GeolCarp_Vol53_No2_109

Figure 1. Location map

ANKARA

DENÝZLÝ

150

300

450 km

Güney

Baklan

Çardak

Bozkurt

Honaz

Sarayköy

Buharkent

Babadað

Pamukkale

D E N ÝZ L Ý

Kýzýlcabölük

Tavas

Serinhisar

20 km

Buldan

Kocabaþ

Dereçiftlik

K aklýk

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 53, 2, BRATISLAVA, APRIL 2002

109—116

CLAYS IN DENIZLI REGION

(SOUTHWESTERN ANATOLIA), TURKEY

YAHYA ÖZPINAR, METE HANÇER and BARIS SEMIZ

Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale University, Kinikli, Denizli, Turkey

(Manuscript received October 4, 2001; accepted in revised form December 13, 2001)

Abstract: In this region, marine, continental and lacustrine clay deposits which are used as a raw material in the cement
sector were investigated. It is seen that Upper Cretaceous-Upper Eocene shales representing marine deposition are found
in Malidagi in economic quantities. However, their Na

O % and K

O % contents are higher than in other clays. The

Oligocene aged Bayiralan clay representing marine deposition have abundant magnesian minerals. Because of its high
MgO % content, this clay is not suitable cement standard. The areal extent of the Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene Kizilburun
clays represented fine sediments in the floodplain are widely situated. These may be used in cement sector, but they have
reserve and environmental problems. The red coloured clays belonging to the Pliocene Sakizcilar Formation are sutitable
for cement standard. To decreasing the transportation costs of the Denizli cement factory, the Malidagi clay and Sakizcilar
clay may be used together in different proportions. If the Malidagi and Sakizcilar clays may be used, the contents of K

O %

and Na

O % will decrease.

Key words: petrographic properties, different clay occurrences, suitable cement standard.

Introduction

The  first  studies  related  to  a  large  part  of  the  Denizli  region
(Nebert  1958)  describe  the  geology  of  the  region  in  general
(Fig.  1).  The  stratigraphical  features  of  the  Denizli  Neogene
sediments  were  investigated  by  Taner  (1973,  1974).  im ek
(1982) contributed the features of geothermal areas. The clay
occurrences  in  the  Neogene  sediments  were  investigated  by
Ovayurt (1984) and Özpinar et al. (1995), Gürel (1997), Özpi-
nar & Hançer (2000a,b,c) for possible use as a raw material in
the  cement  sector.  Sun  (1990),  Konak  et  al.  (1990),  Sözbilir
(1994), Özpinar (1987, 1988, 1994) studied stratigraphical and
structural  features  of  Denizli  and  its  surrounding  areas.  Al-
tunel  &  Hancock  (1993)  studied  the  Quaternary  tectonics  of
the  Pamukkale  travertine.  Okay  (1989)  divided  the  Honaz
Mountain into several tectonic units differing from each other
in term of their depositional conditions, stratigraphy, metamor-
phism, rock types and structural positions.

Geological settings

At the basement of the studied area, the Upper Cretaceous-

Upper Eocene Malidagi Formation is situated (Figs. 2, 3). The
Malidagi  Formation  consists  of  laminated  clay,  laminated
sandy  clay,  laminated  silty  clay,  and  intercalated  sandstone
and marl. This unit is autochthonous and is overlain by the Ju-
rassic-Cretaceous Çökelez Limestone with a tectonic bound-
ary (Fig. 4). The Çökelez Limestone is overlain by the Karete-
pe mélange with a tectonic boundary. The Karatepe mélange
rocks are mainly composed of basic and ultrabasic rocks and
huge blocks of crystalline limestones. The Karatepe mélange
body  was  emplaced  in  this  region  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous
(Campanian).

Fig. 1. Location map.

