GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 51, 5, BRATISLAVA, OCTOBER 2000
309324
Introduction
Green Shales with Radiolarians represent the most distinc-
tive horizon of the mid-Cretaceous of the Flysch Carpathians
(Sujkowski & Ró¿ycki 1930; Sujkowski 1932; Burtanówna
et al. 1933; Ksi¹¿kiewicz 1951; Koszarski 1956; Koszarski
et al. 1959; Liszkowa 1962; Liszkowa & Nowak 1962; Bieda
et al. 1963; Geroch et al. 1967, 1985; Kotlarczyk 1978, 1988;
Gzik 1990).
In the Polish Flysch Carpathians Green Shales are
present in the Silesian, Sub-Silesian and Skole units (op.
cit.). The thickness of these deposits changes from dozens of
centimetres to several meters. They mainly consist of green
shales with intercalations of black, grey and olive, silty or
calcareous shales, and sometimes they are intercalated with
red shales, green and red cherts and radiolarites. Clastic in-
tercalations are also present in the form of thin layers of fine-
and very fine-grained sandstone, sometimes with glauconite.
The lower part of this succession includes characteristic lay-
ers of ferromanganese concretions and black shales with
manganese incrustations, and a few layers of bentonite and
tuff which are usually situated just below the layer with fer-
romanganese concretions. This tuff has been dated as 91.4 ±
4.7 Ma (Van Couvering et al. 1981).
These deposits are the most completely developed within
the Silesian Unit of the Polish Flysch Carpathians (Fig. 1).
They have been named here jaspary cherts following
Ksi¹¿kiewicz (1951). Stratigraphically they are situated be-
tween the Lgota Beds (thin bedded flysch, the upper part of
which can be developed as the Mikuszowice Spongiolites)
and the Godula Beds (red shales or sandstone) (Fig. 2).
Green Shales with Radiolarians have been a subject of
lithological and biostratigraphical studies since the early
1930s. Previous authors dealing with micropaleontological
investigations focused their interests on foraminifers as the
most useful tool for biostratigraphical purposes (i.e. Lisz-
RADIOLARIA FROM THE UPPER CENOMANIANLOWER
TURONIAN DEPOSITS OF THE SILESIAN UNIT (POLISH
FLYSCH CARPATHIANS)
MARTA B¥K
Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2a, 30-063 Kraków, Poland; bak@ing.uj.edu.pl
Abstract: Upper Cenomanian to lower Turonian deposits of the Silesian Unit of the Polish Flysch Carpathians com-
prise a characteristic interval of green and black shales with manganese concrections, tuff and bentonites. These strata
are not only distinctive lithologically, but also contain a rich radiolarian fauna. Thirty-five species of Radiolaria have
been identified. Spherical cryptothoracic and cryptocephalic Nassellaria dominate in the assemblage, especially spe-
cies such as Holocryptocanium barbui, H. tuberculatum, Hemicryptocapsa prepolyhedra and H. polyhedra. The sys-
tematic description of fifteen species belonging to order Spumellaria and twenty species of Nassellaria is presented
herein.
Key words: Cretaceous, Flysch Carpathians, Silesian Unit, Radiolaria.
Fig. 1. Location of the sections studied (black triangles) in the geological map of the Outer Western Carpathians (after ¯ytko et al. (1988)
simplified): 1 Magura Unit, 2 Dukla Unit, 3 Silesian Unit, 4 Sub-Silesian Unit, 5 Skole Unit, 6 post-orogenic Neogene
cover. Abbreviations of section names: Lc Lanckorona, Jas Barnasiówka-Jasienica, Trz Trzemenia, CP Czarny Potok.
310 B¥K
kowa 1956, 1962; Liszkowa & Nowak 1962; Bieda et al.
1963; Geroch et al. 1967, 1985), although radiolarians are
the most abundant microfauna in these deposits. Górka
(1996) has presented the only systematic description of a ra-
diolarian assemblage from the Skole Unit (Polish part of the
Flysch Carpathians). A few investigations focus on the radi-
olarian fauna from comparable deposits in the Ukrainian and
the Romanian Carpathians (Sujkowski 1932; Lozyniak 1969,
1975; Dumitricã 1970, 1975). Despite this, the radiolarian
fauna has neither been described in detail nor applied in the
Polish Flysch Carpathians.
The first systematic investigations of the radiolarian fauna
from the Green Shales in the Polish part of the Silesian
Unit were initiated by the author in the early 1990s (B¹k
1994).
The present paper summarizes the current state of re-
search, with the aim of documenting the radiolarian assem-
blages from the Green Shales with Radiolarians.
Geological setting
The Silesian Nappe is one of the Tertiary thrust-sheets of
the Outer Western Carpathians (Fig. 1). The exposed part of
the Silesian sequence is represented by the Upper Jurassic to
Miocene deposits.
During the formation of the Outer Carpathian geosyncline,
the Silesian Basin was one of the sedimentary basins, which
were created (Ksi¹¿kiewicz 1962). The basin was relatively
deep as indicated by the absence of shallow-water sedimen-
tary structures and shallow-water fauna in the autochthonous
sediments. During the Cenomanian the basin reached its
maximum depth and Green Shales with Radiolarians and
radiolarites were deposited (Koszarski & ¯ytko 1965).
