GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 52, 4, BRATISLAVA, AUGUST 2001
229—237
NON-MARINE LOWER CRETACEOUS ALGAE
AND CYANOBACTERIA FROM THE CZORSZTYN UNIT,
WESTERN CARPATHIANS
OVIDIU DRAGASTAN
1
and MILAN MIŠÍK
2
1
Department of Geology and Paleontology,
Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Bd. N. Balcescu no.1,
70111 Bucharest, Romania
Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Science,
Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 842 l5 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
(Manuscript received January 11, 2001; accepted in revised form June 13, 2001)
Abstract: Rare non-marine, Lower Cretaceous algae belonging to genera Broutinella Freytet, Plaziatella Freytet, Toutinella
Freytet, Koeniguerella Freytet and Wallnerella Freytet were described. New taxa are introduced: Toutinella lednicae
n.sp., T. freyteti n.sp., Wallnerella reticulata n.sp., Koeniguerella cretacea n.sp., and Dubrovnikiella slovakiensis n.sp.
Key words: Lower Cretaceous, Western Carpathians, non-marine algae.
Introduction
The Czorsztyn Unit in the Pieniny Klippen Belt contains shal-
low-water limestone deposits comprising the span Middle Ju-
rassic—Neocomian. They were deposited on a pelagic swell
(Mišík 1994). Rare small hiatuses were considered as the sub-
marine erosional breaks (Birkenmajer 1958). The total lack of
the Barremian-Aptian sediments and the stratigraphic contact
of Albian marly limestones with Upper Tithonian, Berriasian
and also Middle Jurassic limestones indicates a large pre-Albi-
an erosion during the emersion. The continental sediments
with manganese residual ores and interesting association of
non-marine algae with thalli and tubes-filaments partly filled
by Mn-oxides, discovered recently will be described. From the
point of paleo-algology, it is interesting that in spite of shal-
low-water facies of Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous sediments of
the Czorsztyn Zone more than 400 km long, no marine algae
occur in them (with the one exception of Rivularia sp. from
neptunian dykes – Mišík & Sýkora 1993, Pl. I: Figs. 4, 5).
Geological setting
The described non-marine algae and cyanobacteria proceed
from two localities with manganese ores Mikušovce and Led-
nica (Fig. 1).
Occurrences of manganese deposits in Mikušovce were
known long ago (Andrusov et al. 1955, with older references).
The manganese ores occur in two types: crusts of marine hard-
ground nature in red pseudonodular limestones of Callovian—
Oxfordian age and redeposited continental manganese accu-
mulations in clefts and pockets of crinoidal limestones of
Bajocian—Bathonian age.
Another small locality was recently discovered near the en-
trance to the ruin of Lednica Castle (6 km from Mikušovce)
(Fig. 2).
The isolated rock 3 m high consists of pink Kimmeridgian-
Lower Tithonian limestones with Saccocoma microfacies,
contains three pockets 20—40 cm in diameter filled with Mn-
oxides accumulations. In contrast to the rich microfauna of the
surrounding Jurassic limestones, they include no marine or-
ganisms, only non-marine algae, some lithoclasts from the sur-
rounding limestone and also a lithoclast of Lower Berriasian
Calpionella-bearing limestone. A transgression of Albian on
the Lower Berriasian limestome accompanied by pelecypod
borings can be seen nearby.
At the locality of Mikušovce the filling consisting of manga-
nese residual sediments contains insoluble residues like quartz
grains, fragments of dedolomites, silcretes etc. As the whole
succession is in an inverted position, the accumulation of re-
sidual ores had to take place before the tectonic paroxysm.
Then the emersion with sporadic continental sediments depos-
ited in small pools took place during the Barremian—Aptian,
which is the most probable age for the described algae.
Paleoalgological description
Non-marine algae
Genus Broutinella Freytet l998
Broutinella ramulosa Freytet l998
(Fig. 3.l—3 )
l998 Broutinella ramulosa n.sp. Freytet, p. l5, Plate IX l-j, Fig. 11.
