GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 51, 5, BRATISLAVA, OCTOBER 2000
345351
Introduction
In the Popradská kotlina Basin as well as in the County of
Spi archaeological excavations were realized on several
sites in the past. Some of the documented Neolithic/Ae-
neolithic and Early Bronze Age implements are deposited in
the Podtatranské múzeum in Poprad. From the set of arte-
facts we studied about 60 thin sections. Among them 6 thin
sections is represented by rock-types containing also blue
amphibole (Fig. l). Typological ranking and description of
the raw material types used for implements construction are
presented in details in paper by Hovorka & Soják (1997).
Glaucophane schists (blueschists) are a rarely occurring
rock-type in central Europe. Their occurrences are described
from several geological units. In spite of the fact that the ma-
jority of blueschist bodies have been known since the begin-
ning of the 20th century, it is only in the very last years that
their geodynamic setting has served as the main subject of
intensive studies. Petrological studies become more effective
by the use of electron microprobe in determination of the
composition of the blueschist rock-forming minerals of indi-
vidual occurrences. Systematic petrographic studies of the
raw materials used by the Neolithic/Aeneolithic populations
living in the territory of the modern Slovak Republic resulted
in acceptance of the idea of long-distance transport of at least
some stone artefacts (tools, weapons) from their source areas
(Illáová & Hovorka 1995; Hovorka & Illáová 1996; Hovor-
ka et al. 1997, 1998). On the other hand, in some places raw
material of very local provenance was used (Banská et al.
1998).
Central European blueschist occurrences
At present the following occurrences of the blueschist are
known in central Europe (Fig. 1):
1) Bodies of deca- to hectometre dimensions were already
known by the end of the l9th century (references in Kamen-
ický 1957) from the Meliata Unit cropping out within the
belt on the southern rim of the Slovak Karst (Fig. l, area l).
On the basis of the results of pioneering works by Kamen-
ický (1957) and Reichwalder (1973), petrological studies in
detail (Faryad 1995; Faryad & Henjes-Kunst 1997) were car-
ried out in the last years. Some aspects of the problem were
also studied by Ivan & Kronome (1996). Up to now informa-
tion has been presented in a paper by Faryad (1997a).
2) In recent years, in eastern Slovakia, two pebbles (6
×
3
×
4
and 3
×
2
×
2 cm) of glaucophane schists from a small outcrop
of Lower Cretaceous polymict conglomerates assigned to the
Krína Nappe (unit) were described in detail (Ivan & Sýkora
1993).
3) Other blueschist pebbles in conglomerates have been
described from the following occurrences:
a) One pebble of blueschist was reported by Zoubek
(1931) from the Paleogene conglomerates located close to
the Pieniny Klippen Belt in the valley of the river Orava.
b) Detritus of blue amphiboles described by Miík (1976)
from the Pieniny Klippen Belt in the Váh river valley. Blue-
schist pebble problems was later studied by several authors
(Martin 1991; Dal Piaz et al. 1995). A summary, and new re-
sults based on 24 pebble studies from the above mentioned
geological unit is presented in paper by Faryad (1997b).
NEOLITHIC/AENEOLITHIC BLUESCHIST AXES:
NORTHERN SLOVAKIA
DUAN HOVORKA
1
, SERGEY KORIKOVSKY
2
and MARIÁN SOJÁK
3
1
Faculty of Science, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
2
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny per.
35, ZH-109017 Moscow, Russian Federation
3
Podtatranské múzem, Vajanského 72/4, Poprad, Slovak Republic
(Manuscript received March 10, 2000; accepted in revised form June 20, 2000)
Abstract: In a set of stone artefacts from sites located in the Popradská kotlina Basin and in the County of Spi
(northern Slovakia) we, among others, also identified axes made from blueschist. We consequently studied four of
them using electron microprobe. Blueschists, raw material of mentioned axes, are composed of glaucophane, omphacite,
garnet, albite, zoisite and other minerals in a subordinate amount. The composition of genetically significant blueschist
phases is used to discuss the provenance of this raw material type. Comparing the presented composition of the
blueschist minerals with those of the blueschist bodies known in surrounding geological units we incline to derive the
raw material of the blueschist implements found in northern Slovakia from the blueschist occurrences in the Mesozoic
Meliata Unit (southeastern Slovakia).