Four sections were selected for a detailed study of radi-
olarian assemblages (Figs. 1, 3).
1. Lanckorona (Lc). This is the type section of radiolarian
cherts in the Polish Flysch Carpathians (Ksi¹¿kiewicz 1951;
Bieda et al. 1963). It is located between the Lanckorona and
Brody settlements, on the northern slope of the Zamkowa
Hill along the stream, which is a right tributary of the Cedron
creek.
Stratigraphically, the radiolarian-bearing deposits are situ-
ated between the Mikuszowice Spongiolites which represent
the uppermost part of the Lgota Beds (AlbianLower Cen-
omanian) and the Godula Beds (lower TuronianSenonian)
(Ksi¹¿kiewicz 1951). They are represented here by red
shales (Figs. 2, 3). The sediments are strongly tectonized due
to folding, hence the entire lithological section of the radi-
olarian-bearing deposits has been reconstructed based on
several outcrops along the stream (Gzik 1990). The deposits
are about 40 m thick here (Ksi¹¿kiewicz 1951). The oldest
sediments of the section are represented by black manganese
shale intercalated with thin olive-green silty shale. Manga-
nese shale is up to the 50 cm thick. This interval is followed
by tan-coloured siliceous shale, with olive-green, black and
rust-coloured shale intercalated.
Olive-green and grey-green shale dominate the younger
sediments of the section. Thin black calcareous or siliceous
shale and rare thin glauconitic sandstone sporadically inter-
calate them. There follow laminated cherts (up to 63 %), sili-
ceous marls and non-structural marls. The uppermost part of
the deposits investigated is characterized by thin intercala-
tions of cherry-red shales of Godula type.
2. Barnasiówka-Jasienica (Jas). The section is located in
the north-eastern part of the quarry situated on the Bar-
nasiówka Range at Jasienica. The lower part of the Radiolar-
ia-bearing deposits is presented here. Green, grey and black
shales with frequent thin mudstone and sandstone intercala-
tions are exposed. The shales are spotty in some places. The
complex is underlain by the Lgota Beds made of thin-bedded
fine-grained grey and dark sandstone with black, shale inter-
calations.
3. Trzemenia (Trz). This section is situated in the village
Trzemenia, about 10 km east from Mylenice town. The
Mikuszowice Spongiolites represents the stratigraphically
lower part of this section, which is the uppermost part of the
Lgota Beds. There is a sedimentary contact between the
Mikuszowice Spongiolites and the overlying radiolarian
beds, which consists mainly of green shales, silty or partly
siliceous, with thin-bedded very fine-grained sandstone and
mudstone intercalations. In this section, Green Shales in-
clude the bed with ferromanganese concretions as well as a
bentonite layer.
4. Czarny Potok (CP). This section is located 13 km north
of Krosno town near the Wêglówka settlement. It is exposed
in the Czarny Potok stream. The upper part of the radiolarian
beds and the Lgota red shales are exposed here. The radiolar-
ian beds consist mainly of green and black shales, silty and
calcareous with some intercalations of olive shales and very
thin beds of fine-grained sandstone and mudstone.
Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Cenomanian through Turonian de-
posits in the Silesian Unit (after l¹czka et al. 1993).
RADIOLARIA FROM CENOMANIANTURONIAN DEPOSITS OF THE SILESIAN UNIT 311
Material and methods
The material prepared and studied includes 90 samples of
different lithologies, from four sections of the Polish part of
the Silesian Unit.
The samples were collected in the sections every 10 to 80
cm (depending on changes in lithology and the quality of ex-
posure). Green, black and olive shales, silty and siliceous are
the dominant lithotypes. A few samples were taken from
mudstones and marly shales.
Fig. 3. Lithological columns showing the lithological units and position of radiolarian samples.
Samples of about 1 kg were taken for preparation. Each
sample was broken into pieces of 12 cm and dried at a tem-
perature of 105 °C. The preparation procedures depended on
the lithology of the sample. Mudstones and silty shales were
soaked in hot solution of glauberic salt and boiled usually for
several days. Than the residue was washed through a 63 µm
sieve. Next, the remaining cemented parts of the samples
were treated with hydrogen peroxide with addition of chalk
(to avoid oxidation of pyrite) for several minutes to one hour,
and finally washed again.
312 B¥K
In the case of marly shales, radiolarian skeletons were
freed by dissolving the rock matrix in hot acetic acid. Then
the residue was washed through a 63 µm sieve.
For further cleaning the skeletons were soaked in hydrogen
peroxide or boiled in Calgon solution.
The radiolarians were first examined under a binocular mi-
croscope. They were picked out manually from the residue
(maximum 300 specimens per sample). The best preserved
specimens were mounted on Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM) stubs for photography. More than 1000 SEM pictures
were taken during the study.
The sample material is deposited in the Institute of Geo-
logical Sciences, Jagiellonian University.
Radiolarian assemblage
Thirty five species of Radiolaria have been identified from
the samples studied (Figs. 4, 5). Twenty of them belong to
the order Nassellaria and fifteen belong to the Spumellaria.