Paratypes: Fig. 3.1—3, Lower Cretaceous. Thin section No.
24705, 1 Coll. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Fac-
ulty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Bratislava.
Description: Thalli composed by groups of “shrubs” with
very fine, internal laminations growing vertically and laterally.
Some coarse laminations crossed by filaments of 4—10
µ
m,
230 DRAGASTAN and MIŠÍK
Fig. 1. Situation of localities with non-marine algae.
which have a radial fabric preserved in micrite (Fig. 3.3). The
groups (= shrubs) reach 3—4 mm high and have branches l50—
400
µ
m in diameter.
Discussion: Freytet (1998) observed that this species is rare,
but proceeds from an encrustation of l—2 cm on a branch most-
ly associated with very diverse forms of Broutinella arvernen-
sis. The shrubs (branches) begin at the same level, have small
or narrow bases growing up and overlapping each-other, com-
posed to the top of the thallus of fan-shaped lobes. This kind of
growth stimulates coarse sparitic laminations, more or less
equal in rate of accumulation. The laminations follow a regu-
lar succession (Fig. 3.3). The micritic filaments have a radial
fabric and crossed the central part of the shrubs. The spar-cal-
cite is distributed in the periphery of the fan-shaped lobes.
The stratigraphical span of Broutinella ramulosa was from
Lower Cretaceous to Oligocene (Freytet l998).
Broutinella arvernensis f. copiaesparitica Freytet 1998
(Fig. 3.4)
1998 Broutinella arvernensis f. copiaesparitica n.sp. and n. forma
Freytet, p.13, Pl.XII c—d—e.
Paratype: Fig. 3.4, Lower Cretaceous. Thin section No.
25657, 2 Coll. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Fac-
ulty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak
Republic.
Description: Thallus columnar, 4—8 mm high and 2—4 mm
wide disposed at the base on Plaziatella colleniaeformis
Freytet. The columnar edifice is crossed by fine filaments with
5—8
µ
m in diameter, more or less preserved only to the base or
to the top of algal construction (Fig. 3.4). Due to the strong re-
crystallization the buildup is almost entirely sparitic in the
case of forma copiaesparitica sensu Freytet 1998.
The lamination is not so clear, sometimes micrite-spots like
small inclusions are preserved. The layers making continous,
planar mini-folded “beds”.
The species has a large variability of “forms”, and some dif-
ficult to designate or to interpret irregularities of growth.
Discussion: Broutinella arvernensis Freytet is the main or-
ganism of the ministromatolitic buildups, together with other
alga, Plaziatella colleniaeformis Freytet forming different
“stages” of accumulation at the surface of lamination sets.
This species-form could be an indicator of the environment
controlled at the proximity of the water surface, in a flat lacus-
trine area.
The species was described by Freytet from the Limagne
d’Allier, Central France, Oligocene. Recently, it was also
identified in the Serpulit Formation (Berriasian) of Weserber-
gland, NW Germany by Dragastan & Richter (2001).
NON-MARINE LOWER CRETACEOUS ALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA 231
Genus Plaziatella Freytet l998
Plaziatella colleniaeformis Freytet 1998
(Fig. 3.5)
1998 Plaziatella colleniaeformis n.sp. Freytet, p. 9, Pl. IX g—h—i and Pl.
X a—c, Fig. 10 a—e.
Paratype: Fig. 3.5, Lower Cretaceous. Thin section No.
25657, 2 Coll. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Fac-
ulty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak
Republic.
Description: Thallus calcareous resembling the form of
stromatolite Collenia. It is disposed on the base of Broutinella
arvernensis buildups (Fig. 3.5). Each micritic layer corre-
sponds to one lamina and the superimposition of several lami-
nae take the aspect of Collenia.
The filaments 5—l0—l5
µ
m in diameter preserved like mi-
crite-inclusions and small fenestrae (Fig. 3.4f). The last ones
interpretable as the beginning of differenciation of fascicles.