All of these formations at the basement are overlain with an-

gular  disconformity  by  the  Oligocene  “Karadere  Formation”
represented  by  alluvial  fan  and  deltaic  deposits.  This  unit  is
represented by conglomerates, sandstone and siltstone. Karad-
ere  Formation  is  conformably  overlain  by  the  Oligocene

MECC ‘01

DENIZLI

Kizilcabölük

Babadag

110 ÖZPINAR, HANÇER and SEMIZ

“Bayiralan Formation”, made up of sandstone, marl, limestone
and claystones deposited in a shallow sea environment. These
formations at the basement are overlain with angular discon-
formity by the Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene “Kizilburun
Formation” represented by conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone
and clay formed in alluvial fan and lacustrinal fluvial environ-
ments. The Kizilburun Formation is conformably overlain by
the Lower Pliocene “Sazak Formation” made up of limestone,
travertine, sandstone and clay representing lacustrine environ-
ment sediments. The Sazak Formation is conformably overlain
by the Pliocene Sakizcilar Formations made up of sandstone,
marl, silty claystone and clay representing alluvium fan and
lacustrine sediments. There are small clay deposits in Quater-
nary alluvium. One of these is found in the area of the south-
westhern part of Karapinar village.

Method of study

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of detailed

study of clay in the Belevi, Yoku ba i, Kaklik, Gürleyik and
Kocaba (Denizli regions) and its surrounding area (Fig. 1). In
this study, an area of about 178 km

was mapped in detail

(1 : 25,000 scale). Then about 8 km

of the Malidagi area was

mapped on a scale of 1 : 500, an about 12 km

of the Kizilbu-

run-Gürleyik, Kizilburun-Kaklik, Kizilburun-Belevi areas was
mapped on a scale of 1 : 2000. 683 specimens obtained from
drilling hole and opened channel were examined by micro-
scope, XRD, DTA, XRF and SEM. The clay minerals were
determined by XRD and DTA (26 samples) and electron mi-
croscope (8 sample). The chemical analyses of the clays were

carried out by XRF in the Denizli Cement Factory Laboratories,
Turkey. The raw mix prepared by iron ore, limestone and Mal-
idagi shale was heated at different temperatures. At 1250 °C,
1350 °C and 1400 °C, the free lime amount was determined
and mineralogical structure was obtained by X-ray patterns.

Results and discussion

In the clays the following petrographical properties were

identified by microscope, XRD and DTA methods (Figs. 5, 6
and 7).

The laminated clay, laminated sandy clay and laminated

silty clay of the Malidagi Formation investigated under the mi-
croscope contain quartz (3—15 %), calcite (2—10 %), albite (2—
5 %), muscovite (0—2 %), opaque minerals (2—5 %), iron ox-
ides (5 %), chlorite (5 %) and clay minerals (65—90 %). From
one location to other, the shale includes silty and sandy materi-
al made up of quartz, calcite and albite. The results of XRD
were the same with as results of polarizing microscope, which
contains quartz, calcite, albite chlorite, montmorillonite and il-
lite (Fig. 5a). In the laminated clay rocks, illite was obtained in
abundance. Dark green laminated clay contains chlorite with
illite and montmorillonite. In the gray laminated clay, chlorite
was not obtained.

Oligocene Bayiralan clay contains abundant illite and a

small amount of montmorillonite, as well as quartz, feldspar,
dolomite, calcite, chlorite, clinochrysotile and opaque miner-
als (Fig. 5b). It can be seen that magnesian minerals such as
chlorite, clinochrysotile have a negative effect on the chemical
compositions of the clays.

Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of investigated area.

CLAYS IN DENIZLI REGION, TURKEY 113

Fig. 5. X-Ray diffractograms of Malidagi shale (a), Bayiralan clay (b), Kizilburun clay (c), red colour clay of the Sakizcilar Formation
(d), and Quaternary clay (e). Chl – Chlorite, il – Illite, Al – Albite, Ca – Calcite, Q – Quartz, M – Montmorillonite, d – Dolomite,
Clk – Clinochrysotile, f – Feldspar, S – Sanidine.

The Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene Kizilburun clay con-

tains illite, montmorillonite, quartz, feldspar (albite, sanidine),
dolomite, chlorite (Fig. 5c). One of these clay occurrences
named Kaklik—2 has been used in the Denizli cement factory
since 1986, but it may be used up in one or two years. Silty,
sandy and gravelly levels and grains in clay levels and/or beds
cause changing of chemical compositions.

The mineralogical composition of the Pliocene Sakizcilar

clay is same as the Kizilburun clay (Fig. 5d) but they are red in
colour and they are found with intercalated thin limestone lay-
ers. On the other hand, the bottom of some locations of the Sak-
izcilar Formation has very thick marl levels. But owing to the
fact that the marls have some problems such as high MgO%,
they are not suitable for the cement sector (Table 1). Quaterna-
ry clays contain illite, quartz, calcite, dolomite, albite and
chlorite (Fig. 5e).