Samples with abundant radiolarians are from black, green
and olive shales of Green Shales with Radiolarians. The
fauna is moderately to well-preserved. The poor state of
preservation of some radiolarian specimens observed in
black shales is due to pyritization processes. Pyrite coatings
occur on the spherical radiolarian skeletons. Radiolaria are
rare in the remaining deposits (Lgota Beds and Godula Beds).
The assemblage analysed is dominated by spherical cryp-
tothoracic and cryptocephalic Nassellaria, belonging espe-
cially to the species Holocryptocanium barbui Dumitricã,
Holocryptocanium tuberculatum Dumitricã, Hemicryptocap-
sa prepolyhedra Dumitricã and H. polyhedra Dumitricã.
These forms form about 60 to 99 per cent of the specimens.
Spumellarians are less common. They consist of 30 to 40 per
cent of the radiolarian fauna, and are represented mainly by
the genera such as Pseudoaulophacus, Patellula, Alievium,
Crucella and Praeconocaryomma.
Systematic description
The taxonomy used in this paper is that proposed by
ODogherty (1994). It is supplemented with data given by Dumi-
tricã (1970), Pessagno (1976, 1977), Hollis (1997) and Ovoldová
(1997). All taxa are listed in alphabetical order of the genera.
Their distribution in samples is shown in Figs. 45.
Order NASSELLARIA Ehrenberg 1875
Genus Amphipyndax Foreman 1966
Type species: Lithostrobus pseudoconulus Pessagno 1963
Fig. 4. Frequency of the radiolarian specimens in the Lanckorona (Lc) section. R species redeposited.
RADIOLARIA FROM CENOMANIANTURONIAN DEPOSITS OF THE SILESIAN UNIT 313
Fig.
5.
F
requency
of
the
radiolarian
specimens
in
the
Barnasiówka-Jasienica
(Jas),
Trzemenia
(Trz)
and
Czarny
Potok
(CP)
sections.
314 B¥K
Amphipyndax stocki (Campbell & Clark)
Plate I: Fig. 14, Plate II: Fig. 3
1944
Stichocapsa megalocephalia Campbell & Clark: Campbell &
Clark; p. 44, pl. 8, figs. 26, 34.
1944 Stichocapsa (?) stocki Campbell & Clark: Campbell & Clark; p.
44, pl. 8, figs. 3133.
1968 Amphipyndax stocki (Campbell & Clark): Foreman; p. 78, pl. 8,
figs. 12ac.
1994 Stichomitra stocki (Campbell & Clark): ODogherty; p. 147, pl.
18, figs. 915.
1997 Amphipyndax stocki (Campbell & Clark) group: Hollis; p. 66, pl.
15, figs. 511.
Material: Two poorly preserved specimens have been found in
the material investigated.
Genus Cryptamphorella Dumitricã 1970
Type species: Hemicryptocapsa conara Foreman 1968
Cryptamphorella conara (Foreman)
Plate II: Figs. 7, 8
1968 Hemicryptocapsa conara Foreman: Foreman; p. 35, pl. 4, figs.
11a,b.
1970 Cryptamphorella conara (Foreman): Dumitricã; p. 80, pl. 11, figs.
66ac.
Material: 45 moderately preserved specimens have been found
in the material investigated.
Genus Diacanthocapsa Squinabol 1903
Type species: Diacanthocapsa euganea Squinabol 1903
Diacanthocapsa sp.
Plate II: Fig. 9
Description: Test tricyrtid, spindle shaped. Cephalis small,
poreless, partly encased into the thorax, lacking apical horn. Tho-
rax companulate, porous. Abdomen oval, twice larger than thorax.
Test lacking a sutural pore.
Material: Two poorly preserved specimens have been found in
the material investigated.
Genus Dictyomitra Zittel 1876
Type species: Dictyomitra multicostata Zittel 1876
Dictyomitra gracilis (Squinabol)
Plate I: Figs. 1, 2
1903 Sethoconus gracilis Squinabol: Squinabol; p. 131, pl. 10, fig. 13.
1982 Mita gracilis (Squinabol): Taketani; p. 60, pl. 5, figs. 2ab, pl. 12,
fig. 3.
1994 Dictyomitra gracilis (Squinabol): ODogherty; p. 73, pl. 1, figs.
1225.
Diagnosis: Test conical, spindle shaped to globose distally.
Cephalis sharply pointed distally. Test consists of eight to ten seg-
ments. Constrictions between segments weakly marked.
Material: Three well-preserved specimens.
Dictyomitra montisserei (Squinabol)
Plate I: Figs. 3, 4
1903 Stichophormis Montis Serei Squinabol: Squinabol; p. 137, pl. 8,
fig. 38.
1903 Stichophormis costata Squinabol: Squinabol; p.136, pl. 8, fig. 41.
1977 Archaeodictyomitra sliteri Pessagno: Pessagno; p. 43, pl. 6, figs.
3, 4, 22, 23, 27.
1994 Dictyomitra montisserei (Squinabol): ODogherty; p. 77, pl. 3,
figs. 129.
Diagnosis: Test multi-segmented, slender, and conical to cylin-
drical toward distal part. Constrictions on segmental divisions weak
to well-developed. Test with ten to twelve costae in lateral view.
