GEOLOGICA CARPATHICA, 49, 6, BRATISLAVA, DECEMBER 1998
433443
EARLY TO MIDDLE MIOCENE FACIES SUCCESSION
IN LACUSTRINE AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
ON THE SOUTHWESTERN MARGIN
OF THE PANNONIAN BASIN SYSTEM (CROATIA)
DAVOR PAVELIÆ, MIRJANA MIKNIÆ and MILKA SARKOTIÆ LAT
Institute of Geology, 10000 Zagreb, Sachsova 2, Croatia
(Manuscript received February 3, 1998; accepted in revised form November 3, 1998)
Abstract: A continuous succession of Ottnangian-Badenian sediments along the southern margin of the Pannonian
Basin System indicates transition from lacustrine to marine depositional environments. The Ottnangian lake is
characterized by the alternation of silts deposited from suspension and sands representing sedimentation from turbidity
currents, debris flows or grain flows. These facies continue into the Karpatian, although the depositional environment
becomes marine. At the transition into the Early Badenian, the environment shallows, and is represented by high
energy siliciclastic shoreface and stacked Gilbert-type fan deltas. The succession is terminated with marls deposited
in an offshore environment, with intercalated biocalcarenites from turbidity currents. The marine sediments are
subdivided into two depositional sequences separated by a correlative conformity of a type 2 unconformity. The first
sequence consists of a transgressive systems tract which is represented by the Karpatian offshore sediments, and a
highstand systems tract, which is represented by offshore sediments deposited close to the nearshore, shoreface and
stacked Gilbert-type fan deltas of the Karpatian and the Lower Badenian age, showing rapid progradation. The second
sequence consists of a shelf margin systems tract composed of aggrading shoreface sediments, and a transgressive
systems tract composed of Lower Badenian offshore sediments.
Key words: Croatia, Pannonian Basin System, Miocene, sequence stratigraphy, sedimentary environments.
Introduction
The study area (Fig. 1) is located along the southern margin of
the Pannonian Basin System (a Middle Miocene back arc type
extensional basin that opened behind the coeval Carpathian
thrust belt, Horváth & Royden 1981; Horváth 1984, 1993, 1995;
Royden et al. 1983; Royden 1988; Tari 1993; Tari et al. 1992).
The Pannonian Basin System (Fig. 2), as a part of the
Paratethys, had an independent geological history because of
periodical isolations from open ocean connections. Endemic
faunal assemblages are the reason for the development of
different regional stage systems (Sene 1971, 1979; Rögl &
Steininger 1983; Rögl 1996, 1998). According to Jamièiæ et al.
(1987) the studied part of the Miocene is Ottnangian, Karpatian
and Badenian in age. During the Ottnangian, thin-bedded to
laminated sandy and silty limestones and siltstones were
deposited over the alluvial sediments. Jamièiæ et al. (1987) de-
scribed these facies, without defining their depositional mecha-
nisms, as representing a fresh water lacustrine environment.
This lake was interpreted as having been increasingly influ-
enced by marine conditions in the Karpatian, though, the Karpa-
tian sediments are very similar to those deposited during the
Ottnangian. On the basis of the benthic microfossil association,
Jamièiæ et al. (1987) determined that the Karpatian sediments
were deposited in a marine lagoon. The Badenian conglomer-
ates and sandstones which on the southern slopes of Mt. Papuk
(Fig. 3) overlie Karpatian sediments, were considered to repre-
sent a deltaic environment, but without citing any evidence
(Jamièiæ et al. 1987).
The aim of the present study is to determine the detailed
sedimentary processes involved in the development of these
depositional environments and to discuss sequence strati-
graphy, local relative sea-level changes and correlate the
events with other Paratethys basins, in order to understand the
evolution of this part of the Pannonian Basin System.
Geological setting and lithostratigraphy
During the Ottnangian (late early Miocene), lacustrine sedi-
ments were deposited in a basin croping out now on the south-
ern slopes of Mt. Papuk (Fig. 1). Later, deposition occurred in
marine (Karpatian, i.e. latest early Miocene, and Badenian, i.e.
middle Miocene) and then in brackish environments (Sarma-
tian, i.e. late middle Miocene). In the Pannonian (latest middle
Miocene and late Miocene) strong uplifting took place in this
area followed by deposition of fresh-water sediments which
gradually pass into brackish-water deposits (Jamièiæ et al.