Malidagi shale was examinated by DTA analyses method.

According to differential thermal curves, illite shows a loss of
adsorbed water at about 100 °C, montmorillonite and chlorite
show a loss of adsorbed water at 100 °C (Fig. 6). The first en-
dothermic peak shows between about 100 °C and 300 °C.
These peaks appear after the loss of crystal water from the clay
minerals. The dehydroxylations of illite, montmorillonite and

chlorite begin at 400 °C. The loss of hydroxyls from illite be-
gins at about 400 °C and may continue to about 900 °C. In il-
lite dehydration appears at about 550 °C. In montmorillonite, a
second endothermic peak appears at about 600 °C. The third
endothermic peak appears between about 870 °C and 877 °C.
The third endothermic peak shows the structural change. The
last endothermic peaks between about 1197 °C and 1292 °C
show the melting point. Both phases persist up to 1292 °C.

After doing detailed mapping of the promising areas such as

the area of Kaklik-2, Belevi, Gürleyik, Malidagi (Figs. 5, 6, 7)
were taken orderly specimens. A total of 683 specimens were
taken from the whole studied areas for chemical and petro-
graphical investigations. The results of average chemical anal-
ysis from the clay occurrences are given in Table 1.

The values of high SiO

%, Al

%, Fe

% and total alka-

li (Na

O % + K

O %) are seen in the Malidagi shale (Table 1)

and the values of low SiO

%, Al

%, Fe

and total al-

kali (Na

O % + K

O %) in Kizilburun-Kaklik-2 clay. On the

other hand, the value of high CaO % is seen in the Kizilburun
Kaklik-1 clay (Table 1) and the value of low CaO % seen in
the Malidagi clay. It can be seen that sandstone and siltstone
intercalated beds in the shale have a negative effect on the
chemical composition of the shale.

400

200

Cps

Chl

Clk

Chl

Clk

Clk +

Ca Q

500

300

Cps

Chl

il M

Chl

il M

Ca Q

Chl

180

100

Cps

+ Ca

100

200

Cps

+Ca

400

200

Cps

d+Q

il+Ca

Chl

114 ÖZPINAR, HANÇER and SEMIZ

Because of the marine deposits, decrease and increase of the

chemical composition of the Malidagi shale is regular. Where-
as cross bedding of gravel and sand is found in the Kizilburun
clays.  Owing  to  the  thickness  and  length  of  gravel  and  sand
cross  bedding,  the  chemical  composition  of  the  Kizilburun
clays  changes  from  one  location  to  the  other  in  an  irregular
way (Fig. 4).

The average value of MgO % in the Bayiralan clay is higher

than  in  the  other  clays  and  the  average  value  of  MgO  %  is
10.46  %.  In  the  Kizilburun  Belevi  clay  and  Sakizcilar  marl,
the  values  of  MgO  %  are  7.23  and  5.09  %  respectively  and
these values are higher than the Portland cement standard. The
modulus of silica is between 2.72 and 3.61. The high values of
the modulus of silica are seen in the Kizilburun Gürleyik clay,
Sakizcilar marl and Bayiralan clays (Table 1). These are 3.61 %,
3.37  %  and  3.22  %,  respectively.  They  are  higher  than  the
Portland cement standard values (the modulus of silica values
is  suitable  between  1.9  and  3.2  and  accepted  values  are  be-
tween 2.2 and 2.6 at Turkish cement factories).

The modulus of aluminum is between 0.99 and 1.99. The

high values for modulus of aluminum of 1.99 is seen in Mal-
idagi clay. The low value for modulus of aluminum of 0.99 is
seen in the Bayiralan clay. The standard values for modulus of
aluminum are between 1.0 and 4.0. The suitable and accepted
values in Turkish cement factories are between 2.2 and 2.6.
Owing to their higher MgO % contents the Bayiralan clay and

Table 1: The results of chemical analyses of total 683 clay specimens from different clay occurrences in studied area.

Channel and drilling

Spe.

Numb.

SiO

CaO

MgO

LOI

TOT.

