, 1929) Boztepe (Trabzon), sample number: C-22, early-middle Pontian. 1 – Right valve,
external view. 2 – Left valve, external view. 3 – Jüvenile form, right valve, external view. 4—8. Cytherissa pannonica n.sp. Arakli (Tra-
bzon), factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-31, middle-late Pontian. 4 – Right valve, external view. 5 – Left valve, external
view. 6 – Right valve, internal view,

. 7 – Left valve, dorsal view. 8 – Left valve, external view,

. 9. Cytherissa sp. 1 Arakli (Trab-

zon), factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-29, late Pontian. Left valve, external view. 10. Cytherissa sp. 2 Arakli (Trabzon), fac-
tory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-29, late Pontian. Right valve, external view. 11, 12. Pontocythere bayramensis Tunoglu, 1984
Gümü yaprak village (Bafra/Samsun), sample number: G-2, Pontian. 11 – Right valve, external view. 12 – Left valve, external view.

PONTIAN LEPTOCYTHERIDAE AND CYTHERIDEIDAE FROM EASTERN BLACK SEA 341

D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.75—0.78 mm. Height: 0.65—0.75

mm. Width: 0.50—0.56 mm.

R e m a r k s : This specimen is very similar to Cyprideis

(Cyprideis) seminulum seminulum Reuss in general external
features, but specimen has a more concave ventral margin and
having different anterior and posterior margins.

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Trabzon, facto-

ry of brick-tile kilns of Arakli, sample numbers: Y-26, Y-27,
Y-29, Y-31, Pontian.

Genus: Cytherissa Sars

Type-specimen: Cythere lacustris Sars

S t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n : Miocene—Recent.
E n v i r o n m e n t : Most of the known species habit shallow

and deep fresh water lakes. A few of the species inhabit brack-
ish water environments, which is observed and interpreted in
the samples observed in this study.

Cytherissa bogatschovi (Livental, 1929)

Fig. 4.1—3; Fig. 5.23—27

1956 Cytherissa bogatschovi (Livental), Agalarova, pl. 12, figs. 35a,b,c.
1965 Cytherissa bogatschovi (Livental), Stancheva, p. 30, pl. 4, fig. 6.
1971a Cytherissa bogatschovi (Livental), Krstić, p. 177, pl. 1, fig. 8.
1978 Cytherissa bogatschovi (Livental), Olteanu, p. 1020, pl. 6, fig. 1.
1989 Cytherissa bogatschovi (Livental), Krstić, p. 30, pl. 4, fig. 6.
1998 Cytherissa bogatschovi (Livental), Tunoglu et al., p. 64, 65; pl. 2,

figs. 1

—

3; pl. 12, figs. 1—5.

M a t e r i a l : 11 carapaces, 118 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: (%) 0.70—0.75 mm, (&) 0.58—0.73

mm. Height: (%) 0.40—0.44 mm, (&) 0.40—0.48 mm. Width:
(%) 0.36—0.40 mm, (&) 0.40—0.44 mm.

R e m a r k s : This species is very similar to Cytherissa

bogatschovi triformis and Cytherissa bogatschovi plana Klein
subspecies. Cytherissa lacustris Sars has a well rounded pos-
terior margin.

S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n :

Pannonian Basin, Late Miocene—Early Pliocene (Pannonian—
Pontian). Türkmenistan, Azerbaijan (middle-late Pliocene),
Dacian Basin (Romania), late Pontian and Dacian sediments.

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Boztepe (Trab-

zon), (sample numbers: C-15, C-17, C-21, C-22, C-23, C-24,
C-25a) and Arakli (Trabzon), factory of brick-tile kilns (sam-
ple numbers: Y-27 and Y-29); Gümü yaprak village (Bafra/
Samsun), (sample number: G-1, G-2), Pontian.

Cytherissa pannonica n.sp.

Fig. 4.4—8; Fig. 5.28—31

D e r i v a t i o n o f n a m e : Pannonian Basin, Pannonian

Stage.

