GeolCarp_Vol52_No4_247

GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 52, 4, BRATISLAVA, AUGUST 2001

247—258

BURDIGALIAN—LANGHIAN (MIOCENE) OSTRACOD
BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY

OF THE KASABA BASIN (KA /ANTALYA), SW TURKEY

CEMAL TUNOGLU

and CÜNEYT BILEN

Hacettepe University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, 06532 Beytepe/Ankara, Turkey;

tunay@hacettepe.edu.tr

Hacettepe University, Institute for Graduate Studies in Pure and Applied Sciences, 06532 Beytepe/Ankara, Turkey

(Manuscript received December 12, 2000; accepted in revised form June 13, 2001)

Abstract: In this investigation, 205 samples were collected from five measured stratigraphic sections in the Kasaba
Basin (Ka /Antalya, SW Turkey) and 16 genera and 33 species of ostracods were identified. Three different biozones
have been recognized on the basis of the stratigraphic and geographic distribution of ostracod fauna in the measured
sections which are, from bottom to top, as follows: 1. Early—Middle Burdigalian age, Cytherella triestina Zone, 2. Late
Burdigalian-Early Langhian age, Aurila soummamensis-Krithe papillosa Zone, 3. Langhian age, Cytherella vulgata-
Xestoleberis reymenti Zone. These zones have been correlated with the well known and widespread Neomonoceratina
helvetica and Aurila soummamensis Zones of other Turkish and Mediterranean Basins. The choronostratigraphic
Burdigalian-Langhian correlation of the sequence has been established mainly by Ostracoda assemblages. The results
are integrated with the other faunal and floral occurrences observed during the investigation, which include plank-
tonic and benthonic foraminifers, nannoplankton, Bivalvia, Gastropoda and corals. Thus, the Burdigalian (early, middle,
late) and Langhian stage boundary has been biostratigraphically identified.

Key words: Turkey, Kasaba Basin, Burdigalian—Langhian, biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, Ostracoda.

Introduction

Several connected and isolated basins occurred along the
Mediterranean coast of Turkey from west to east during the
Neogene period. One of them is the Kasaba Basin (Fig. 1).

Several geological investigations have been carried out in

the  Kasaba  Basin  (Colin  1962;  Pisoni  1965;  Önalan  1979;
Günay et al. 1982; Igdir et al. 1972; Hayward 1982;  enel et
al. 1989, 1994; Bilen 1996; Bilen & Tunoglu 1996; Hayward
et al. 1996). Numerous geological and paleontological works
have  also  been  carried  out  on  the  other  similar  and  neigh-
bouring Neogene basins along the Mediterranean Region of
Turkey  (Doruk  1975,  1979;  Benda  et.  al.  1977;  Bassiouni
1979; Freels 1980; Hayward 1982; Aranki 1987; Tanar 1989;
Gökçen  et  al.  1991;  Nazik  1993;  afak  &  Ünlügenç  1992;

afak 1993a,b; Flecker et al. 1995; Rögl 1998).

The purpose of this paper is to present the ostracod bios-

tratigraphy and a choronostratigraphic correlation within the
lithostratigraphic framework of the Kasaba Basin. Biostrati-
graphic correlations and comparisons between the Kasaba
Basin and the other Neogene basins of Turkey and Mediter-
ranean are also presented in Table 1.

Geological setting

Neogene units are separated from the Eocene (Lutetian—

Priabonian) aged basement rocks by an angular unconformi-
ty. Miocene units are separated into two formations which
are named the Sinekçi Formation (Burdigalian) and the Ka-

saba Formation (late Burdigalian—Langhian). The Sinekçi
Formation consists of three different members which are
named from bottom to top: the Gömüce Member, the Kibris-
dere Member and the Çaybogazi Member (Fig. 2). Correla-
tions of measured stratigraphic sections and sample numbers
in the sections are presented in Fig. 3.