Malıdağı clay

299

53.54

13.19

6.51

8.19

3.37

0.01

0.99

2.46

9.41

98.07

2.78

1.99

Bayıralan clay

35.24

5.72

5.8

17.9

10.46

1.21

0.50

0.77

21.05

98.70

3.22

0.99

Kızılburun Belevi

36.31

8.20

5.14

21.35

5.09

0.07

0.29

1.34

21.86

99.84

2.72

1.59

Kızılburun Kaklık-2

35.19

7.31

4.29

23.94

3.74

0.01

0.39

1.01

23.82

99.72

3.03

1.70

Kızburun Kaklık-1
(Yokuşbaşı)

39.15

7.85

5.25

19.19

4.16

0.01

0.55

0.93

19.90

99.71

2.90

1.49

Kızılburun Gürleyik

159

49.95

7.93

5.88

13.13

3.41

0.48

0.99

1.51

13.85

97.13

3.61

1.34

Sakızcılar clay

46.64

10.29

6.10

13.90

3.54

0.02

0.48

1.37

14.39

96.78

2.86

1.64

Sakızcılar Marl

41.37

6.62

5.77

17.37

7.23

0.3

0.38

0.84

19.83

99.54

3.37

1.14

Alluvium clay

41.93

9.50

5.76

15.02

4.93

0.37

0.96

1.84

15.79

96.13

2.80

1.64

Total

683

Fig. 6. Differential thermal curves of shale (Malidagi) samples. TG curves show the changing weight % of the samples dependent on the in-
crease of temperature (disappearing weight % on the sample up to 1000 °C shown on the thermograms). DDTA curve show the derivative
of DTA curve.

0,5

0,2

0,4

200

600

1000

1400

0,2

0,4

102

-0,1

582°C

693°C

763°C

905°C

870°C

905°C

1177°C

99°C

1290°C

1197°C

87%

TG/%

DDTA/uv/mg/min

DTA/uv/mg

T°C

0,6

0,2

0,4

200

600

1000

1400

0,2

TG/%

DDTA/uv/mg/min

DTA/uv/mg

102

0,1

-0,15

100°C

690°C

877°C

69%

1292°C

1490°C

T°C

Sakizcilar marl were excluded. The values of modulus of the
investigated area clays are within the Turkish Standard.

According to the results of the investigations, shales suitable

as a raw material for the cement sector occur in Denizli (Tur-
key). They are found in abundance in the Malidagi and Honaz
mountain region. So, in the Turkish cement manufacturers’ as-
sociation laboratory, the raw mix prepared by iron ore, lime-
stone and Malidagi shale was heated at different temperatures
such as 1250 °C, 1350 °C and 1400

°C. At these temperatures

the  free  lime  amount  was  determined  and  the  mineralogical
structures  were  obtained  by  X-ray  patterns  (Fig. 7).  The
amounts  of  free  lime  at  1250  °C,  1350  °C  and  1400  °C  are
24.11 %, 4.78 % and 2.56 %, respectively (Figs. 7, 8).

According to Fig. 7a, in normal clinker, the C

S peak forms

at 52 degree and the C

S peak forms at 31—32 degrees. As can

be seen in Fig. 7a, C

S and C

S peaks did not form, because

clinkerization of the raw mix did not take place until 1250 °C.
It is understood that the peak of free lime found at 37—38 de-
grees is higher than the normal clinker. As a result, it can be
seen that clinkerization is not completed.

According to Fig. 7b, the peak of free lime found at 37—38

degrees is higher than the normal clinker. Respecting normal
clinker, free lime is higher than 2 %. Because of high free
lime, clinkerization was not completed at about 1350 °C.

According to Fig. 7c, free lime is still found in the clinker at

a level of 2.65 %. It is understood that clinkerization had not

CLAYS IN DENIZLI REGION, TURKEY 115

Fig. 7. X-ray diffractograms of clinker samples burnt at about 1250 °C (a), 1350 °C (b) and 1400 °C (c), respectively. C

S – tricalcium silicate

(Ca

SiO

), C

S – dicalcium silicate (Ca

SiO

), C

A – tricalcium aluminate (Ca

), C

AF – tetracalcium aluminoferrite (Ca

Speed of used up CaO in varies

temperature

1200

1250

1300

1350

1400

1450

Temperature 0

Fig. 8. Shown as a graphic of the speeds of consumption of CaO be-
tween 1250 °C and 1400 °C.