1987). In the Pontian (latest Miocene) sedimentation was con-
tinuous (Jamièiæ et al. 1987). In Pliocene times, tectonic
movements brought about significant structural changes in this
area (Jamièiæ et al. 1987).
At the western, northern and north-eastern margins of the
studied area, the Lower and Middle Miocene sedimentary
complex is transgressive on Precambrian chlorite-sericitic
schists, and Paleozoic metagraywackes and chloritoid schists.
Along the south-eastern margin, the Badenian sediments are
separated by a fault from the Upper Miocene (Pontian) depos-
434 PAVELIÆ, MIKNIÆ and SARKOTIÆ LAT
its, while to the southwest, the Lower and Middle Miocene
complex transgressively overlies garnet-staurolite gneiss, am-
phibolite and amphibolite schists of Precambrian age (Fig. 3).
In the southern part of Mt. Papuk, fine- to coarse-grained
clastic rocks with ostracods and fresh-water macrofossils oc-
cur in the Ottnangian as well as intercalations of tuffs and
tuffites. An Ottnangian age for these sediments is suggested
by the superposition and continuous transition into marine
Karpatian sediments with benthic foraminifers. The Bade-
nian formations conformably overlie the Karpatian sedi-
ments, and unconformably Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks,
and are represented by siliciclastic and carbonate rocks, with
some pyroclastics. The Badenian age is indicated by fora-
minifers (Jamièiæ et al. 1987).
Mt. Papuk was faulted in a south-west to north-east direc-
tion during Miocene extension. The study area belongs to a
small tectonic unit which developed from the Ottnangian to
the Pliocene (Jamièiæ et al. 1987).
The Ottnangian to Badenian sediments in the neighbouring
areas of Mt. Pozeka, Mt. Psunj and Mt. Krndija (Fig. 1),
show differences in lithological features as well as in their
depositional environments. The Ottnangian sedimentation is
characterized by coarse clastics, comprising fining upward
sequences of alluvial and fresh-water lacustrine deposits.
Karpatian sediments mostly consist of marine marls. The
Badenian sedimentation is marked by rapid lateral and verti-
cal lithological changes in a shallow marine depositional en-
vironment (parica et al. 1980; parica & Buzaljko 1984;
Jamièiæ et al. 1989; Korolija & Jamièiæ 1989).
Fig. 1. Location map of the study area on the southern slope of Mt.
Papuk, between the Drava and Sava Rivers (Northern Croatia).
Fig. 2. Location map of the Pannonian Basin System and surrounding regions. Black indicates ophiolitic rocks, and black-and-white
stripes near the Apuseni Mountains indicate subsurface ophiolites. Black with white dots indicates Pieniny Klippen Belt rocks, including
the Wildflysch and Botiza nappes in the east and the Hauptklippenzone in the Eastern Alps (from Royden & Báldi 1988).
EARLY TO MIDDLE MIOCENE FACIES SUCCESSION IN LACUSTRINE AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS 435
Facies analysis
The total thickness of the analysed deposits is aproximately
146 m. Three sections were measured (in further text s. AC,
Fig. 3). They were correlated in vertical succession during
mapping of Mt. Papuk. The sediments are classified into 7 fa-
cies or facies associations: (1) laminated siltstones with sand-
stone intercalations, (2) horizontally bedded sandstones, (3)
trough cross-bedded sandstones and horizontally laminated
biocalcarenites, (4) horizontally bedded conglomerates and
lenses of cross-bedded conglomerates, (5) trough cross-bedded
conglomerates, (6) planar cross-bedded sandstones and con-
glomerates, and (7) marls with intercalations of biocalcareni-
tes. The characteristics of the facies and their interpretation is
summarized in Table 1.
Laminated siltstones with sandstone intercalations
The siltstone and sandstone facies is encountered in the low-
est part of the succession (Figs. 4, s. A entirely, and 5, up to
13 m). Siltstones prevail (Fig. 6). They are well bedded or
laminated with bed thicknesses reaching 23 cm. Siltstones
are sporadically tuffaceous. Well preserved or fragmented
leaves are abundant on bedding planes. While in the lowest
part of the succession the ostracod Amplocypris occurs (Fig. 4,
s. A, mfa 1), the first marine microfossil association was found
somewhat higher up (Fig. 5, s. B, mfa 2) and contains benthic
foraminifers (see Table 2). Higher up in the section (Fig. 5, s.