Key words: Northern Slovakia, Neolithic/Aeneolithic, Meliata Unit, implements, raw material, blueschists.
346 HOVORKA, KORIKOVSKY and SOJÁK
c) Blueschist pebbles were reported among pebbles of the
Upper Cretaceous polymict conglomerates of the small (Gos-
au type) basin near the Dobiná Ice Cave (Hovorka et al.
1990).
4) Glaucophane schists are known to occur in several geo-
logical units of the Western Sudetes (NE part of the Bohemi-
an Massif) from the territory of the Czech Republic as well
as from Poland. They are known from:
a) the elezný Brod crystalline complex, where Fediuk
(1962) and later Cháb & Vrána (1979) and Quiraud & Burg
(1984) described metatuffs of basic volcanics with blue am-
phibole,
b) another occurrence is located in the eastern rim of the
Krkonoe Mts. (Smulikowski 1995). The Radèice Group
crystalline complex (the Rýchory Mts.) bears typical mafic
blueschists, which have been described in detail by Patoèka
et al. (1996).
c) Blueschists are also known to occur in the metamorphic
complexes of the Kaczawa Mts. (Kryza et al. 1990).
5) In the Rechnitz Unit of the Eastern Alps on the Austri-
an-Hungarian frontier small bodies of glaucophane schist are
known. They were described in the very last years by Kubov-
ics (1983) and Lelkes-Felvári (1982).
Mineralogy and petrology
Gluacophane schists are the raw material of the artefacts
from the following sites (in the text we use the original num-
bering):
Spiská Nová Ves-Smiianska Roveò (2/95, 28/95),
Smiany-Hradisko (385/85)
Poprad-Matejovce (pit III, M-20-40)
Hôrka
fragment with denomination Spi x 2708
Artefacts made from the gluacophane schists are dark-grey
with a bluish tint, and very fine-grained. On the basis of their
thin section appearence they do not belong to one rock type:
four glaucophane schist axes are comparable to each other.
They are represented by very fine-grained massive or slightly
schistose rock without relics of primary (pre-blueschist de-
velopment) mineral association or primary fabric. The lead-
ing rock-forming mineral is dark blue amphibol of long-co-
lumnar habit, with a felty character at terminations. In this
rock type small crystals of clinopyroxene are also present as
well as those of garnet, phengite, albite, titanite, quartz, bi-
otite, zoisite and other minerals. A summary of the composi-
tion of the stable mineral phases present is expressed in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. A Blueschist occurrences in central Europe: l. the Meliata Unit, 2. blueschist pebbles in the Lower Cretaceous conglomerates,
3: a. blueschist pebble in the Paleogene conglomerate in the Orava river valley, b. blueschist pebbles in the Cretaceous conglomerates of
the Pieniny Klippen belt, c. blueschist pebbles in the Upper Cretaceous conglomerates by the Dobiná Ice Cave, 4. geological units of
Western Sudetes with blueschists occurrences, 5. the Rechnitz Unit of the Eastern Alps with blueschist occurrences. Shaded area to the
SE of the Tatry Mts. area is presented in Fig. B. B Location of artefacts studied (x).