Material: 30 well-preserved specimens.
Dictyomitra napaensis Pessagno
Plate I: Figs. 69
1976 Dictyomitra napaensis Pessagno: Pessagno; p. 53, pl. 4, fig. 16,
pl. 5, figs. 1, 9.
Diagnosis: Test multi-segmented, conical, with characteristic
stiplike outline. Cephalis small, sharply pointed apically. Nine to
thirteen costae in lateral view. Costae converging apically.
Material: Twelve well to moderately preserved specimens.
Dictyomitra pseudoscalaris (Tan)
Plate I: Fig. 5
1927 Stichomitra pseudoscalaris Tan: Tan; p. 56, pl. 11, fig. 84.
Diagnosis: Test multi-segmented, consists of nine to eleven
segments, slender, conical. Cephalis small, sharply pointed. Con-
strictions on segmental divisions very weak developed, with a sin-
gle row of pores. Twelve to fourteen costae are present on the visi-
ble side of the test.
Material: Only one specimen has been found in the material in-
vestigated.
Genus Distylocapsa ODogherty 1994
Type species: Distylocapsa nova Squinabol 1904
Distylocapsa cf. squama ODogherty
Plate II: Fig. 4
1994 Distylocapsa cf. squama ODogherty: ODogherty; p. 189, pl. 28,
figs. 1621.
Diagnosis: Test spindle-shaped, with four to five chambers.
Weak constrictions developed between post-cephalic segments.
Cephalis small, hemispherical with apical horn. Test thick-walled
consisting of two lattice layers of pore frames regularly disposed
on post-cephalic chambers. Test with a slender terminal spine.
Material: Only one moderately preserved specimen has been
found in the material investigated.
Genus Gongylothorax Foreman 1968
Type species: Gongylothorax verbeeki (Tan) 1927
Gongylothorax siphonofer Dumitricã
Plate II: Fig. 6
1970 Gongylothorax siphonofer Dumitricã: Dumitricã; p. 57, pl. I,
figs. 3ab, 4ac, 5ab.
Diagnosis: Test dicyrtid. Cephalis spherical, poreless, partly de-
pressed into the thoracic cavity. Thorax spherical, inflated, with
numerous conical nodes, which might be only weakly, marked on
its surface. Pores are situated on the top of nodes. Aperture nar-
row. Sutural pore indistinct.
Material: 74 moderately preserved specimens have been found
in the material investigated.
Genus Hemicryptocapsa Tan 1927
Type species: Hemicryptocapsa capita Tan 1927
Hemicryptocapsa polyhedra Dumitricã
Plate III: Fig. 5
1970 Hemicryptocapsa polyhedra Dumitricã: Dumitricã; p. 71, pl. 14,
figs. 85ac.
RADIOLARIA FROM CENOMANIANTURONIAN DEPOSITS OF THE SILESIAN UNIT 315
Plate I: Radiolarian microfauna in the Cenomanian/Turonian deposits from the Silesian Unit. Figs. 1, 2. Dictyomitra gracilis (Squin-
abol), 1 Lc-11031; 2 Lc-11037. Figs. 3, 4. Dictyomitra montisserei (Squinabol), 3 Lcm-7037; 4 Lcm-26030. Fig. 5. Dictyomi-
tra pseudoscalaris (Tan), Lcm-26025. Figs. 69. Dictyomitra napaensis Pessagno, 6 Lcm-26015; 7 Lcm-26002; 8 Lcm-7015; 9
Lcm-7003. Fig. 10. Pseudodictyomitra pseudomacrocephala (Squinabol), Lcm-26033. Figs. 1113. Pseudodictyomitra tiara (Holm-
es), 11 Lcm-26035; 12 Tr15A542; 13 Lc-11025. Fig. 14. Amphipyndax stocki (Campbell & Clark), CP-803314.
316 B¥K
Material: 35 well to moderately preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Hemicryptocapsa prepolyhedra Dumitricã
Plate III: Figs. 6, 7
1970 Hemicryptocapsa prepolyhedra Dumitricã: Dumitricã; p. 71, pl.
13, figs. 8084, pl. 20, fig. 131.
Material: 60 well to moderately preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Hemicryptocapsa tuberosa Dumitricã
Plate II: Figs. 11, 12
1970 Hemicryptocapsa tuberosa Dumitricã: Dumitricã; p. 71, pl. 12,
fig. 78a, pl. 13, figs. 78b, c, 79a, pl. 21, fig. 135.
Material: 46 well to moderately preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Genus Holocryptocanium Dumitricã 1970
Type species: Holocryptocanium tuberculatum Dumitricã 1970
Holocryptocanium barbui Dumitricã
Plate II: Figs. 13
15
1970 Holocryptocanium barbui Dumitricã: Dumitricã; p. 76, pl. 17,
figs. 105108a,b, pl. 21, fig. 136.
Material: 1750 excellent to poorly preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Holocryptocanium geysersensis Pessagno
Plate III: Fig. 1
1977 Holocryptocanium geysersensis Pessagno: Pessagno; p. 41, pl. 6,
figs. 19, 25, 26.