H o l o t y p e :  Left valve.
P a r a t y p e :  5 carapaces, 57 valves.
T y p e - l o c a l i t y :  Boztepe (Trabzon).
T y p e - l e v e l :  Pontian.
D i a g n o s i s :  Carapace is ovate or semi-trapezoidal in later-

al view. Dorsal margin is straight and long, antero-dorsal cor-
ner is about 150 degrees. Anterior margin is depressed towards

ventral margin and well rounded, posterior margin is de-
pressed towards dorsal margin and well rounded, ventral mar-
gin is concave at the center. Surface of the valve is covered
with small reticulates and large normal pore canals are located
between them.

D e s c r i p t i o n : Carapace is ovate or semi-trapapezoidal in

lateral view, dorsal margin is straight, ventral margin is con-
cave  at  the  center.  Antero-dorsal  margin  is  150  degrees  and
sloped  toward  ventral  margin  and  broadly  rounded,  postero-
dorsal corner is not angular at the right valve, but 110 degrees
in  the  left  valve;  postero-ventral  margin  is  elevated  towards
dorsal margin and well rounded. Surface of the valve is cov-
ered  with  small,  scattered  and  irregularly  shaped  reticulates,
with large normal pore canals between them. Thin ridges are
observed between reticulates which are parallel to anterior and
posterior margin. There are characteristic swellings in the poste-
ro-centre area. Dorsal margin is obtuse at the posterior but ta-
pered  at  the  anterior.  Maximum  length  is  at  the  center,  maxi-
mum  height  is  at  the  anterior,  maximum  width  is  at  the
posterior.

Hinge, muscle scars, marginal pore canals are that of genus;

vestibule is narrow at the anterior and posterior. Sexual dimor-
phism is observed. The females are longer and higher than the
males.

D i m e n s i o n s : Length: (%) 0.70—0.76 mm, (&) 0.70—0.74

mm. Height: (%) 0.40—0.44 mm, (&) 0.45—0.50 mm. Width:
(%) 0.40—0.44 mm, (&) 0.46—0.50 mm.

R e m a r k s : This species is very similar to Cytherissa

bogatschovi triformis Livental and Cytherissa bogatschovi
Livental, but differs in general valve shape and not having
large tuberculates on the valve surface.

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Boztepe (Trab-

zon), (sample number: C-15); Gümüsyaprak village (Bafra/
Samsun), (sample number: G-1, G-2); Arakli (Trabzon), facto-
ry of brick-tile kilns (sample number: Y-27, Y-29, Y-31, Y-32),
Pontian.

Cytherissa sp. 1

Fig. 4.9

D e s c r i p t i o n : Valve is kidney shaped in lateral view.

Dorsal  margin  is  straight,  ventral  margin  is  concave  at  the
centre,  antero-dorsal  and  postero-dorsal  corners  are  well
rounded.  Anterior  margin  is  depressed  toward  ventral  and
rounded, posterior margin is elevated towards dorsal margin
and well rounded. Anterior end is more pointed than the pos-
terior in dorsal view. Valve surface is covered with large nor-
mal  pore  canals  and  tubercules.  Maximum  length  is  at  the
centre,  maximum  height  is  at  the  anterior  and  maximum
length is at the posterior.

Muscle scars, hinge, marginal pore canals and vestibule are

of genus character.

M a t e r i a l : 15 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.58—0.60 mm. Height: 0.35—0.39

mm. Width: 0.30—0.36 mm.

R e m a r k s : The specimens differ from known Cytherissa

species by surface ornamentations. The number of observed
individuals is very small to determine a new species, for this
reason, it has been left “sp”.

PONTIAN LEPTOCYTHERIDAE AND CYTHERIDEIDAE FROM EASTERN BLACK SEA 343

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Arakli (Trab-

zon), factory of brick-tile kilns (sample number: Y-27, Y-29);
Boztepe (Trabzon), (sample number: C-22), Pontian.