NEOLITHIC/AENEOLITHIC BLUESCHIST AXES 347
Mineral
Na-Amph (Gln)
Act
Sample
2/95
385/85
M-20-40
Hôrka
2708
385/85
SiO
2
54.27
53.26
56.70
54.84
54.24
55.65
55.93
56.90
56.48
57.32
56.83
54.99
TiO
2
-
0.03
0.05
0.22
-
0.10
-
-
0.07
0.01
0.05
-
Al
2
O
3
9.07
9.59
8.19
9.64
9.99
10.93
9.56
10.07
11.81
10.80
9.97
0.77
FeO
21.53
20.83
13.74
21.41
21.25
12.00
13.04
12.34
12.47
12.42
13.37
14.57
MnO
0.13
0.15
0.04
0.12
0.24
0.15
0.23
0.05
0.03
-
0.07
0.28
MgO
4.64
4.88
10.17
3.63
3.61
9.78
10.14
10.00
8.71
9.35
9.37
15.22
CaO
0.89
1.95
0.44
0.41
0.22
1.02
0.52
0.81
0.71
0.44
0.69
11.63
Na
2
O
6.99
7.04
7.67
7.17
7.55
7.36
7.43
7.19
7.33
7.67
7.17
0.63
K
2
O
0.04
0.08
-
0.01
-
-
-
0.02
-
0.01
0.01
0.13
Total
97.56
97.81
97.00
97.45
97.10
96.99
96.85
97.38
97.61
98.02
97.53
98.22
Si
7.84
7.75
7.92
7.94
9.89
7.75
7.79
7.87
7.82
7.90
7.88
7.86
Al
IV
0.16
0.25
0.08
0.06
0.11
0.25
0.21
0.13
0.18
0.10
0.18
0.14
Al
VI
1.38
1.39
1.27
1.59
1.60
1.54
1.36
1.51
1.75
1.65
1.45
-
Ti
-
-
0.01
0.02
-
0.01
-
-
0.01
-
0.01
-
Fe
3+
0.53
0.25
0.59
0.28
0.30
0.39
0.70
0.45
0.23
0.27
0.48
0.40
Fe
2+
2.07
2.28
1.01
2.31
2.28
1.01
0.82
0.97
1.21
1.16
1.07
1.34
Mn
0.02
0.02
-
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.01
-
-
0.01
0.03
Mg
1.00
1.06
2.12
0.78
0.78
2.03
2.10
2.06
1.80
1.92
1.93
3.24
Ca
0.14
0.30
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.15
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.06
0.10
1.78
Na
1.96
1.98
2.08
2.01
2.13
1.99
2.00
1.93
1.97
2.05
1.93
0.17
K
0.01
0.01
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.02
X
Fetot
0.72
0.71
0.43
0.77
0.77
0.41
0.42
0.41
0.45
0.43
0.45
0.35
Table 1: Microprobe analyses of Na-amphiboles and actinolite from blueschists (archaeological artefacts).
The complicated metamorphic history of this type of raw
material is also documented by hair-like veinlets filled up by
2nd generation albite, zoisite and chlorite. Glaucophane
schist artefacts containig garnet were found on the sites of
Spiská Nová Ves-Smiianska Roveò (2/95) and Smiany-
Hradisko (385/85). From the above mentioned types of raw
material of the Neolithic/Aeneolithic implements (Plate I)
we have carried out studies in detail.
In contrast to the rock-type characterized, above another
fragment of axe from the site of Smiianska Roveò (28/95) is
made from a different type of blueschist, represented by part-
ly glaucophanized basalt with preserved ophitic fabric and
primary (magmatic) clinopyroxene and ilmenite. The catego-
ry of glaucophanized rocks also includes an artefact from the
Hôrka site. In this case, the implement represents glaucopha-
nized basalt/gabbro, in which blue amphibol overgrows acti-
nolitic amphibole. For the time being we have concentrated
on problems of the first type of blueschists (= 4 axes).
Blue amphibole
Deep blue pleochroic (following the gama direction) long
columnar amphibole forms the dominant phase of the blue-
schists. The morphology of the amphibole crystals represents
the favourable physical aspect of the given rock-type to be
used as a raw material.
The results of microprobe studies on the blue amphiboles
(Table 1) are summarized as follows: i) In various thin sec-
tions, the analysed amphiboles have a generally uniform
composition, i) in the amphiboles classification (Leake 1978)
they correspond to glaucophane and ferroglaucophane, while
2 analyses are projected into the field of crossite (Fig. 3).