B, mfa 3) the foraminiferal assemblage becomes more abun-
dant and diverse (see Table 2). A change in the microfossil as-
semblage occurs in the sample taken directly above the previ-
ous one (Fig. 5, s. B, mfa 4) as miliolids are generally absent,
with the exception of Sigmoilopsis cf. asperula (Karrer), while
agglutinated types are common (Table 2). Foraminifers of all
these three marine associations prove a Karpatian age and in-
ner shelf (embayed or open) as environment.
The intercalated sandstones range in thickness from 5
25 cm (Fig. 6). The fine-grained types are laminated, and
some beds are graded. The lower bedding planes are erosive.
Some beds contain mud rip-up clasts (0.1025 cm diame-
ter) concentrated in the upper part of the bed (Fig. 7). Terres-
trial plant fragments are found dispersed within the sand-
stones.
A massive sandstone bed (up to 80 cm thick) is found in
the upper part of the described facies association (Fig. 5, in
the level of 1 m), with a planar lower bedding plane. It is
poorly sorted with larger clasts scattered above the base.
Their diameter reaches up to 1 cm.
Interpretation
The prevailing siltstones (Figs. 4, s. A, and 5), have been
deposited from suspension during long calm periods. This is
proven by horizontal lamination of a suspension type and
abundance of terrestrial plant fragments and leaves. The
presence of tuffaceous material indicates synsedimentary
volcanism (Jamièiæ et al. 1987).
The sharp lower bedding planes of the sandstone intercala-
tions, their tabular geometry, occasional gradation and hori-
zontal lamination can be interpretated as Bouma AB divi-
sions. Sandstones which contain mud rip-up clasts could be
deposits from sustained high-density turbidity currents (cf.
Kneller & Branney 1995). Deposition may have resulted
from sliding of previously deposited sand at shallower
depths, or underflows emanating from delta channels.
The poor sorting, scattered pebbles, large thickness and un-
organized structure of the massive sandstone in the upper part
of this facies association (Fig. 5, in the level of l m), point to
resedimented deposits of a grain flow type (Lowe 1982, 1988),
or deposition from high-density turbidity current during quasi-
steady flow (cf. Kneller & Branney 1995).
On the basis of the fresh-water microfauna this facies associa-
tion is considered to belong to a lacustrine environment. Sedi-
mentation mainly occurred from suspension, with temporary in-
terruptions by turbidity currents or grain flows. Such
hydrodynamic processes are characteristic of offshore deposits
in hydrologically open lakes (cf. Allen & Collinson 1989). The
appearance of marine fauna, suggests transformation of the
lacustrine environment into a marine one, which can be ex-
plained by relative sea-level rise during the Karpatian in the
Paratethys (Rögl & Steininger 1983).
Horizontally bedded sandstones
Horizontally bedded sandstones make up the lower part of
the succession (between 13 and 27 m in s. B, Fig. 5). The in-
dividual beds are 1020 cm thick. Sandstones are graded and
Fig. 3. Geological map of the study area (simplified, according to
Jamièiæ & Brkiæ 1987), with marked sections AC.
436 PAVELIÆ, MIKNIÆ and SARKOTIÆ LAT
Table 1: The characteristics and interpretation of facies associations.
poorly sorted. Grain diameters range from fine to medium in
the lower part of this facies. Very coarse-grained sandstones
occur in the upper part. Scattered pebbles are present. Bio-
genic particles include coarse, angular fragments of Coralli-
nacea, bryozoans and pelecypods, and in rare cases sea-ur-
chin plates.
Interpretation
Abundant skeletal fragments of shallow marine organisms
within the siliciclastic material indicate marine reworking of
the sediments. The grain-size composition of the sandstone,
grading, and poor sorting, point to very rapid sedimentation.
Deposition could have occurred from density-driven
turbidity currents, which evolve from storm-generated
currents and can transport and deposit sediment well below
the storm wave base (cf. Walker 1984). The position of this
facies (between the offshore zone and the shoreface),
together with a lack of evidence of wave-reworking, suggests
deposition in the offshore zone, but close to the nearshore.