The Gömüce Member of the Sinekçi Formation, which

was deposited during the Early Burdigalian Stage and com-
prised  of  thick  layered  algal  limestones  (see  Fig.  3).  These
rocks contain algae and benthonic foraminifers. The Kibris-
dere Member of the Sinekçi Formation contains light yellow
clayey limestones that were deposited during the Early—Mid-
dle Burdigalian. This limestone unit contains ostracods, nan-
noplankton  and  planktonic  foraminiferal  assemblages.  The
Çaybogazi Member consists of light-grey, yellow and green
sandstone  and  claystone  with  interbedded  calcarenite  and
contains planktonic and benthonic foraminifers.

The Kasaba Formation of late Burdigalian—Langhian age

overlies unconformably the Çaybogazi Formation. The Kasa-
ba Formation is involved dark-green sandstone, claystone
and conglomerate and includes abundant and rich ostracods,
benthonic foraminifers, molluscs (bivalvia, gastropods) and
corals.

Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy

The biostratigraphic investigations and the chronostrati-

graphic correlations of the Neogene sequences in the Kasaba
Basin are based primarily on qualitative analysis of ostracod

248 TUNOGLU and BILEN

assemblages (Fig. 4). The ostracod biostratigraphy is integrat-
ed with that of calcareous nannoplankton, benthonic and
planktonic foraminifers, gastropods, bivalves and corals. The
entire ostracod assemblages and the other fauna and flora asso-
ciations are endemic to the Neogene/Mediterranean bioprov-
ince (Steininger et al. 198; Tunoglu & Gökçen 1997). There-
fore, the Mediterranean Neogene stage concept has been used
for this chronostratigraphic subdivision. A comparison of os-
tracod zones of the Kasaba Basin with zones of other basins of
Turkey is presented in Table 2.

Suggested biozones have been described as a taxon range

and an assemblage zone and these are characterized either by
the predominance or presence of one or a few species or by a
short ranged index species.

KBZ 1 (Kasaba Basin Zonation) – Cytherella triestina Zone

Category: Taxon Range Zone.
Age: Early—Middle Burdigalian.
Definition: This zone is characterized by first occurrences

and last appearances of Cytherella triestina Kollmann, Bairdia
subdeltoidea Munster, Cyamocytheridea reversa Egger and
Henryhowella asperrima Reuss (Fig. 5).

Paleoenvironment: Infraneritic environment, according to

ostracod assemblages (Table 3) and the other paleontological
and  lithological  data.  This  zone  correlates  with  the  top  of
zones N5, N6, N7 and the lower part of zone N8 in the Medi-
terranean Neogene Basins of Steininger 1988. The Cytherella
triestina  Range  Zone  occurs  in  the  clayey  limestone  of  the
Kibrisdere  Member  of  the  Sinekçi  Formation  in  the  Kasaba
Basin. This Member contains few ostracods, a rich and abun-
dant  nannoplankton  flora  and  planktonic  foraminifers.  The
Kibrisdere  Member  was  deposited  in  shallow  marine  condi-
tions according to the rich and abundant pelagic fauna and flo-
ra associations.

Other paleontological data: The Cytherella triestina Zone

occurs within the NN4 Helicosphaera ampliaperta Bramlette
et Wilcoxon 1967 Nannoplankton Zone. The following nanno-
fossil species were observed in this study: Helicosphaera obli-
qua Bramlette et Wilcoxon, H. scissura Miller, H. euphratis
Haq, Coccolithus pelagicus Schiller, C. miopelagicus Bukry,
Dictyococcolites antarticus Haq, Cyclicargolithus floridanus
Bukry, Discoaster deflandrei Bramlette et Riedel, D. perflexus
Bramlette et Riedel, D. druggii Bramlette et Wilcoxon, Sphe-
nolithus dissimilis Bukry et Percival, S. moriformis Bramlette
et Wilcoxon, Braarudosphaera bigelowii Deflandre, Corono-

Fig. 1. Location map of the study area.

BURDIGALIAN—LANGHIAN OSTRACOD BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY 249

cyclus nitescens Bramlette et Wilcoxon and Thoracosphaera
saxea.