Diagnosis: Test three-segmented. Abdomen subspherical, large,
thick-walled with small closely spaced, inperforate nodes. Each
node surrounded by 5 pores. Abdominal aperture circular, con-
stricted, surrounded by a rise, flattened rim.
Material: 40 moderately to poorly preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Holocryptocanium tuberculatum Dumitricã
Plate III: Figs. 2
4
1970 Holocryptocanium tuberculatum Dumitricã: Dumitricã; p. 75, pl.
16, figs. 103ac, pl. 21, figs. 138a, b.
Material: 1030 excellent to poorly preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Genus Pseudodictyomitra Pessagno 1977
Type species: Pseudodictyomitra pentacolaensis Pessagno 1977
Pseudodictyomitra pseudomacrocephala (Squinabol)
Plate I: Fig. 10
1903 Dictyomitra pseudomacrocephala Squinabol: Squinabol; p. 139,
pl. 10, fig. 2.
1977 Pseudodictyomitra pseudomacrocephala (Squinabol): Pessagno;
p. 51, pl. 8, figs. 10, 11.
Material: Three well preserved specimens have been found in
the material investigated.
Pseudodictyomitra tiara (Holmes)
Plate I: Figs. 1113
1900 Dictyomitra tiara Holmes: Holmes; p. 701, pl. 38, fig. 4.
1975 Dictyomitra tiara Holmes: Dumitricã; text-fig. 2.9.
Material: Three specimens have been found in the material in-
vestigated.
Genus Squinabollum Dumitricã 1970
Type species: Clistophaena fossilis Squinabol 1903
Squinabollum fossile (Squinabol)
Plate II: Fig. 10
1903 Clostiphaena fossilis Squinabol: Squinabol; p. 130, pl. 10, fig. 11.
1970 Squinabollum fossilis (Squinabol): Dumitricã; p. 83, pl. 19, figs.
118a122.
Material: 15 moderately to poorly preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Genus Stichomitra Cayeux 1897
Type species: Stichomitra bertrandi Cayeux 1897
Stichomitra communis Squinabol
Plate II: Figs. 1, 2
1903 Stichomitra communis Squinabol: Squinabol; p. 230, pl. 9, fig. 11.
1994 Stichomitra communis Squinabol: ODogherty; p. 144, pl. 17,
figs. 616.
Material: Three specimens.
Genus Xitus Pessagno 1977
Type species: Xitus plenus Pessagno 1977
Xitus spicularius (Aliev)
Plate II: Fig. 5
1965 Dictyomitra spicularia Aliev: Aliev; p. 39, pl. 6, fig. 9, pl. 14, fig. 4.
1977 Xitus spicularius (Aliev): Pessagno; p. 56, pl. 9, fig. 7, pl. 10, fig. 5.
Material: Two poorly preserved specimens have been found in
the material investigated.
Order SPUMELLARIA Ehrenberg 1875
Genus Acaeniotyle Foreman 1973
Type species: Xiphosphaera umbilicata Rüst 1898
Acaeniotyle cf. vitalis ODogherty
Plate IV: Figs. 13, 14
1994 Acaeniotyle vitalis ODogherty: ODogherty; p. 287, pl. 51, figs.
14.
Remarks: Forms with almost completely broken primary spines
protruding out from the cortical shell.
Material: Five moderately to poorly preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Genus Alievium Pessagno 1972
Type species: Theodiscus superbus Squinabol 1914
Alievium superbum (Squinabol)
Plate IV: Figs. 912
?1900 Trigonocyclia sp. B: Holmes; p. 698, pl. 27, fig. 24.
1914 Theodiscus superbus Squinabol: Squinabol; p. 271, pl. 20, fig. 4.
1975 Alievium superbum (Squinabol): Dumitricã; text-fig. 2.
RADIOLARIA FROM CENOMANIANTURONIAN DEPOSITS OF THE SILESIAN UNIT 317
Plate II: Radiolarian microfauna in the Cenomanian/Turonian deposits from the Silesian Unit. Figs. 1, 2. Stichomitra communis Squinabol,
1 Tr15B0518; 2 Lcm-26005. Fig. 3. Amphipyndax stocki (Campbell & Clark), Lcm-7016. Fig. 4. Distylocapsa cf. squama
ODogherty, Lcm-26027. Fig. 5. Xitus spicularius (Aliev), Lcm-7014. Fig. 6. Gongylothorax siphonofer Dumitricã, Jas-28001. Figs. 7, 8.
Cryptamphorella conara (Foreman), 7 Lcm-26019; 8 Lcm-7019. Fig. 9. Diacanthocapsa sp., Lcm-26031. Fig. 10. Squinabollum fos-
sile (Squinabol), Lcm-7011. Figs. 11, 12. Hemicryptocapsa tuberosa Dumitricã, 11 Lc-0028; 12 Lc-001. Figs. 1315. Holocryptocani-
um barbui Dumitricã, 13 Lc-11038; 14 Tr-15A01; 15 Tr-15A0543.
318 B¥K
Diagnosis: Test triangular in outline, convex. Meshwork of cor-
tical shell composed mostly of triangular pore frames, bearing
small raised, spinose nodes. Test has three massive primary spines.
Material: Seven moderately preserved specimens have been
found in the material investigated.