Cytherissa sp. 2

Fig. 4.10

D e s c r i p t i o n : Valve is triangular in lateral view, dorsal

margin is straight, antero-dorsal and postero-dorsal margins
are well rounded. Anterior margin is depressed towards ven-
tral margin and broadly rounded, postero-ventral margin is not
depressed towards dorsal margin like known species and well
rounded. Ventral margin is concave at the centre of the margin.
Valve surface is characterized by four tubercules, which are lo-
cated at the centre, posterior, antero-dorsal and antero-ventral
areas. Thin, concentric ridges are located between tubercules;
these ridges are parallel to the margins of the valve. Maximum
length is at the centre, maximum height is near the anterior and
maximum length is near the posterior.

Muscle scars, marginal pore canals, hinge, marginal zone

and vestibule are those of the genus.

M a t e r i a l : 9 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.40—0.43 mm. Height: 0.30—0.34

mm. Width: 0.28—0.36 mm.

R e m a r k s : This species is very similar to Cytherissa

bogatschovi triformis Livental according to general valve

Fig.  5.    1—3.  Leptocythere  (Amnicythere)  multituberculata    (Liven-
tal, 1929) Arakli (Trabzon), factory of brick-tile kilns, sample num-
ber: Y-29, Late  Pontian. 1 – Right valve, external view. 2 – Right
valve,  internal  view.  3  –  Right  valve,  dorsal  view.  4—6.  Euxi-
nocythere  (Maeotocythere)  pontica    n.sp.  Arakli  (Trabzon),  factory
of  brick-tile  kilns,  sample  number:  Y-26,  late  Pontian.  4  –  Left
valve, external view. 5 – Left valve, internal view. 6 – Left valve,
dorsal view. 7—12. Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) bosqueti  (Liven-
tal, 1929) Arakli (Trabzon), factory of brick-tile kilns, sample num-
ber: Y-29, Late Pontian. 7 – Right valve, external view. 8 – Left
valve,  external  view.    9  –  Left  valve,  dorsal  view.  10  –  Right
valve,  dorsal  view.  11  –  Right  valve,  internal  view.  12  –  Left
valve,  internal  view.  13—15.  Cyprideis    sp.  Gümü yaprak  village
(Bafra/Samsun), sample number: G-2, Pontian. 13 – Left valve, ex-
ternal view. 14 – Left valve, internal view. 15 – Left valve, dorsal
view.  16—22.  Cyprideis  krstici    n.sp.  Arakli  (Trabzon),  factory  of
brick-tile  kilns,  Sample  number:  Y-27,  Pontian.  16  –  Left  valve,
external view. 17 – Right valve, external view. 18 – Central mus-
cle scars. 19 – Left valve, internal view. 20 – Right valve, internal
view. 21 – Left valve, dorsal view. 22 – Right valve, dorsal view.
23—27.  Cytherissa  bogatschovi  (Livental,  1929)  Boztepe  (Trabzon),
sample number: C-22, early-middle Pontian. 23 – Left valve, exter-
nal view,

. 24 – Right valve, external view,

. 25 – Right valve,

external view,

. 26 – Left valve, dorsal view,

. 27 – Right

valve, dorsal view,

. 28—31. Cytherissa pannonica n.sp. Arakli

(Trabzon), factory of brick-tile kilns, sample number: Y-31, middle-
late Pontian. 28 – Left valve, internal,

. 29 – Right valve, inter-

nal,

. 30 – Right valve, internal,

. 31. Central muscle scars.

Table 4: Stratigraphic levels of known Leptocytheridae and Cytherideidae and the other Ostracoda species of investigated localities.

▲

PONTIAN LEPTOCYTHERIDAE AND CYTHERIDEIDAE FROM EASTERN BLACK SEA 345

shape, but C. bogatschovi triformis is longer and the ornamen-
tation is different than the Cytherissa sp. 2. It may be a new
species, but the number of individual is not enough for precise
determination.

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Arakli (Trab-

zon), factory of brick-tile kilns (sample numbers: Y-27 and Y-
29); Boztepe (Trabzon), (sample number: C-22, C-25), Pontian.