The following species of planktonic foraminifers were ob-

served:  Globigerinoides  ruber  (d’Orbigny),  G.  trilobus  trilo-
bus (Reuss), G. obliquus Bolli, G. trilobus immaturus Le Roy,
G.  trilobus  sacculiferus  (Brady),  Orbulina  bilobata
(d’Orbigny), O. cf. suturalis Brönniman, Praeorbulina glome-
rosa  glomerosa  (Blow),  Globoquadrina  dehiscens  (Chap-
mann, Parr et Collins), Bulimina alazanensis Cushman, Sipho-
nogerina  cf.  senni  Cushman  et  Renz,  Osangularia  mexicana
(Cole),  Oridorsalis  umbonatus  (Reuss),  Globigerina  praesi-
phonifera Blow and species of Anomalinoides and Nuttalites.
This  planktonic  foraminiferal  association  corresponds  to  the
N7  Globigerinoides  trilobus  Interval  Zone  (Perch-Nielsen
1985).

Biostratigraphic correlation: This formation can be corre-

lated  with  the  Kemer  Formation  (Hayward  1982),  the  lower
part of Sofular Formation in the Antakya Basin ( afak 1993a)
and  the  Derinçay  Formation  in  the  Adana-Mut  Basin  (Tanar
1989).  Cytherella  triestina  Zone  can  be  correlated  with  the
lower part of the Neomonoceratina helvetica and Aurila soum-
mamensis  Superzone  of  Gökçen  (1979,  1982,  1984);  the
Pronocypris  sp.  and  Hemicyprideis  helvetica  Zone  of  Tanar

(1989); and the Aurila soummamensis Zone of  afak & Ünlü-
genç (1992), Nazik (1993) and  afak (1993a,b) (Tables 1 and
2). Cytherella triestina was observed in the Bartonian in the
Thrace/European part of Turkey (Sönmez-Gökçen 1973), Ill-
erdian-Cuisian  in  Polatli/Ankara  (Duru  1984),  and  the  late
Burdigalian—Langhian in the Mut Basin/Adana (Tanar 1989).

KBZ 2 – Aurila soummamensis and Krithe papillosa Zone

Category: Assemblage Zone.
Age: Late Burdigalian—Early Langhian.
Definition: This zone is characterized by rich and abundant

occurrence  of  Aurila  soummamensis  and  Krithe  papillosa.
Otherwise, this zone is placed between the first occurrences of
Pokornyella deformis minor, Aurila ducasse, Aurila convexa,
Acanthocythereis  hystrix,  Loxoconcha  punctatella  and  the
first  occurrence  of  Cytherella  vulgata,  Callistocythere  dis-
crepans, Cyamocytheridea meniscus, Ruggieria tetraptera tet-
raptera  and  Occultocythereis  bituberculata.  Other  ostracod
species in this zone are Hermanites haidingeri minor, Cyther-
etta ramosa sublaevis, Neomonoceratina helvetica, N. mouli-
na, Loxoconcha stellifera, L. tumida, L. cf. variesculpta and
L. cristatissima (Figs. 5—7).

Fig. 2. Generalized stratigraphic section of the study area.

BURDIGALIAN—LANGHIAN OSTRACOD BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY 251

Table 1: Comparison of Tertiary lithostratigraphic units in study.

Paleoenvironment: The species that define this zone were

deposited in shallow water (epineritic) conditions according
to the ostracod fauna assemblage (see Table 3) and the other
paleontological and lithological aspects. The benthonic fora-
miniferal associations support these environmental conclu-
sions.

Other paleontological data: KBZ 2 (Aurila soummamen-

sis and Krithe papillosa) and KBZ 3 (Cytherella vulgata and
Ruggieria tetraptera tetraptera) assemblage zones have very
rich and abundant nannoplankton floras, and benthonic fora-
miniferal, mollusc and coral faunas. Both ostracod zones oc-
cur within the calcareous nannoplankton Zone NN5 Spheno-
lithus  heteromorphus.  Other  nannoplankton  species  in  this
zone  include  Helicosphaera  scissura  Miller,  Reticulofenes-
tra pseudoumbilica Gartner, Coccolithus pelagicus Schiller,
Coccolithus  miopelagicus  Bukry,  Dictyococcites  antarticus
Haq, Cyclicargolithus floridanus Bukry, Sphenolithus heter-
omorphus  Deflandre,  Sphenolithus  dissimilis  Bukry  et  Per-
cival, Sphenolithus moriformis Bramlette et Wilcoxon, Eric-
sonia  cava  Perch  et  Nielsen,  Pontosphaera  discopora
Schiller. This assamblage correlates to the Early—Middle Mi-
ocene age.