Trough cross-bedded sandstones and horizontally
laminated biocalcarenites
Trough cross-bedded sandstones were observed in the
middle (Figs. 5 and 8) and upper parts of the succession
(Fig. 4, s. C). They alternate with thinner beds of horizontal-
ly laminated biocalcarenites (Fig. 5). The direction of sedi-
ment transport was towards the west-northwest (285°) indi-
cated by the dip of cross-beds and trough axes. Coarse-
grained sandstones are moderately sorted. At the top of the
individual trough, the grain-size decreases to medium-
grained sandstones. Skeletal fragments are represented by
Corallinacea, bryozoans, sea-urchin spines, pelecypods and
foraminifers of the genus Amphistegina. The first occurrence
of this genus of foraminifers is found in c.s. B (Fig. 5) at the
level of 28 m.
Horizontally laminated biocalcarenites are found interbed-
ded with the trough cross-bedded sandstones as sets reaching
a thickness of 0.5 m (Fig. 9). Individual bed thickness varies
between 1 and 3 cm. They consist mainly of whole and frag-
mented Corallinacea and bryozoans, in rare cases pelecypods
and echinoderms. Biocalcarenites are mostly very coarse-
grained.
Interpretation
Trough cross-bedding was formed by the migration of
subaqueous 3-D dunes (Ashley & Symp. 1990). In marine
environments, trough cross-bedded sets usually form on the
upper shoreface (Elliott 1986). Similar forms in upper
shorefaces were recognized in several different examples.
Roep et al. (1979) classify mega-cross-bedded structures
into the upper shoreface. Trough cross-bedded gravel
sandstones as in the example of Miocene sediments in South
West Oregon, were deposited by the migration of megaripples
Facies or facies
association
Sections
A-C (m)
Bedd-
ing
Sediment structure and texture
Fossils
Paleo-
current
Fig.
Transport
mechanism
Depositional envi-
ronment (age)
(1):-siltstones
-sandstones
A; B 0-13
A; B 0-2.5
-hori-
zontal
-hori-
zontal
-horizontal lamination
-fine to medium grained, mud rip-up
clasts or floatig out-sized pebbles,
massive
-fresh-water ostracods
(A-mfa1); marine
foraminifera (B-mfa 2-4)
-4,5
-4,5, 6,7
-suspension
-turbidity currents,
grain flow
-deep fresh-water la-
ke (Ottnangian) and
marine offshore
(Karpatian)
(2):-sandstones
B 13-27
-hori-
zontal
-fine to coarse grained, some pebbles,
normal grading
-5,12
-turbidity currents -marine offshore clo-
se to storm wave
base
(3):-sandstones
-biocalcarenites
B 26-54,
61-125
C 0-5
B 65-118
-cross-
bedded
cosets
-hori-
zontal
-coarse to medium grained, large- to
small- scale trough cross-bedding
-coarse-grained, horizontal lamination
-fragments of Corallina-
ceae, bryozoans, pelecy-
pods and foraminifera
-landward
(256
0
)
-4,5,
8,12
-5,9, 12
-subaqueous 3-D
dunes
-traction-upper
flow regime
-upper shoreface
(4):-conglomerates
-conglomerates
B 98.5-
101.5
B 99.5-101
-hori-
zontal
-lenses
-clast- to matrix-supported, pebble and
cobble gravels, b-axis imbrication,
sandstone matrix
-clast-supported, pebble gravels, small
scale trough cross-bedding
-fragments of Corallina-
ceae, bryozoans and pe-
lecypods
-landward
(266
0
)
-5,12
-5,12
-traction from
storm-generated
currents
-subaqueous 3-D
gravel dunes
-upper shoreface
(5):-conglomerates B 50-53,
119-125
-cross-
bedded
cosets
-clast-supported, pebble gravels, small
scale trough cross-bedding
-fragments of Corallina-
ceae, bryozoans and pe-
lecypods
-5,12
-subaqueous 3-D
gravel dunes
-upper shoreface
(6):-sandstones
-conglomerates
B 53-54.5
B 54.5-61
-cross-
bedded
cosets
-cross-
bedded
cosets
-coarse grained, tangential cross-
bedding
-clast-supported, pebble gravels, tange-
ntial cross-bedding
-seaward
(102
0
)
-seaward
(104
0
)
-5,10, 12
-5,10, 12
-avalanching
-avalanching
-stacked Gilbert-type
fan deltas
(7):-marls
-biocalcarenites
C 13-15
C 14-16
-hori-
zontal
-hori-
zontal
-massive
-normal grading, pebbles and cobbles in
the lower part of bed, horizontal la-
mination in the upper part of bed
-marine foraminifera (C-
mfa 5)
-4,11, 12
-4,11, 12
-suspension
-seizmic or storm-
generated
turbidity currents
-offshore (Badenian)
EARLY TO MIDDLE MIOCENE FACIES SUCCESSION IN LACUSTRINE AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS 437
in the zone above the fair-weather wave in the upper shoreface
(Leithold & Bourgeois 1984). Massari & Parea (1988) using
the example of a medium to high-energy shoreline, also relate
similar trough cross-bedded sands to the upper shoreface.