Oxide%
Raw
Material

CaO

SiO

LOI

MgO

Limestone

52.18

2.06

0.57

0.41

42.2

0.83

Clay

7.72

54.49

13.08

6.29

22.0

3.47

Iron ore

2.9

16.01

5.37

67.74

4.89

1.44

Table 3: Chemical composition of clinker (Standard of lime –
95.95, modulus of silica – 2.2, modulus of hydraulic – 2.1, modu-
lus of aluminum – 1.33, C

S – 64.83).

Oxide %

CaO

SiO

LOI

MgO

Clinker

66.55

21.51

5.46

4.084

2.2

Table 2: Chemical composition of raw materials (Modulus of sili-
ca – 2.3).

Conclusions

The following conclusions have been reached from the geo-

logical, petrographical and petrochemical investigation carried
out in the Denizli region.

1. The average MgO % of Bayiralan clay is higher than in

the other clay occurrences, because magnesian minerals such

26°

30°

35°

40°

45°

50°

54°

26°

30°

35°

40°

45°

50°

54°

26°

30°

35°

40°

45°

50°

54°

+ +

Speed of consumption of CaO

in varies temperature

completely finished, at about 1400 °C. This situation may
have happened to the various proportions of poorly heated ma-
terial in the shale, which includes mineral such as quartz, albi-
te and chlorite. As a result of investigation, it was found that
the raw material mixing with the Malidagi shale had a clinker-
ization temperature of 1400—1450 °C.

At the end of this experimental study, the whole problems

were kept in view. For production of clinker, the raw mixing
material was prepared from iron ore, limestone and shale, in
Denizli cement factory (Table 2). Clinker was formed after us-
ing light green laminated clay and grey laminated clay. The
mixing ratio of raw materials and chemical analyses and the
chemical conclusions of clinker are given in Tables 2 and 3.

116 ÖZPINAR, HANÇER and SEMIZ

as chlorite, clinochrysotile are abundantly found. In addition,
the Sakizcilar marl has a high MgO % content. Both Bayiralan
clay and Sakizcilar marl are not suitable for the cement stan-
dard.

2. In this study, it is seen that economic clay beds are found

in Malidagi (Malidagi shale). The amount of their Na

O % and

O % contents are higher than the other clays and they con-

tain the various proportions of difficult to burn mineral such as
quartz, albite and chlorite. As conclusion, the shale of the in-
vestigated area is suitable for use as a raw material for the ce-
ment sector. But, it is proposed that the shale may be used by
mixing various proportions of the other clays found in the
neighbouring area.

3. The areal extent of the Kizilburun Formation is widely

spread over the Kaklik-1, Kaklik—2, Gürleyik and Belevi re-
gions (Figs. 2, 3 and 4). The Kizilburun clay may be used in
the cement sector, but its bedding sizes are small. The Kizilbu-
run  Belevi  clay  and  clay  marl  contain  intercaleted  sand  and
gravel levels. The sand and gravels are generally include ser-
pentinized harzburgite, dunite, gabbroic and doleritic materi-
als,  dolomitic  limestone,  quartzitic  rocks  and  such  as  with
quartz, calcite, albite, sanidine minerals. These situations   ef-
fect the chemical compositions. The same problems are found
in the Gürleyik region. It is proposed that the Kizilburun clays
may be selectively worked. The gravel levels may be thrown
away in the clay stock area. If the Kizilburun clays are selec-
tively worked, they may be used in the cement   sector.

4. Clay is produced for the Denizli cement factory in the

Kaklik-2 region belonging to the Kizilburun Formation. The
clay production in this area may be stopped within one or two
years, because of limited reserves of clay. The Kaklik-1 Belevi
and Gürleyik clays belonging to the Kizilburun Formation
have sandy and gravelly levels like the Kaklik-2 clay which
this situation effects to change of chemical composition were
obtained.

5. The red coloured clays belonging to the Sakizcilar For-

mation are suitable for the cement standard so there is no re-
serve problem. Other clay occurrences are found long distanc-
es from the Denizli cement factory. The deviation of chemical
composition is low. Thin limestone beds intercalated in clay
may have caused the deviation of the chemical composition of
the clay.