Discussion: Plaziatella colleniaeformis Freytet is respons-
able for lamination of Collenia type in hypo- or hypersaline
waters (Freytet 1998). In living laminated tufas Plaziatella pre-
sents various assemblages of Schizothrix (pulvinata, fascicula-
ta), Pleurocapsa or other Cyanophytes, Chlorophytes, desmids
and diatoms.
This species is frequently associated with Broutinella arv-
ernensis on the base of buildup (Fig. 3.4).
The stratigraphic range of Plaziatella colleniaeformis is
from Permian to Recent. In the molassic series of Upper Creta-
ceous—Eocene from Languedoc and Provence this species oc-
curs in association with Broutinella, being found also in fluvial
oncolites (Freytet 1998).
Genus Toutinella Freytet 1997
Toutinella lednicae n.sp.
(Fig. 3.6 and Fig. 5.7—9 )
Derivatio nominis: from type locality Lednica, Slovakia.
Holotype: Fig. 5.7, Lower Cretaceous. Thin section No.
25454, 3 Coll. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Fac-
ulty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak
Republic.
Isotypes: Fig. 3.6; Fig. 5.8—9, Lower Cretaceous. Thin sec-
tion No. 25454, 3 Coll. Department of Geology and Paleontol-
ogy, Faculty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Bratisla-
va, Slovak Republic.
Diagnosis: Thallus composed of small, digitiform branched
bushes, parallel to each other crossed by dichotomic branched
filaments, sometimes like Ortonella, closely packed with mi-
crocrystalline calcite filling and thin, white sparite coating.
Filaments disposed in small fascicles. The transverse section
never circular, but petaloid or oval-ellipsoidal.
Description: Thallus: branched, formed by finger like
small columns like growing bushes. Filaments mostly dichot-
omic branched like Ortonella with larger diameter in the distal
parts. In the transverse section the filaments show a petaloid
shape (Fig. 5.9). Two or four filaments grouped in fascicles.
Dimensions in mm:
Height of thallus (H) – 2.0—3.0; width of thallus (W) –
3.0—4.0; height of finger-branch (h) – 2.0—2.2; width of fin-
ger branch (w) – 0.60—0.80; diameter of filaments: proximal
(dp) – 0.0l0; distal (dd) – 0.0l5—0.020; diameter of fascicles
(df) – 0.050—0.l5.
Discussion: Toutinella lednicae n.sp. can be compared with
T. hispanica Freytet l997 from the Miocene of Spain. Differs
from this species by the reduced number of filaments (2—4)
grouped in fascicles, by sparitic coating and a petaloid shape
in transversal section. The initial needles of calcite coatings
recrystallized to blocky sparite crystals as in thermal springs,
hypersaline waters or in fluviatile deposits.
The taxonomical status of Toutinella remain open, Cyano-
phyceae (Schizothrix) or Rhodophyceae/Phaeophyceae.
Toutinella freyteti n.sp.
(Fig. 4.l—8)
Derivatio nominis: Species dedicated to Pierre Freytet for
his important contributions to the knowledge of non-marine
algae from the Phanerozoic.
Holotype: Fig. 4.l (H on the right side of the photo), Lower
Cretaceous. Thin section No. 25454, 3 Coll. Department of
Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Science, J.A. Comenius
University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Isotypes: Fig. 4.2—8, Lower Cretaceous. Thin sections No.
25454 and No. 24907, 4 Coll. Department of Geology and Pa-
leontology, Faculty of Science, J.A. Comenius University,
Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Diagnosis: Thallus formed by large, columnar edifices,
mostly branched including fan-shaped bushes. The bushes are
crossed by dichotomic branched filaments, large in diameter
making fascicles with over 6 filaments. The filaments and fas-
cicles filled with microcrystalline calcite, sometime large
Fig. 2. Rock containing pockets filled with Mn-deposits close to
the entrance of Lednica Castle.