Horizontally laminated biocalcarenites are interpreted as
being deposited by tractive transport in the upper flow re-
gime, and represent an upper plane bed (cf. Reineck &
Singh 1973). Clifton et al. (1971) classify sediments of simi-
lar texture in the upper part of the build up zone and lower
part of the surf zone, i.e. shallower than the dune zone (outer
planar facies). Howard & Reineck (1981) describe laminated
sands of the high-energy shoreline in the upper shoreface and
foreshore. Since these horizontally laminated biocalcarenites
appear regularly at the top of small cycles that start with
trough cross-bedded sandstones interpreted as upper shore-
face, they are characteristic of the upper shoreface or the
foreshore. The trough cross-bedded sandstones/horizontally
laminated biocalcarenites show shallowing-upward trends,
and form a stacking pattern.
The occurrence of Amphistegina foraminifera suggests a
warm, tropical-subtropical climatic phase (Rögl & Brand-
stätter 1993). The stratigraphic position of the sediments of
this facies association in the vertical succession suggests the
Lower Badenian age.
Horizontally bedded conglomerates and lenses
of cross-bedded conglomerates
Horizontally bedded conglomerates occur in section B
from 98.5 m to 102.5 m (Fig. 5), interbedded with lenses of
cross-bedded conglomerates.
The conglomerates are horizontally stratified and their bed
thickness varies from 2060 cm. Thick beds are usually
amalgamated. The beds are mostly tabular with erosional
lower and upper bedding planes. Horizontally bedded
conglomerates are clast-supported to matrix-supported, with
good segregation of pebbles and cobbles. The matrix is
coarse-grained sandstones. The pebbles do not show any
preferred orientation, but in some beds, b-axis imbrication of
pebbles can be observed. The average dip of the b-axes is to-
wards the east (86°), thus rolling-type transport should have
been towards the west.
Table 2: Microfossil associations of Karpatian (mfa 2mfa 4) and Badenian (mfa 5) age and their bathymetric estimation. The strati-
graphic position of mfa is shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
M icrofossil association 2 K arpatian
M icrofossil association 4 K arpatian
b en th ic sp ecies:
Q u in q u elo cu lin a tria n g u la ris d O rb ign y
Q u in q u elo cu lin a a kn eria n a d O rb ign y
Q u in q u elo cu lin a b u ch ia n a d O rb ign y
C yclo fo rin a co n to rta (d O rb ign y)
T rilo cu lin a sca p h a d O rb ign y
T rilo cu lin a in fla ta d O rb ign y
P a p p in a b o n o n ien sis p rim ifo rm is (P ap p & T u rn o vsky)
P a p p in a p a rkeri b revifo rm is (P ap p & T u rn o vsky)
C a n cris a u ricu lu s (F ich tel & M o ll)
F u rsen ko in a a cu ta (d O rb ign y)
bathym etric estim ation: inner shelf (bay)
b en th ic sp ecies:
A stro rh izid ae (fragm en ts)
A m m o b a cu lites a g g lu tin a n s d O rb ign y
A m m o sca la ria sp .
R eticu lo p h ra g m iu m ven ezu ela n u m (M ayn c)
D o ro th ia g ib b o sa (d O rb ign y)
T extu la ria m a ria e d O rb ign y
G u ttu lin a co m m u n is d O rb ign y
A m m o n ia gr. b ecca rii (L .)