Their position near the boundary to the glaucophane and fer-
roglaucophane fields does not disturb the generally uniform
and compact projection field in the above mentioned plot, i)
CaO content is low, in one case it is over 1 weight per cent, i)
the Al
2
O
3
contents are similar in all analysed crystals: they
vary in the range between 8.19 and 11.81 weight per cent
(Table l). The majority of analyses fall into the range 910
weight per cent. i) Permanently high Na
2
O content (over 7
per cent) indicates formation of the given rock-type under
high pressure conditions.
Fig. 2. Phase relations of the blueschist-made implements on the
Al : Ca : Mg, Fe
2+
, Mn plot. Ep epidote-group minerals, Grt
garnet, Chl chlorite, Act actinolite, Gln glaucophane,
Omp omphacite, Ab albite, Qtz quartz, Hem hematite,
Phn phengite, Bt biotite.
Formula based on 23 O and 13 cations
348 HOVORKA, KORIKOVSKY and SOJÁK
Pyroxene
Small (up to 0.3 mm) pyroxene xenoblasts are character-
ized by a very slight green tint of their pleochroic colour. In
comparison to amphiboles, pyroxene is not a frequent phase
(up to 10, mostly around 5 volume per cent). The pyroxene
analyses presented in Table 2 correspond to omphacite
(Morimoto et al. 1988), meanwhile one analysis is projected
in the field of aegirine-augite (Fig. 4). Elevated aegirine mol-
ecules are characteristic of the analysed clinopyroxenes. The
omphacite composition of the analysed clinopyroxenes are
close to those of the Meliata Unit blueschists clinopyroxenes
(see Faryad & Hoinkes 1999). The content of jadeite mole-
cule in the clinopyroxenes studied varies in the range 25.6
37.1 mol. Jd. The lowermost value corresponds to the aegir-
ine-augite (Fig. 4). The comparison to the clinopyroxenes of
the blueschists from the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Faryad
1997b) projected onto Fig. 4 (field I) shows their differences.
Fig. 3. Classification plot of amphiboles (Leake 1978). Fields I
and II composition of amphiboles from blueschist types I and II
from the Meliata Unit described by Faryad (l995). Arrows indicate
amphiboles composition zoning in direction core (c)rim (r). Full
dots plot of analysed amphiboles (Table l).
Mineral
Omp
Sample
Hôrka
2708
SiO
2
54.43
54.86
54.87
54.67
55.08
TiO
2
0.17
0.01
0.23
0.4
0.38
Al
2
O
3
6.09
7.71
8.94
8.58
8.90
FeO
14.36
9.25
6.85
11.24
10.67
MnO
0.35
0.23
0.09
0.18
0.10
MgO
5.64
7.63
8.36
5.67
6.18
CaO
9.54
12.45
13.18
9.54
9.77
Na
2
O
9.37
7.78
7.38
9.63
8.89
K
2
O
-
0.04
0.07
0.02
-
Total
99.85
99.96
99.95
99.93
99.97
Si
2.04
2.01
1.99
2.02
2.02
Al
IV
-
-
0.01
-
-
Al
VI
0.27
0.33
0.37
0.37
0.38
Ti
0.01
-
0.01
0.01
0.01
Fe
3+
0.41
0.22
0.14
0.32
0.25
Fe
2+
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.03
0.03
Mn
0.01
0.01
-
0.01
-
Mg
0.31
0.42
0.45
0.31
0.34
Ca
0.38
0.49
0.51
0.38
0.38
Na
0.68
0.55
0.52
0.69
0.63
K
-
-
-
-
-
X
Fetot
0.59
0.40
0.31
0.53
0.49
Jd
25.6
32.1
36.8
35.5
37.1
Ac
39.2
21.3
13.3
30.1
23.9
Aug
35.2
46.6
49.9
34.4
39.0
Table 2: Microprobe analyses of omphacite from blueschists (ar-
chaeological artefacts).