The benthonic foraminiferal species observed in this zone

include Spirolutilus carinatus (d’Orbigny), Lenticulina cal-
car (Linne), Lenticulina orbicularis d’Orbigny, Marginulina

fragaria  Gumbel,  Marginulina  hantkeni  Gumbel,  Siphono-
dosaria verneoulli (d’Orbigny), Siphonodosaria monilis (Sil-
vester), Siphonodosaria  nuttali (Cushman-Jerv.),  Uvigerina
barbatula  Macfad  and  are  assigned  an  Early—Middle  Mi-
ocene age.

Biostratigraphic correlation: Aurila soummamensis (see

Fig. 6.2) is the dominant ostracod species in the investigated
area. This zone was observed in the Denizli Neogene Basin
by Gökçen (1979, 1982), and in Burdigalian-Early Langhian
deposits in the Antakya Basin (Doruk 1975, 1979), Burdiga-
lian-aged deposits in the Karsanti of Adana ( afak 1993) and
Mut Basin of Adana (Tanar 1989), Burdigalian aged deposits
in  the  Gözne  of  Mersin  (Nazik  1993)  (Table  2).  The  same
zone  was  also  observed  and  determined  in  the  Soummam
Valley  of  Algeria  (Coutelle  &  Yassini  1974),  middle  Oli-
gocene—Miocene  aged  deposits  in  the  Aquitaine  Basin  of
France (Keij 1957; Moyes 1965; Bekaert et al. 1991, 1992),
Aquitanian—Burdigalian aged deposits in the Rhône Basin of
France  (Carbonnel  1969;  Carbonnel  &  Martini  1976;  Car-
bonnel & Jiříček 1977). Cytherella vulgata, Bairdia subdel-
toidea, Neomonoceratina helvetica, Cyamocytheridea rever-
sa,  Krithe  papillosa,  Aurila  soummamensis,  Hermanites
haidingeri minor, Cytheretta orthezensis, Cytheretta ramosa
subleaveis,  Loxoconcha  punctatella,  Xestoleberis  glabre-
scens species are also observed in the Burdigalian deposits of

BURDIGALIAN—LANGHIAN OSTRACOD BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY 253

Table  3:  The  environments  which  are  designated  by  Ostracoda
fauna  of  the  investigation  area  (according  to  Moore  1961;
Morkhoven  1962,  1963;  Aranki  1987;  Bonaduce  et  al.  1975;
Tunoglu 1999).

the Kula—Yeni ehir areas (Denizli-SW of Turkey – Gökçen
1985). The ostracods also indicate sedimentation in the nerit-
ic environment, similar to the Kasaba Basin.

Burdigalian-aged units include the Sinekçi Formation and

the lower part of the Kasaba Formation. The Gömüce Mem-
ber of the Sinekçi Formation is the oldest Miocene unit of the
investigated  area.  The  following  benthonic  foraminiferal
species of Gömüce Member were identified: Miogypsina ir-
regularis  (Michelotti),  Miogypsinoides  dehaartii  (Van  Der
Klerk),  Amphistegina  sp.,  Miogypsinoides  sp.,  Operculina
sp.,  Borelis  sp.,  Gypsina  sp.,  Heterostegina  sp.,  and  some
species of Rotaliidae and Textularidae. Bryozoa and Rhodo-
phyta also indicate Burdigalian age. Gökçen (1984) suggest-
ed  that  Neomonoceratina  helvetica  Oertli,  together  with  A.
soummamensis  Coutelle  &  Yassini’  interval  can  be  used  to
define  a  useful  biozone  in  the  Burdigalian—early  Langhian.
According to Gökçen 1984, the first occurrence of species of
Carinocythereis is a fixed datum level within the Langhian
Stage. But unfortunately this genus could not be discovered
at this locality.