D yo cib icid es tru n ca tu s (E gger)
E lp h id iu m m a cellu m (F ich tel & M o ll)
bathym etric estim ation: inner shelf (open)
M icrofossil association 3 K arpatian
M icrofossil association 5 E arly B adenian
b en th ic sp ecies:
Q u in q u elo cu lin a tria n g u la ris d O rb ign y
Q u in q u elo cu lin a a kn eria n a d O rb ign y
Q u in q u elo cu lin a b u ch ia n a d O rb ign y
C yclo fo rin a co n to rta (d O rb ign y)
T rilo cu lin a sca p h a d O rb ign y
T rilo cu lin a in fla ta d O rb ign y
D o ro th ia g ib b o sa (d O rb ign y)
D o ro th ia cf. p ra elo n g a (K arrer)
T extu la ria m a ria e d O rb ign y
L itu o lid ae
P a p p in a b o n o n ien sis (F o rn asin i)
A m m o n ia b ecca rii (L .)
E lp h id iu m m a cellu m (F ich tel & M o ll)
A m p h yco rin a sp .
G lo b u lin a sp .
p lan kto n ic sp ecies:
G lo b ig erin a o ttn a n g ien sis R ö gl
C a ssig erin ella b o u d ecen sis P o ko rn y
bathym etric estim ation: inner shelf (open)
b en th ic sp ecies:
R eo p h a x sp .
T extu la ria m a ria e d 'O rb ign y
G a u d ryin a m a yera n a d O rb ign y
L en ticu lin a cu ltra ta (M o n tfo rt)
L en ticu lin a vo rtex (F ich tel & M o ll)
L en ticu lin a in o rn a ta (d O rb ign y)
S tilo sto m ella vern eu ili (d 'O rb ign y)
U vig erin a p yg m o id es P ap p & T u rn o vsky
C a ssid u lin a la evig a ta d O rb ign y
G yro id in a so ld a n ii d O rb ign y
C ib icid o id es u n g eria n u s (d O rb ign y)
M elo n is p o m p ilio id es (F ich tell & M o ll)
p lan kto n ic sp ecies:
P ra eo rb u lin a g lo m ero sa (B lo w )
G lo b ig erin o id es trilo b u s (R eu ss)
G lo b ig erin o id es sa ccu liferu s (B rad y)
G lo b o ro ta lia m a yeri C u sh m an & E lliso r
G lo b ig erin a p ra eb u llo id es B lo w
bathym etric estim ation: outer shelf
438 PAVELIÆ, MIKNIÆ and SARKOTIÆ LAT
Lenses of cross-bedded conglomerates, which are found
between tabular beds, are up to 3 m long, and up to 40 cm
thick. Trough cross-bedding is found to be dominant. The
conglomerates in these lenses are well-sorted clast-supported,
with a minor amount of coarse-grained sand as matrix.
Pebbles are very small with respect to other conglomerates.
Interpretation
Pebble- and cobble-sized conglomerates indicate very high
energy conditions. Conglomerates show evidence of marine
reworking by the mixing of terrigenous material with marine
fauna and seaward imbrication. Successive beds with
different degrees of sorting, pebble size and quantity of
matrix are also indicators of a high-energy environment
(Leithold & Bourgeois 1984) and frequent storms. Marine
processes were the cause of reworking and resedimentation
of the coarse material. These conglomeratic beds represent
shoreface deposits, and very likely, the material deposited by
storm waves or storm lag (Kumar & Sanders 1976).
Erosional lower bedding planes in such conglomerates
document the high-energy erosional processes acting along
the coast (cf. Massari & Parea 1988). Imbrication of pebbles
in some beds of horizontally bedded conglomerates, with a
seaward dipping b-axis (land-basin distribution by Jamièiæ et
al. 1987), is presumably formed by the action of shoaling
waves in the surf zone, which is similar to the example given
by Clifton (1981). During post-storm periods, waves and
currents rework storm deposited gravel transferring it to the
upper shoreface (Clifton 1973, 1981; Leithold & Bourgeois
1984; Swift et al. 1987). Low-energy waves rework only
finer material. These processes are proved by (1) beds of
single pebble thickness, which can be interpreted as
poststorm lag (Clifton 1981), and (2) trough cross-bedded
fine-grained conglomerates, that appear as small lenses
within horizontally bedded conglomerates and also point to
somewhat lower energy conditions. These two types of
sediment are partially eroded during successive storms, as is
suggested by their lenticular shape. Trough cross-bedded
conglomeratic lenses (2) are small gravelly dunes often
found above the waveline, the result of further reworking by
waves. Similar dunes are described by Clifton (1981) in the
Miocene sediments of California, and by Leithold &
Bourgeois (1984) in the Miocene sediments of Oregon. The
facies association of horizontally bedded conglomerates and
lenses of cross-bedded conglomerates together with cross-
bedded sandstones, are interpreted as sediments of the upper
shoreface.