Fig. 4. Classification plot of pyroxenes (Morimoto et al. 1988).
Empty triangles and squares blueschist clinopyroxenes of the
Meliata Unit (Faryad 1997a). Field I projection plot of the cli-
nopyroxenes; the Pieniny Klippen Belt blueschists (Faryad l997b).
Full triangles plot of analysed clinopyroxenes (Table 2).
Plate I. Fig. 1. Cumuloblasts of carbonates (light) in massive ma-
trix of the glaucophane schist composed of fine-grained glau-
cophane, zoisite, albite, titanite and ore minerals. Poprad-Matejo-
vce, X polars. Fig. 2. Parallel fabric of the glaucophane schist with
perpendicular-oriented glaucophane (Gl) blasts with titanite enclo-
sures. Smiianska Roveò,
polars. Fig. 3. Parallel fabric of the
glaucophane schist. Light spots: Gl + Ab, grey: Gl, dark: Ti, ore
minerals. Smiianska Roveò, X polars. Fig. 4. Homogeneous,
fine-grained glaucophane schists with well pronounced foliation.
Poprad-Matejovce, X polars. Fig. 5. 1.5 mm veinlets filled up by
epidote + glaucophane II in massive glaucophane schist. Poprad-
Matejovce,
polars. Fig. 6. Glaucophane schist lighter irregu-
lar spots: Gl + Ab aggregates in fine-grained matrix of the rock
composed of Gl + Zo + Ab + Ti + ore minerals. Hôrka, X polars.
The content of the jadeite molecule in the presented analyses
is outside the content (3860 mol. Jd.) reported by Faryad (l.
c.) and in the presented analyses it varies in the range 3237
mol. per cent Jd. The analysed clinopyroxenes are compara-
ble to the clinopyroxenes from the Meliata Unit blueschist
reported by Faryad & Hoinkes (1999) and are different from
those of the blueschists from the Pieniny Klippen Belt (l.c.).
Garnet
In the studied glaucophane schist, garnet represents a char-
acteristic (in spite of accessory amount only) silicate phase
of the given rock. They are fine-grained (up to 0.2 mm),
mostly idioblastic. Garnet crystals bear features of composi-
tional zonality expressed by the change of their composition
in the direction corerim of crystals. This trend is evident on
▲
NEOLITHIC/AENEOLITHIC BLUESCHIST AXES 349
350 HOVORKA, KORIKOVSKY and SOJÁK
Fig. 5. Projections of analysed garnets in Pyr : Alm : Spes plot.
Full dots analysed garnets (Table 3 + additional analyses not
presented in Table 3). Other symbols projection plots of gar-
nets; the Meliata Unit blueschist (Faryad 1975), c core, r rim
of garnet crystals.
Mineral
Grt
Sample
2/95
M-20-40
core
rim
core
middle
rim
SiO
2
36.68
36.80
36.62
36.52
36.64
TiO
2
0.13
0.11
0.18
0.07
0.09
Al
2
O
3
20.40
20.74
20.61
20.80
20.91
FeO
19.15
25.61
25.78
25.47
27.26
MnO
14.19
4.96
8.24
8.56
6.64
MgO
0.12
0.42
0.24
0.16
0.10
CaO
9.30
11.03
8.29
8.17
8.32
Total
99.97
99.67
99.96
99.75
99.96
Alm
41.9
56.2
57.0
56.7
60.8
Sps
31.5
11.0
18.5
19.3
15.0
Prp
0.5
1.7
1.0
0.7
0.4
Grs
26.1
31.1
23.5
23.3
23.8
X
Fe
0.99
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
Table 3: Microprobe analyses of garnets from blueschists (archae-
ological artefacts).