232 DRAGASTAN and MIŠÍK
NON-MARINE LOWER CRETACEOUS ALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA 233
sparitic area marked by subrhombic or rhombic crystals as
“coating”.
Description: Thallus erected, vertical, composed of colum-
nar, large, fan-shaped bushes (Fig. 4.l,2,6). Each columnar
branch is crossed by dichotomic filaments filled with microc-
rystalline calcite. The filaments are coated with thick layer of
sparite included in large, subconical fascicles. Over 6 fila-
ments in each fascicle. The fascicles (Fig. 4.3f) consist of sub-
rhombic or rhombic large crystal of calcite (Fig. 4.5).
In the transverse section the columnar branch has an irregu-
lar, triangular shape (Fig. 4.5).
Dimensions in mm:
H – 3.0—4.0; W – 3.0—5.0; h – 2.0—4.0; w – l.0—l.5; dp
– 0.005—0.0l0; dd – 0.0l5; df – 0.20—0.35.
Discussion: Toutinella freyteti n.sp. is close to T. lednicae
n.sp., but differs by the large columnar branches, subconical
shape of fascicles and many filaments grouped in fascicles.
The new species can also be compared with T. sardiniana f.
conica Freytet from the Permian of Sardinia which show fasci-
cles of fan-like shape.
Toutinella freyteti n.sp. was found together with Wallnerella
reticulata n.sp., the last one disposed on the base of Toutinella
thallus (Fig. 4.5W).
Genus Wallnerella Freytet l997
Wallnerella reticulata n.sp.
(Fig. 3.7—8)
Derivatio nominis: “reticulata” from the disposition like a
network of crystals between the filament-fascicles.
Holotype: Fig. 3.7, Lower Cretaceous. Thin section No.
25666, Czorsztyn Succession, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Lednica,
Coll. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of
Science, J.A. Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Re-
public.
Isotype: Fig. 3.8, Lower Cretaceous. Thin section No.
25666, Czorsztyn Succession, Pienniny Klippen Belt, Ledni-
ca, Coll. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of
Science, J.A. Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Re-
public.
Diagnosis: Thallus, crustose-lamellar, crossed by very fine
filaments grouped in fascicles (Fig. 3.7f). The filaments pre-
served in a mass of coarsely crystalline calcite, variable in
shape. In transverse section the shape of thallus-crust is circu-
lar and the fascicles are radially disposed (Fig. 3.8).
Description: Thallus lamellar, crustose, the upper part
wavy-undulose, formed by very fine filaments grouped in
large, vertical fan-shaped fascicles (Fig. 3.7f). The filament-
fascicles mostly preserved in blocky calcite crystals (light
sparite) and have different shape and sizes (Fig. 3.8). In the
transverse section the shape of thallus crust is circular and the
filament-fascicles are disposed radially (Fig. 3.8).
Dimensions in mm:
Height of thallus crust (H) – 1.67—2.00; width of thallus
crust (W) – 1.08—1.40; diameter of filaments (df) – 0.004;
diameter of fascicles (dfa) – 0.27.
Discussion: Wallnerella reticulata n.sp. is comparable with
W. fascinans Freytet l997 from subfossil tufa of Baume-les-
Messieurs, Jura. The new species differs by the shape of its fil-
ament fascicles, by missing of successive generations of fasci-
cles, the variable sizes and shape of calcite crystals and no
states of growth.
In subfossil samples, Wallnerella is in an intense, early di-
agenetic stage which affects the edifices of Oocardium
(Freytet 1997).
Genus Koeniguerella Freytet 1997
Koeniguerella alpina f. compacta Freytet 1997
(Fig. 4.9)
1997 Koeniguerella alpina f. compacta n.sp.n. forma
–
Freytet, p.
317, Pl. Va,b,c (1).