Trough cross-bedded conglomerates
Trough cross-bedded conglomerates were found in section B
(Fig. 5) at 5053 m, and 119125 m. The sets of conglomerates
are separated by an erosional boundary. Trough width is 0.50.7
m, the thickness of cross-bedded sets ranges from 2030 cm.
The largest pebbles occur near the trough bottom. Conglo-
merates are fine-grained and are clast-supported. The matrix of
coarse sand is very rare.
Interpretation
Characteristic trough cross-bedding together with a coarse
gravel lag, indicates that the gravel has been reworked into sub-
aqueous 3-D dunes (according to Ashley & Symp. 1990). Simi-
lar to previous facies, these 3-D dunes are interpreted as upper
shoreface deposits. The thickness of the conglomerates (3 and 6
m) without indications of storm interruptions suggests sedimen-
tation on a wave dominated shore.
Fig. 4. Lithostratigraphic representation of sections A and C.
EARLY TO MIDDLE MIOCENE FACIES SUCCESSION IN LACUSTRINE AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS 439
Planar cross-bedded sandstones and conglomerates
This facies only appears in the middle part of the succession
(536l.5 m in s. B, Figs. 5, and 10) and consists of seven
cross-bedded units. The thickness of individual cross-bedded
units varies from 0.52.8 m. Cross-beds are steep (20°30°)
and tangential. The dip of the cross-beds decreases upwards in
the section parallel to an increase in grain size. Migration was
directed towards the east. The sandstones are coarse-grained
with scarce sparry calcite cement. They contain sparse round-
ed pebbles up to 3 mm diameter. The conglomerates are fine-
grained and clast-supported with a coarse sandy matrix.
Interpretation
Steep planar cross-bedded sandstones and conglomerates
indicate avalanching of detritus, and eastward migration
suggests the transport of the material towards the sea. This
facies could be compared with the foresets of small-scale
marine Gilbert-type fan deltas (cf. Colella 1988; Massari &
Colella 1988). The thickness of individual cross-bedded
units suggests deposition in shallow water. The coarsening-
upward tendency of facies shows general shallowing. Seven
cross-bedded units form a vertical stacking pattern, which
could be explained as a consequence of the repetitive
activation of presumed basin marginal fault (sensu Colella
1988; Massari & Colella 1988; van der Straaten 1990).
Marls with intercalations of biocalcarenites
This facies association appears at the top of the succession
(Figs. 4, s. C, and 11) with an apparent thickness of 4 m.
The marls are massive and occur in 2 levels, with thickness-
es of 1.5 and 0.5 m. Within the marls tightly bounded irregular
clusters of skeletal grains are common. A rich microfossil as-
sociation was found (Fig. 4, s. C, mfa 5), containing benthic
and planktonic foraminifers. The entire association indicates a
Lower Badenian age (Lagenid zone) and outer shelf as the en-
vironment. Spines of sea-urchins, fragments of bryozoans and
pelecypods are also common.
Three beds of biocalcarenites are intercalated within the
marls (Figs. 4, s. C, and 11). They range in thickness between
30 and 105 cm, show normal grading in the lower part, and are
terminated with horizontal lamination. The lower bedding
planes are erosional. Biocalcarenites are fine- to coarse-
grained sandstones and contain abundant densely packed skel-
etal material: fragments of echinoderms, bryozoans, Corallina-
cea, pelecypods, benthic and planktonic foraminifers. Pebbles
and cobbles up to 10 cm in diameter also occur in the base and
the cement is sparry calcite.
Interpretation
These mar ls were deposited from suspension in a calm
environment as indicated by their massive appearance and
great thickness. Abundant planktonic foraminifers indicate
deposition on the outer shelf. Concentrations of skeletal
grains in the form of cemented irregular aggregates can be
explained as the consequence of bioturbation.
Fig. 5. Lithostratigraphic representation of section B. For legend
see Fig. 4.
The beds of normally graded biocalcarenites (Fig. 3, s. C)
can be interpreted as a T
a,b
Bouma sequence (Bouma 1962).