Mineral
Bt
Phn
Chl
Ab
Ttn
Sample
2/95
2/95
M-20-40
2/95
M-20-40
M-20-40
2/95
385/85
SiO
2
36.35
51.63
51.29
50.30
24.40
24.24
68.62
30.81
30.89
TiO
2
0.51
0.19
0.14
0.30
-
-
-
37.40
37.48
Al
2
O
3
13.52
23.20
25.44
27.14
18.83
19.06
18.98
1.72
1.85
FeO
30.11
6.38
5.20
5.60
35.68
37.50
-
1.16
0.91
MnO
0.22
0.07
0.02
0.12
0.42
0.35
-
0.02
-
MgO
6.86
2.64
2.77
1.68
9.13
7.53
-
0.20
0.01
CaO
0.16
-
-
0.04
0.12
-
0.15
28.37
38.72
Na
2
O
0.14
0.23
0.13
0.27
0.12
0.04
11.67
-
-
K
2
O
8.57
10.29
10.72
10.18
-
-
0.05
-
-
Total
96.46
94.63
95.71
95.63
88.70
99.72
99.47
99.58
99.86
Si
2.88
3.53
3.46
3.39
2.71
2.71
Al
IV
1.12
0.47
0.54
0.61
1.29
1.29
Al
VI
0.14
1.40
1.48
1.55
1.17
1.22
Ti
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
-
-
Fe
2.00
0.36
0.29
0.32
3.31
3.51
Mn
0.01
-
-
0.01
0.04
0.03
Mg
0.81
0.27
0.28
0.17
1.51
1.26
Ca
0.01
-
-
-
0.01
-
Na
0.02
0.23
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.01
K
0.87
10.29
0.92
0.88
-
-
X
Fe
0.71
0.69
0.74
An 0.7
Table 4: Microprobe analyses of micas, chlorites, albite and titanites from blueschists (archaeological artefacts).
the Alm : Spes : Gros plot (Fig. 5). By comparing the trends
of composition change of individual garnet crystals, we con-
clude that by their composition and especially by the trend of
changes, the analysed garnets are comparable to garnets of
the lst group glaucophane schist reported by Faryad (1997a)
from the Meliata Unit.
Garnets from the blueschists of the Pieniny Klippen Belt
have not been reported yet, so comparison is impossible. The
composition of the other minerals is presented in Table 4.
Discussion and conclusion
The Neolithic/Aeneolithic stone artefacts deposited in the
Podtatranské múzeum in Poprad and studied by naked eyes
as well as in thin sections allow us to make the following es-
timation: raw material of 68 per cent of all artefacts corre-
spond to blueschists. From 6 pieces of which we have thin
sections at our disposal, we studied four in detail using elec-
tron microprobe. These 4 samples correspond to fine-grained
(0.20.4 mm) glaucophane schists s.s. (± garnet). The next
two are constructed from partly glaucophanized: a) basalt, b)
amphibolite.
The schistosity of blueschists probably reflects preferred
orientation of pre-blueschist mineral association fabric of the
original volcaniclastic rock. Beside leading blue amphibol
NEOLITHIC/AENEOLITHIC BLUESCHIST AXES 351
(glaucophane) in the rock under consideration, omphacite,
phengite, garnet, albite, quartz, titanite, zoisite, chlorite have
also been identified. This suggests that the glaucophane
schists of the Neolithic/Aeneolithic artefacts from the Coun-
ty of Spi and the Popradská kotlina Basin have the composi-
tion of standard glaucophane schists. In the case of blue
amphiboles they correspond to glaucophane and ferroglau-
cophane and are comparable to these minerals in the blue-
schists of the Meliata Unit. Similarly, the composition of the
analysed garnets is also comparable to the composition of the
garnets and trend of its changes in the blueschists of the
above mentioned geological unit. The analysed clinopy-
roxenes plotted in the diagram (Fig. 4) are projected precisely
in between the projection field of clinopyroxenes from the Me-
liata Unit blueschists and those of the Pieniny Klippen Belt.
Acknowledgment: Authors express their thanks to review-
ers for their suggestions, which helped to improve the pre-
sented text. The paper was written in the framework of the
Russian Foundation for Basic Researches, Grant No. 99-05-
64058, and represents the partial result of the IGCP/
UNESCO project No. 442.
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