Paratype: Fig. 4.9, Lower Cretaceous, Mikušovce. Thin
section No. 25491, 5 Coll. Department of Geology and Pale-
ontology, Faculty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Brat-
islava, Slovak Republic.
Description: Thallus bulbous, fan shaped, crossed by recti-
linear fine filaments, 5—l0
µ
m in diameter grouped in jet-trian-
gular fascicles, l50—200
µ
m in diameter to the distal part. The
fascicles only of the first order, very compact or packed.
Dimensions in mm: width of the thallus (W) – 0.34; diam-
eter of filaments (df) – 0.0015.
Fig. 3. l—3 – Broutinella ramulosa Freytet 1998; l—2 – Thalli in
vertical sections, composed by groups of “shrubs” with internal
laminations crossed by fine filaments with a radial disposition; 3
– enlarged thallus-shrub with coarse lamination crossed by fila-
ments preserved in micrite and some parts in sparite. Thin section
No. 24705, Lednica. 4—5 – Broutinella arvernensis Freytet l998
(B) and to the base Plaziatella colleniaeformis Freytet 1998 (P); 4
– B. arvernensis f. copiaesparitica Freytet 1998; thallus erect-
digitate, columnar with sparitic laminae and some dark micritic
area of simple or bifurcate short filaments. This species is the
main organism of the stromatolitic buildups from the Lednica
area. Thin section No. 25675; 5 – Plaziatella colleniaeformis
Freytet 1998, thallus disposed to the base of Broutinella arvernen-
sis (see Fig. 4). It is possible to see alternative distribution be-
tween planar, undulating micritic layer (one lamination) and the
superimposition of several sparitic laminations similar in aspect to
Collenia, Mikušovce. Thin section No. 25675, small “fenestrae”
occur interpretable as beginning of fascicles. 6 – Toutinella ledni-
cae n.sp. Isotype. Thallus erect-digitiform strongly branched,
crossed by fine filaments grouped in fascicles, Lednica. Thin sec-
tion No. 25454. 7—8 – Wallnerella reticulata n.sp.; 7 – Holotype.
Thin section No. 25666/ns – thallus crustose composed of
branched filaments between trangular, rhombic or subrhombic
crystals of sparite in a reticulum of successive generations of fas-
cicles; 8 – Cross-section, thallus with characteristic pattern distri-
bution of sparite fascicles in four rhomboidal network fascicles.
Isotype. Thin section No. 25666, non-marine algae in the residual
manganolite, filling a pocket in Kimmeridgian-Lower Tithonian
limestone, Czorsztyn Succession, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Lednica.
9 – Micritic limestone with articles and plates of Saccocoma and
brecciated pocket filled with residual manganolite, Kimmerid-
gian—Lower Tithonian. Thin section No. 25453, Lednica.
All holotypes and isotypes deposited in Coll. Department of Geol-
ogy & Paleontology, Faculty of Science, J.A.Comenius University,
Bratislava, Slovakia.
▲
234 DRAGASTAN and MIŠÍK
NON-MARINE LOWER CRETACEOUS ALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA 235
Discussion: Freytet (1997) described this species as subfos-
sil and living on moss tufa from Fôret de Saou (Drôme). We
found this species in the brown matrix of carbonate breccia
(predominantly Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian limestone
cherts) in Mikušovce area, near the refuse pile of a gallery
prospecting for manganese ore.
Koeniguerella cretacea n.sp.
(Fig. 5.1—3)
Derivatio nominis: from Cretaceous deposits.
Holotype: Fig. 5.3, Lower Cretaceous. Thin section No.
25657, Mikušovce, 2 Coll. Department of Geology and Pale-
ontology, Faculty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Brat-
islava, Slovak Republic.
Isotypes: Fig. 5.l—2, Lower Cretaceous. Thin section No.
25657, Mikušovce, 2 Coll. Department of Geology and Pale-
ontology, Faculty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Brat-
islava, Slovak Republic.