KBZ 3–Cytherella vulgata and Xestoleberis reymenti Zone

Category: Assemblage Zone.
Age: Langhian.
Definition: This zone is characterized by the first occur-

rence of Cytherella vulgata and last occurrence of Xestoleb-
eris reymenti and these species are very rich and abundant in
this zone. This zone is also characterized by the first occur-
rence  of  Occultocythereis  bituberculata  (Reuss),  Callisto-
cythere discrepans (G.W. Muller), Cyamocytheridea menis-
cus  Doruk  and  Ruggieria  tetraptera  tetraptera  (Sequenza).
Other ostracod species of this zone include Krithe papillosa
(Bosquet),  Acanthocythereis  hystrix  (Reuss),  Aurila  soum-
mamensis Coutelle et Yassini, A. ducasseae Moyes, A. con-
vexa (Baird), A. freudenthali Sissingh, Pokornyella deformis
minor  Moyes,  Loxoconcha  punctatella  (Reuss),  L.  parvula
Moyes, Cytheretta semiornata Egger, C. tenuistriata Reuss,
Xestoleberis glabrescens (Reuss), (Figs. 5—7).

Paleoenvironment: Epineritic environment, according to

ostracod assemblages (see Table 3), but other paleontological
and lithological aspects indicate shallower conditions than
the Cytherella vulgata and Xestoleberis reymenti Zone.

Other paleontological data: NN5 Sphenolithus hetero-

morphus Zone. The following nannoplankton species were
identified: Dictyococcites antarticus Haq, Coccolithus pe-
lagicus Schiller, Cyclicargolithus floridanus Bukry, Reticu-
lofenestra pseudoumbilica Gartner, Sphenolithus moriformis
Bramlette et Wilcoxon, Sphenolithus heteromorphus Deflan-
dre. This nannofossil assemblage indicates assignment to the
NN5 nannoplankton zone of Middle Miocene age.

Heliastraea sp., Tarbellastrea sp., Tarbellastrea cf. raulini

Milne-Edwards et Haime and Tarbellastrea cf. T. eggenbur-
gensis Kuhn coral associations are observed in the same
zone.

The following Mollusca species were identified: Gastro-

pods: Conus antiquus Lamarck, C. mercati Brocchi, C. betu-
linoides  Lamarck,  C.  puschi  Michelotti,  C.  fuscocingulatus
Bronn,  Turritella  (Archimediella)  bicarinata  Eichwaldi,  T.
(Haustator)  tricincta  (Borson),  Pirenella  cf.  P.  picta  (De-
france in Basterot), Natica millepunctata Lamarck, Cypraea
(Bernayia) fabagina Lamarck, Mürex (Hexaplex) austriacus
Tournover, Bursa (Ranella) marginata (Brocchi), Ancillaria
sp.  Bivalvia  include:  Cardium  (Discors)  spondloides  Von
Haver, Arca okeni Mayer, A. (Anadara) turoniensis Dujardin,
Glycymeris  (Glycymeris)  cor  (Lamarck),  Pecten  praebene-
dictus Tournover, P. benedictus Lamarck, Lucinopsis rupes-
tris  Brocchi,  Venus  multilamella  Lamarck,  V.  cf.  V.  burdi-
galiensis  Mayer,  Flabellipecten  ficheuri  Brives,  Flabelli-
pecten sp. and Tapes sp.

The benthonic foraminiferal assemblage indicates Early

Miocene  age.  The  species  include  Spirolutilus  carinatus
(d’Orbigny), Lenticulina calcar (Linné), Lenticulina orbicu-
laris  d’Orbigny,  Marginulina  fragaria  Gumbel,  Siphono-
dosaria  monilis  (Silvestri),  Siphonodosaria  nuttali  (Cush-
man-Jerv),  Ammonia  beccarii  (Linné),  Asterigerinata
mammilla  (Williamson),  Operculina  complata  Defrance,
Operculina ammonoides Granovius, Borelis sp., Lenticulina
sp.,  Elphidium  sp.,  Quinqueloculina  sp.,  Spiroloculina  sp.,
Miliolinella sp., Eponides sp.