Genus Crucella Pessagno 1971
Type species: Crucella messinae Pessagno 1971
Crucella cachensis Pessagno
Plate III: Fig. 10
1971 Crucella cachensis Pessagno: Pessagno; p. 53, pl. 9, figs. 13.
Diagnosis: Hagiastrid with test four-rayed. Central area cylin-
drical with well-developed lacuna. The diameter of the central
area is about equal to the length of the rays. Rays slender and cy-
lindrical, terminate in moderately long, massive central spines.
Material: Three moderately preserved specimens have been
found in the material investigated.
Crucella messinae Pessagno
Plate III: Fig. 9
1971 Crucella messinae Pessagno: Pessagno; p. 56, pl. 6, figs. 13.
Diagnosis: Test large, four-rayed without bracchiopyle. Rays
approximately equal in length, rectangular to ellipsoidal in cross-
section sharply pointed distally. Central area moderately to strong-
ly inflated.
Material: Four moderately to well-preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Genus Dactyliodiscus Squinabol 1903
Type species: Dactyliodiscus cayeuxi Squinabol 1903
Dactyliodiscus lenticulatus (Jud)
Plate IV: Fig. 8
1994 Godia lenticulata Jud: Jud; p. 78, pl. 10, figs. 1011.
1994 Dactyliodiscus lenticulatus (Jud): ODogherty; p. 331, pl. 61, figs.
1215.
Diagnosis: Test large, disc-shaped, circular in outline, flat. Pe-
riphery of the test rounded with more than 20 moderately massive
spines. Meshwork of the test spongy with numerous small tuber-
cles on its upper and lower part.
Material: Only one well-preserved specimen has been found in
the material investigated.
Dactyliodiscus sp.
Plate V: Figs. 6, 7, 11
Description: Test large, disc-shaped, circular in outline, flat.
Periphery of the test rounded with variable number of massive
spines. Meshwork of the test spongy, consists of hexagonal to ir-
regular pore frames. Meshwork forms on its lower and upper sur-
faces wide tubercles.
Material: Three moderately preserved specimens have been
found in the material investigated.
Genus Dactyliosphaera Squinabol 1904
Type species: Dactyliosphaera silviae Squinabol 1904
Dactyliosphaera maxima (Pessagno)
Plate IV: Figs. 57
1976 Orbiculiforma maxima Pessagno: Pessagno; p. 34, pl. 1, figs. 14, 16.
1994 Dactyliosphaera maxima (Pessagno): ODogherty; p. 338, pl. 63,
figs. 58.
Diagnosis: Test large, circular in outline, with deep central cav-
ity. Central part of the cavity raised. Meshwork composed of cir-
cular to hexagonal pore frames. Periphery of the test is angular
with indeterminate number of short spines.
Material: 82 moderately preserved specimens have been found
in the material investigated.
Genus Patellula Kozlova in Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972
Type species: Stylospongia planoconvexa Pessagno 1963
Patellula andrusovi Ovoldová
Plate V: Figs. 15
1997 Patellula andrusovi Ovoldová: Sýkora, Ovoldová & Boorová;
p. 260, pl. IV, figs. 17, 9, 11.
Material: 64 moderately to well-preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Patellula helios (Squinabol)
Plate IV: Fig. 15
1903 Stylotrochus helios Squinabol: Squinabol; p. 124, pl. 10, figs.
23, 23a.
1994 Patellula helios (Squinabol): ODogherty; p. 327, pl. 60, figs.
1924.
Remarks: Specimens investigated usually have their spines
broken.
Material: 15 moderately preserved specimens have been found
in the material investigated.
Patellula ecliptica ODogherty
Plate V: Figs. 810
1994 Patellula ecliptica ODogherty: ODogherty; p. 329, pl. 61, figs.
15.
Remarks: Described specimens usually with broken spines.
Material: 60 moderately to well-preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Genus Praeconocaryomma Pessagno 1976
Type species: Praeconocaryomma universa Pessagno 1976
Praeconocaryomma lipmanae Pessagno
Plate III: Figs. 1114
1976 Praeconocaryomma lipmanae Pessagno: Pessagno; p. 41, pl. 4,
figs. 12, 13.
1994 Praeconocaryomma sp.: B¹k; p. 150, pl. 1, fig. b.
1996 Praeconocaryomma lipmanae Pessagno: Górka; p. 556, pl. 1, fig. 1.
Remarks: Identified forms have tests spherical with conical,
porous mammae. Spines protruding from each mammae, present
on holotype illustrated by Pessagno (1976) are not visible in the
material investigated, probably because of poor state of specimens
preservation.
Material: 100 well to moderately preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Praeconocaryomma universa Pessagno
Plate IV: Figs. 14
1976 Praeconocaryomma universa Pessagno: Pessagno; p. 42, pl. 6,
figs. 1416.
Diagnosis: Test consists of concentric spheres. Cortical shell of
the test with latticed nodes. It comprises circular to elliptical pore
RADIOLARIA FROM CENOMANIANTURONIAN DEPOSITS OF THE SILESIAN UNIT 319
Plate III: Radiolarian microfauna in the Cenomanian/Turonian deposits from the Silesian Unit. Fig. 1. Holocryptocanium geysersensis
Pessagno, Lcm-7021. Figs. 24. Holocryptocanium tuberculatum Dumitricã, 2 Lcm-7017; 3 Tr-15A0523; 4 Jas-1502919. Fig. 5.