Diagnosis: Thallus fasciculate, composed of fan-shaped
bushes. Each bush is crossed by a group of dichotomic fila-
ments lined more or less by a sparitic coating. The filaments
are disposed in triangular fascicles, in the proximal part they
have a punctiform base, becoming larger in the distal part. The
filament fascicles disposed bilateral along the axis of the bush.
Description: Thallus built by fan-shaped bushes flaring to
the distal margin. Thallus-fasciculate crossed by fine, dichoto-
mic filaments grouped in fascicles. The fascicles have a nar-
row base becoming triangular in shape to the distal end (Fig.
5.3f). The filament fascicles disposed symmetrical and bilater-
al along the main axis of the bush. The filaments, dichotomic
branched are small in diameter, fine and parallel to each other.
The filaments are filled by microcrystalline calcite and more
or less with a sparitic coating (Fig. 5.2).
Dimensions in mm:
Height of fan-shaped bush (Hb) – 0.60—0.80; width of fan-
shaped bush (Wb) – to the base – 0.35—0.40; diameter of the
fascicles: at the base – 0.030—0.050; at the distal part (dd) –
0.30—0.40; diameter of filaments (df) – 0.005—0.0l0.
Discussion: Koeniguerella cretacea n.sp. is comparable
with K. marocana Freytet and K. pyrenaica Freytet, first a
subfossil and second a living species.
K. marocana show lanceolate fascicles forming “elementary
colonies compact or lobate rounded” sensu Freytet (l997).
The second species K. pyrenaica differs also by the fila-
ments fascicles, more or less rounded in shape.
Freytet (1997) argued that “the distinction between the di-
verse species of Koeniguerella (alpina, fruticosa, robusta,
pyrenaica, marocana, sequanensis) is based on the filament
diameter, the size and the shape of elementary fascicles”.
The stratigraphical span of the genus Koeniguerella is
Pliocene to Recent (Freytet 1997).
The taxonomic position of different species of Koeniguerel-
la (alpina, pyrenaica and marocana) are “certainly different
forms of growth of Oocardium stratum” probably related to a
particular environment, chironomid tufa, moss tufa, sub-
merged substrate or seeping (Freytet l997).
The other species, K. sequanensis and K. robusta could be
attributed to Chetophorales, like species of Gongrosira, or to
other Chlorophyceae and even Cyanophyceae (Freytet l997).
Genus Dubrovnikiella Dragastan 1990
Dubrovnikiella slovakiensis n.sp.
(Fig. 5.4—6)
Derivatio nominis: from Slovakia.
Holotype: Fig. 5.4 (specimen with H), Lower Cretaceous.
Thin section No. 25657, 2 Coll. Department of Geology and
Paleontology, Faculty of Science, J.A. Comenius University,
Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Isotypes: Fig. 5.5—6, Lower Cretaceous. Thin section No.
25657, 2 Coll. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Fac-
ulty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak
Republic.
Diagnosis: Thallus formed by small bushes, quadrangular
in shape having an “emtpy” hollow filled by sparite (Fig. 5.4).
The bushes have a disposition between them at different an-
gles (40—90°). Each bush consists of two kinds of filaments:
trichotomic, subrhomboidal (Fig. 5.4bt) and dichotomic (bifur-
cate), filiform, small in diameter (Fig. 5.4bd), which do not
start from the trichotomic filaments.
Description: Thallus irregular in shape, composed of qua-
drangular bushes crossed in central part by a large cavity (Fig.
5.4—6). The “emtpy” hollow filled with sparite has an irregular
tubular shape. The bushes show a basal part, equal with the
distal ones. The bushes on the both sides present thin filiform
filaments, small in diameter. The filaments consist of two
types: trichotomic and dichotomic successive branched fila-
ments, mostly preserved in sparite (Fig. 5.4). The bushes dis-
posed at different angle varying from 40° to 90°.