Genus: Pontocythere Dubowsky

Type-species: Pontocythere tchernjawskii Dubowsky

Stratigraphic distribution: Eocene-Recent (Morkhoven

1963).

E n v i r o n m e n t : Littoral-epineritic (Van Morkhoven 1963).

Pontocythere bayramensis Tunoglu, 1984

Fig. 4.11,12

1984 Pontocythere bayramensis Tunoglu, p. 68, 69, pl. 3, figs. 14—18.
1985 Pontocythere bayramensis Tunoglu & Gökçen, p. 22, pl. 1, figs.

1—7.

1997Pontocythere bayramensis Tunoglu & Gökçen, p. 353, pl. 1, figs.

14, 15.

1998 Pontocythere bayramensis Tunoglu & Gökçen, Tunoglu et al., p.

67, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12.

M a t e r i a l : 3 carapaces, 24 valves.
D i m e n s i o n s : Length: 0.58—0.62 mm. Height: 0.25—0.28

mm. Width: 0.38—0.40 mm.

R e m a r k s : Pontocythere Dubowsky, 1939 is interpreted to

be epineritic. It was found on the Northern Black Sea Coast
(Van Morkhoven 1963). The fossil represantants are observed
in the Sinop Neogene Basin and on the eastern Black Sea
Coast of Turkey in Pontian aged units.

S t r a t i g r a p h i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n :

Sinop Neogene Basin (Turkey), Pontian (Tunoglu 1984; Tuno-
glu & Gökçen 1985, 1997).

L o c a l i t y a n d s t r a t i g r a p h i c l e v e l : Gümü yaprak

village (Bafra/Samsun), (sample numbers: G-1, G-2), Pontian.

Environmental and paleogeographical implications

The environmental requirements of Leptocytheridae and

Cytherideidae genera and the other Ostracoda association are
evidence of a shallow marine-littoral and transitional fresh wa-
ter facies (coastal) during the Pannonian—Pontian (Table 5).

Leptocythere cymbula was a Pannonian—Pontian species,

Cytherissa  bogatschovi  was  living  during  the  Pannonian—
Pliocene.  Pontocythere  bayramensis  was  a  Pontian  species.
Another two known species Leptocythere (Amnicythere) mul-
tituberculata  and  Euxinocythere  (Maeotocythere)  bosquetina
were separated stratigraphically from the Pontian to Quaterna-
ry (Table 4).

Three of them, Leptocythere (Amnicythere) multitubercula-

ta, Euxinocythere (Maeotocythere) bosquetina and Cytherissa
bogatschovi have very large paleogeographical distributions in
the Central and Eastern Paratethys bioprovince (Table 6), but

Leptocythere (Leptocythere) cymbula and Pontocythere bayra-
mensis were distributed only in the Eastern Paratethys bio-
province (see Fig. 2).

An existence of the ostracode fauna by the Eastern Black

Sea shows, that there are no sediments of Meotian age below
the Pontian deposits of the Sinop Peninsula (Tunoglu &
Gökçen 1997). This situation suggests that a Mediterranean-
Paratethys connection was not established along Eastern Black
Sea. This connection and influence was cut off paleogeograph-
ically from the Sinop Peninsula to Trabzon area.

Acknowledgements:  The  author  is  grateful  to  Tubitak  (The
Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey) for pro-
viding  financial  support  during  both  the  field  and  laboratory
studies. The author also thanks Cüneyt Bilen and Aziz Ünal,
who  helped  during  the  field  stage  of  this  study.  I  especially
thank Mr. Mehmet Ali Siyez (Head of Department), Mr. Meh-
met  Ali  Yilman  (Chemistry  major)  and  Nebahat  Yurtseven-
M.Sc. Chemistry and SEM Operator) at the Ministery of Inte-
rior,  Gendarmerie  General  Command,  Head  of  the  Criminal
Department and Narcotics Laboratory for SEM Analyses.

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