6. To decrease the transportation costs of the cement factory,

the Malidagi shale and red coloured clay belonging to the Sak-
izcilar Formation located in the northern part of Belevi village
may be used together in different proportions. If the Malidagi
shale and Sakizcilar red coloured clays may be used, the con-
tents of K

O and Na

O will decrease.

Acknowledgments: This study is supported by Denizli Facto-
ry T.A. . I am grateful to Denizli Factory staff for their contri-
butions.

References

Altunel E. & Hancock P.L. 1993: Active fissuring and faulting in

Quaternary travertine of Pamukkale, Western Turkey, 2. Geo-
morph., Berlin—Stuttgart 94, 285—302.

Gürel H. 1997: Geological investigation of around the Kaklik—

Yoku ba i-Belevi (Denizli) districts, Denizli, PAÜ. M. Thesis,
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Unpublished), 1—71.

Konak N., Akdeniz N. & Çakir N.H. 1990: Geology of Çal-Çivril and

Karahalli districts and its surrounding area. Mineral Research
and Exploration Report, Ankara No. 8949 (Unpublished).

Nebert N. 1958: Denizli Neogene sediments and their importance

for stratigraphy of the western Anatolia fresh-water Neogene.
Ankara MTA Bulletin 51, 7—19.

Okay A.I. 1989: Geology of Menderes Massive and Lyciennes

Nappes of in the southwestern part of Denizli (Turkey). Miner-
al Research and Exploration Bulletin, Ankara 109, 45—58.

Ovayurt M. 1984: Detail investigation of raw material area of Deni-

zli-Cement Factory. Ankara MTA Report No. 7694 (Unpub-
lished).

Özpinar Y. 1987: Geological, petrographical and petrochemical in-

vestigation of the western part of Acipayam (Denizli). PhD
Thesis, Trabzon K.T.Ü Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü., 1—220 (in
Turkish, English abstract).

Özpinar Y. 1988: Some tectonic characteristics of the area around

Acipayam (South of Denizli). Isparta A. Ü. Isparta Mühendis-
lik Fakültesi Dergisi 4, 344—359.

Özpinar Y. 1994: Tectonic characteristics of geothermal areas in the

Denizli region, PAÜ. Jeotermal Uygulamalar Sempozyumu’94,
Denizli, Turkey, 114—129.

Özpinar Y., Kumsar H. & Gökgöz A. 1995: The usablety Denizli

Cement Factory of clay occurrences around Kaklik (Denizli).
Ankara, VII. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu, 27—30 Eylül1995, 13 s.

Özpinar Y. & Hançer M. 2000a: Geological, petrographical and pet-

rochemical investigation of around Gürleyik (Denizli) clay de-
posits, Denizli, PAÜ. AR-GE Project, 1—36 (Unpublished).

Özpinar Y. & Hançer M. 2000b: Geological and petrographical in-

vestigation of around Malidagi-Katrançukuru (Denizli-Kak-
lik), Denizli PAÜ. AR-GE Project, 1—124 (Unpublished).

Özpinar Y. & Hançer M. 2000c: Geological, petrographical, petro-

chemical investigation of the clay deposits of the Belevi-
Yoku ba i-Kaklik-Kocaba -Gürleyik (Denizli) and itssur-
round- ing area and usability as raw material for cement. Deni-
zli, PAÜ. AR-GE Project, 1—177 (Unpublished).

Sözbilir H. 1994: Stratigraphy and sedimentation environments of

the Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits of around Kaklik (NW
Denizli). VII. Müh. Haftasý Sempozyumu, Abstracts, Isparta,
Turkey, 3.

Sun R.S. 1990: Lignite possibilities and geology of the area between

the Denizli and U ak regions. Mineral Research and Explora-
tion, Report, Ankara No. 9985, (Unpublished).

im ek . 1982: Geology and geothermal energy springs of Denizli-

Sarayköy-Buldan area. Istanbul Universty Bulletin 3, 1—2,
145—62.

Taner G. 1973: Paleontologic and stratigraphic investigation of

Denizli Neogene. MTA Bulletin, Ankara 82, 89—126.

Taner G. 1974: Paleontologic and stratigraphic investigation of

Denizli Neogene. MTA Bulletin, Ankara 83, 145—177.