Dimensions in mm:
Heigth of the bush (H) – 00.50—0.60; width of the bush
(W) – 0.30—0.35; diameter of cavity (c) – 0.060—0.080; di-
ameter of filaments: base of trichotomic filaments (dbt) –
Fig. 4. l—8 – Toutinella freyteti n.sp.; 1 – Holotype (H in the right
side of the photo). Thin section No. 25454, thallus, branched,
formed by several bushes crossed by radiating filaments grouped in
fascicle, strongly calcified; 2 – Isotype. Axial-vertical section
showing the micritic dichotomic branched filaments and the spar
coating; 3—4, 6—8 – Isotypes. Thalli in vertical or oblique sections,
the filaments grouped in fascicles; 5 – Isotype. Oblique cross-sec-
tion with distribution of filaments (micritic) and strong spar crystals
as coating. In the right corner of the photo Wallnerella reticulata
(W). 9 – Koeniguerella alpina f. compacta Freytet 1997; thallus
hemispherical built by very packed triangular fascicles in a brown
matrix of carbonate breccia (predominantly of Oxfordian and Kim-
meridgian limestone cherts). Thin section No. 25491, Mikušovce,
close to the refuse pile of a gallery for prospecting manganese ore.
All holotypes and isotypes deposited in Coll. Department of Geolo-
gy & Paleontology, Faculty of Science, J.A.Comenius University,
Bratislava, Slovakia.
▲
236 DRAGASTAN and MIŠÍK
NON-MARINE LOWER CRETACEOUS ALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA 237
0.040; diameter after branching (dbr) – 0.020 and in the distal
part (dd) – 0.010; diameter of dichotomic filament (df) –
0.010; angles between bushes 40—90°.
Discussion: Dubrovnikiella slovakiensis n.sp. from the
Lower Cretaceous non-marine facies is comparable with D. il-
lyrica Dragastan 1990 described from the Neocomian marine
limestone of Dubrovnik (Croatia). It differs from the marine
species by a different shape of the bushes, a different mode of
disposition of filaments and lack of continuation between tri-
chotomic and dichotomic filaments like in marine species. The
bushes present a central “emtpy” hollow filled with sparite.
Could be a Chlorophycean alga.
Acknowledgments: The authors wish to express their grati-
tude to Dr. P. Freytet (France), to Prof. Dr. J. Kaźmierczak
(Poland) and to Dr. J. Soták (Slovakia) for their valuable com-
ments.
References
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nese ores of Slovakia. II. Manganese ores in the Klippen Belt
of the Middle Vah Valley. Geol. Sbor. Slov. Akad. Vied 6, 104—
118 (in Slovak with French summary).
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Fig. 5. 1—3 – Koeniguerella cretacea n.sp.; 3 – Holotype. Thin section No. 25657. Thallus composed of the fan-shaped bushes crossed by
dichotomic filaments grouped in long fascicles (f) disposed bilaterally along the axis; l—2 – Isotypes at l in the middle of photo the holo-
type. Thalli and small fan-shaped bushes; 3 – Replaced by gypsum. 4—6 – Dubrovnikiella slovakiensis n.sp.; 4 – Holotype. Thin section
No. 25657. Thallus built by quadrangular small bushes disposed between them at angles of 40—90°. Bushes crossed by two kind of filaments,
trichotomic (bt) and dichotomic (bd); 5—6 – Isotypes. Thin section No. 25657. Thalli bushes with different angles of disposition, central
cavity and filaments disposed bilaterally along the axis. 7—9 – Toutinella lednicae n.sp.; 7 – Holotype. Thin section No. 25454. Thallus
delicate, digitiform, closely branched crossed by filament fascicles in successive manner, axial vertical section; 8 – Isotype. Tangential sec-
tion in two finger branches showing the micritic filaments and the sparitic coating of fascicles (c); 9 – Isotype. Thin section No. 25454,
cross-section in thallus colonies.
All holotypes and isotypes deposited in Coll. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Faculty of Science, J.A. Comenius University, Brat-
islava, Slovakia.
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