Hemicryptocapsa polyhedra Dumitricã, Jas-1502815. Figs. 6, 7. Hemicryptocapsa prepolyhedra Dumitricã, 6 CP-1403101; 7 Jas-
1502815. Fig. 8. Quinquecapsularia ombonii (Squinabol), Jas-2802. Fig. 9. Crucella messinae Pessagno, Lc-22017. Fig. 10. Crucella
cachensis Pessagno, Lcm-26023. Figs. 1114. Praeconocaryomma lipmanae Pessagno, 11 Jas-1401; 12 Jas-1402; 13 Lc-11040;
14 Jas-14015.
320 B¥K
Plate IV: Radiolarian microfauna in the Cenomanian/Turonian deposits from the Silesian Unit. Figs. 14. Praeconocaryomma universa Pes-
sagno, 1 Lcm-26013; 2 Lc-0002; 3 Lcm-26001; 4 Lcm-26004. Figs. 57. Dactyliosphaera maxima (Pessagno), 5 Tr-15C08; 6
Lcm-26012; 7 Jas-1502. Fig. 8. Dactyliodiscus lenticulatus (Jud), Lc-22018. Figs. 912. Alievium superbum (Squinabol), 9 Lcm-
26032; 10 Lcm-26016; 11 Lcm-26026; 12 Lcm-7001. Figs. 13, 14. Acaeniotyle cf. vitalis ODogherty, 13 Lcm-7007; 14
Lcm-7022. Fig. 15. Patellula helios (Squinabol), Lc-11006.
RADIOLARIA FROM CENOMANIANTURONIAN DEPOSITS OF THE SILESIAN UNIT 321
Plate V: Radiolarian microfauna in the Cenomanian/Turonian deposits from the Silesian Unit. Figs. 15. Patellula andrusovi Ovoldová,
1 Tr-15A0526; 2 Tr-15A0538; 3 Tr-15A0524; 4 Tr-15A004; 5 Tr-15A0540. Figs. 6, 7, 11. Dactyliodiscus sp., 6 Lcm-
7006; 7 Lcm-26028; 11 Lcm-26029. Figs. 810. Patellula ecliptica ODogherty, 8 Lc-20012; 9 Lcm-26010; 10 Tr-
15A009. Fig. 12. Pseudoaulophacus sp., Lc-22019. Figs. 1314. Pseudoaulophacus putahensis Pessagno, 13 Lcm-7021; 14
Lcm-7020.
322 B¥K
frames of variable size with usually six pores on each node. Trira-
diate, massive spines, which connect cortical and medullar shells
protruding out from the centre of each node.
Remarks: Only poorly preserved forms, with broken spines,
have been found in the material investigated.
Material: 37 moderately preserved specimens have been found
in the material investigated.
Genus Pseudoaulophacus Pessagno 1963
Type species: Pseudoaulophacus floresensis Pessagno 1963
Pseudoaulophacus putahensis Pessagno
Plate V: Figs. 1314
?1900 Trigonocyclia sp. A: Holmes; p. 698, pl. 27, fig. 20.
1972 Pseudoaulophacus putahensis Pessagno: Pessagno; p. 310, pl. 27,
fig. 1.
Remarks: Forms present within deposits investigated posses
their tests more subtriangular.
Material: 25 moderately to well-preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Pseudoaulophacus sp.
Plate V: Fig. 12
Remarks: Forms differ from Pseudoaulophacus putahensis
Pessagno by having only circular outer shape.
Material: Five moderately to well-preserved specimens have
been found in the material investigated.
Genius Quinquecapsularia Pessagno 1971
Type species: Quinquecapsularia spinosa Pessagno 1971
Quinquecapsularia ombonii (Squinabol)
Plate III: Fig. 8
1903 Hexastylus Ombonii Squinabol: Squinabol; p. 113, pl. 8, fig. 10.
1904 Acrosphaera mirabilis Squinabol: Squinabol; p. 187, pl. 2, fig. 5.
1994 Quinquecapsularia ombonii (Squinabol): ODogherty; p. 268, pl.
47, figs. 2124.
Diagnosis: Test spherical with initial skeleton formed by a sys-
tem of bars forming a pentagonal prism. Cortical shell of the test
with broad, irregular to hexagonal pore frames, usually with small,
sharp nodes at the pore frame junctions. Several (eight to ten)
small, primary spines can be visible around the test.
Material: Five moderately preserved specimens have been
found in the material investigated.
Radiolarian correlation
The radiolarian assemblage investigated, including all ra-
diolarians recovered in the mid-Cretaceous deposits of the
Silesian Unit has been used for comparison with radiolarian
zonal schemes from different regions of the Carpathians and
Mediterranean.