BURDIGALIAN—LANGHIAN OSTRACOD BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY 257

Biostratigraphic correlation: Deposits of Langhian age

have  been  recognized  only  in  the  Kasaba  Formation.  The
lower  boundary  of  Kasaba  Formation  is  compromised  with
the base of the late Burdigalian age and marked by the first
appearances  of  Aurila  soummamensis  and  Krithe  papillosa
assemblage Zone. Two ostracod assemblage zones have been
identified in the Kasaba Formation, which coincide with the
NN5 – Sphenolithus heteromorphus Nannoplankton Zone.

Deposits of the Langhian Stage have been identified in the

Adana Basin by Doruk (1979); in the Denizli, Konya, Mersin
and Sivas regions by Gökçen (1984); in the Mut Basin by Ta-
nar (1989); in the northern Adana Basin by  afak and Ünlü-
genç (1992); in the Antakya Basin by  afak (1993a); in the
Karsanti region by  afak (1993b); and in the Gözne of Mers-
in area by Nazik (1993). In the Misis area, the Langhian has
been recognized on the basis of the first appearances of the
Carinocythereis  datum  level,  but  unfortunately  Car-
inocythereis  was  not  discovered  in  the  Kasaba  Basin.  The
Neomonoceratina helvetica Zone is known in the Rhône Ba-
sin  (France)  and  this  zone  is  considered  to  correlate  with
NN3—NN4 nannoplankton zones and N7—N8 planktonic for-
aminiferal zone (Carbonnel & Martini 1976).

Results

1. Correlation of the Kasaba Basin to the chronostratigra-

phy of the Neogene Mediterranean stage concept has been
achieved using ostracod assemblages, thus facilitating recog-
nition of the Early—Middle Burdigalian, Late Burdigalian—
Early Langhian and Langhian.

2. Three ostracod biozones have been defined and pro-

posed in this study. These are:

a) Cytherella triestina Taxon Range Zone (Early—Middle

Burdigalian).

b) Aurila soummamensis-Krithe papillosa Assemblage

Zone (Late Burdigalian—Early Langhian).

c) Cytherella vulgata-Xestoleberis reymenti Assemblage

Zone (Langhian).

3. These zones can be correlated only between the Medi-

terranean Basins.

4. These biostratigraphic results have been integrated with

the other fauna and flora groups (planktonic and benthonic for-
aminifers, nannoplankton, macro bivalvia, gastropods and cor-
als) which were found in the study area and allow for an Early
Burdigalian—Langhian assignment of these sections.

Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to Head of Re-
search Fund of Hacettepe University for providing financial
support during both the field and laboratory studies. We also
extend  thanks  to  Aziz  Ünal  who  helped  during  some  field
and laboratory steps of this study. We specially thank Meh-
met  Ali  Siyez  (Head  of  Department),  Mehmet  Ali  Yilman
(Chemist Major) and Nebahat Yurtseven (SEM Operator) at
the  Ministery  of  the  Interior,  Gendarmerie  General  Com-
mand, Head of Criminal Department and Narcotics Labora-
tory for SEM Photograps. We specially extend thanks for de-
termination  of  nannofossil  assamblages  to  Assist.  Prof.  Dr.
Enis Kemal Sagular (Süleyman Demirel University/ISPAR-

TA);  for  determination  of  planktonic  foraminiferal  associa-
tions to Prof. Dr. Izver Tansel (Istanbul University); for de-
termination  of  benthonic  foraminifers  to  Assoc.  Prof.  Dr.
Mehmet Sakinç and Prof. Dr. Sefer Örçen (100. Yil Universi-
ty/Van); for determination of coral associations to Sedef Kurt
(MTA-General Directorate of Mineral Research and Explora-
tion of Turkey) and for determination of Mollusca to Ye im
Islamoglu  (MTA-General  Directorate  of  Mineral  Research
and  Exploration  of  Turkey).  We  are  grateful  to  Dr.  T.
Markham  Puckett  (University  of  Alabama)  who  reviewed,
corrected and criticized the manuscript.

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