The only zonal scheme for the Radiolaria-bearing deposits
of the same interval but recognized in the Romanian Car-
pathians has been proposed by Dumitricã (1975). This author
recognized two assemblages: Holocryptocanium barbui-Ho-
locryptocanium tuberculatum and Holocryptocanium nanum
-Excentropyloma cenomana for the Late Cenomanianearli-
est Turonian interval. The radiolarian assemblages investi-
gated show great similarities with the associations presented
by Dumitricã based on the high frequency of cryptocephalic
and cryptothoracic Nassellaria such as H. barbui, H. tubercu-
latum, Hemicryptocapsa tuberosa, Cryptamphorella conara
and Gongylothorax siphonofer. Moreover, some multi-seg-
mented Nassellaria from genera such as Dictyomitra,
Pseudomacrocephala, Stichomitra, Amphipyndax and Xitus
are also present in the radiolarian associations from the Sile-
sian Unit. The upper assemblage of Dumitricã can also be
distinguished in the presented material on the basis of the
presence of Alievium superbum the first occurrence of which
delineates the base of the H. nanum-E. cenomana assem-
blage.
The radiolarian assemblage investigated differs from that
of Dumitricã (1975) by including a smaller percentage of
Nassellaria (only 6070 %), and more Spumellaria (up to the
3040 %).
The first radiolarian local zonation for the Cenomanian
through Turonian deposits in the Polish part of the Pieniny
Klippen Belt was proposed by the author in 1999 (B¹k
1999). Two radiolarian zones (Hemicryptocapsa prepolyhe-
dra and Hemicryptocapsa polyhedra) have been established
for the interval investigated. The radiolarian association from
the Silesian Unit shows similarities with coeval association
in the Pieniny Klippen Belt based on the presence of both in-
dex specimens as well as a high percentage of cryptothoracic
and cryptocephalic Nassellaria such as H. barbui, H. tubercu-
latum, H. tuberosa, C. conara, and multi-segmented Nassel-
laria as: Dictyomitra montisserei, Dictyomitra napaensis,
Pseudodictyomitra tiara, Pseudodictyomitra pseudomacro-
cephala, Stichomitra communis, Amphipyndax stocki and Xi-
tus spicularius. Spumellarian specimens are less frequent in
the Pieniny Klippen Belt deposits, but some of the species
(i.e. Dactyliosphaera maxima, Patellula andrusovi) are the
same in both these areas.
The radiolarian assemblage from the Silesian Unit shows
great similarities with the earliest Turonian radiolarian fauna
presented by Sýkora et al. (1997) from the Czorsztyn Succes-
sion of the Pieniny Klippen Belt in the Slovak territory.
Many species, especially belonging to Spumellaria are
present in both these areas. These are: Alievium superbum,
Patellula ecliptica, Patellula andrusovi, Pseudoaulophacus
putahensis, Crucella cachensis, as well as the nassellarians
such as Dictyomitra napaensis, Dictyomitra montisserei,
Pseudodictyomitra pseudomacrocephala, Holocryptocanium
barbui and Cryptamphorella conara.
The assemblage investigated can also be correlated with
the first radiolarian biozonation of mid-Cretaceous deposits
for the Mediterranean region proposed by ODogherty
(1994). This author recognized two radiolarian zones and
two subzones for the Late Cenomanianearly Turonian inter-
val. The studied radiolarian assemblage is similar to this zo-
nation for latest Cenomanian (subzone of Silviae Zone), on
the basis of co-occurrence of some Nassellaria and Spumel-
laria species. The Superbum Zone can also be distinguished
in the assemblage investigated on the basis of the presence of
the index taxon.
RADIOLARIA FROM CENOMANIANTURONIAN DEPOSITS OF THE SILESIAN UNIT 323
Conclusions
The results presented here are based on micropaleontologi-
cal analysis of 90 samples from four profiles of mid-Creta-
ceous deposits of the Silesian Unit, in its Polish part. The de-
posits investigated are very rich in radiolarian fauna.
Lithologically, they consist mainly of green shales with
black shale intercalations, including a manganese concre-
tions level, bentonites and tuff layer dated as 91.4 ± 4.7 Ma
(Van Couvering et al. 1981). These deposits represent char-
acteristic correlating horizon, presents in the whole Car-
pathian arc.
A systematic search of all different radiolarian morpho-
types in the samples investigated proved the diversity of ra-
diolarian fauna. Twelve genera and twenty species from the
order Nassellaria, and nine genera and fifteen species from
the order Spumellaria have been recognized. The radiolarian
assemblage is dominated by spherical cryptothoracic and
cryptocephalic Nassellaria, belonging especially to the spe-
cies Holocryptocanium barbui Dumitricã, H. tuberculatum
Dumitricã, Hemicryptocapsa tuberosa Dumitricã, H. pre-
polyhedra Dumitricã and H. polyhedra Dumitricã. These
forms make up about 6099 % of radiolarian specimens. The
spumellarians are less common. They consist of 3040 % of
the radiolarian association, and are represented mainly by
genera such as Pseudoaulophacus, Patellula, Alievium, Cru-
cella and Praeconocaryomma.
All the radiolarian taxa recorded in the deposits investigat-
ed have been used for comparison with the radiolarian zonal
schemes used by the previous authors in different areas of
Carpathians as well as Mediterranean. The age of the depos-
its investigated, based on the radiolarian fauna ranges from
the Late Cenomanian to early Turonian.
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