These biocalcarenites were resedimented from the shallow
sea and have been deposited by turbidity currents that could
have been generated by catastrophic storms. This is support-
ed by the presence of numerous fragments of shallow marine
benthic fauna in the sediment and relatively large terrigenous
pebbles and cobbles (up to 10 cm in diameter). Since no trace
of wave action have been found, it can be concluded that the
biocalcarenites were deposited beneath the fair-weather
wave base, while their association with the marls locates
them on the outer shelf.
440 PAVELIÆ, MIKNIÆ and SARKOTIÆ LAT
Discussion
Alluvial sediments, that are overlain by lacustrine deposits,
are the oldest Neogene deposits in Mt. Papuk, Mt. Psunj, Mt.
Poeka, and Mt. Krndija, and belong to the Early Miocene.
Based on the fresh-water fauna (Congeria fuchsi Pilar, C. zoisi
Andrusov, Dreissena cf. polymorpha (Pallas), Amplocypris
sp., and Characeae), as well as the stratigraphic position of the
lacustrine sediments underlying Karpatian deposits, give their
age as Ottnangian (Jamièiæ et al. 1987, 1989; parica et al.
1980; parica & Buzaljko 1984; Korolija & Jamièiæ 1989).
The transition into the marine Karpatian offshore sediment
(Jamièiæ et al. 1987) relates to the reopening of the Paratethys
seaways (Rögl & Steininger 1983).
The marine sediments can be clearly divided into two dep-
ositional sequences (Fig. 12). In the first sequence,
offshore sediments of the Karpatian age overlying fresh-
water Ottnangian beds (the upper part of the laminated
siltstones and intercalated sandstones facies association)
belong to a transgressive systems tract. The relative sea-level
rise was connected with the opening of a Paratethyan seaway
to the Mediterranean along the middle Slovenian corridor
(Rögl & Steininger 1983; Rögl 1998) and can be correlated
with the global sea-level rise (Haq et al. 1988). The
highstand systems tract is composed of horizontally bedded
sandstones facies, deposited in the offshore area, close to the
storm wave base, and of cross-bedded sandy to pebbly
shoreface and stacked Gilbert-type fan deltas deposits. The
coarsening upward sequence indicates a rapid progradation
and shallowing of the environment from offshore to upper
shoreface and stacked Gilbert-type fan delta although the
genus Amphistegina found in the upper shoreface (Fig. 12 in
the level of 24 m) suggests the beginning of Early Badenian
marine transgression (sensu Rögl 1998). The progradation
and relative sea-level fall at the end of the first sequence
could be explained by a high rate of sediment supply due a
local decrease of tectonic subsidence (sensu Blair &
Bilodeau 1988; Gawthorpe & Colella 1990; Heller & Paola
1992; summarized in Frostick & Steel 1993).
The beginning of the second sequence is characterized by a
change into aggradational parasequence stacking pattern. Ac-
cording to Posamentier et al. (1988) and Posamentier & Vail
(1988), at the transition from rapid progradation to aggradation
the shelf margin systems tract is found bounded by a type 2 se-
quence boundary. Thus the shelf margin systems tract is built
up mostly of facies units of trough cross-bedded sandstones
and horizontally laminated biocalcarenites, and horizontally
bedded conglomerates with lenses of cross-bedded conglomer-
ates, and trough cross-bedded conglomerates.
Due the increase of tectonic subsidence the rate of sediment
supply became low. This Early Badenian event resulted in
deposition of marls with intercalations of biocalcarenites,
composing a transgressive systems tract. These marls include
benthic and planktonic species of foraminifers. The bathymet-
ric estimation of these species indicates deposition in the outer
shelf (Table 2, mfa 5). This sea-level rise can be correlated
with the base of the TB 2,3 cycles of global sea level changes
(Haq et al. 1988).
A similar situation in the Styrian Basin was described by
Friebe (1993). However, he explained the rapid sea-level fall at
the end of the Karpatian as a consequence of uplift, which was
caused by block tilting within the crustal wedge in the eastern
Alps east of the Tauern Window. In the Vienna Basin northeast-
ern part, Kováè & Hudáèková (1997) suggest a tectonically
controlled costal onlap on the Karpatian/Badenian boundary.
The vertical succession of alluvial-lacustrine-marine envi-
ronments plus significant deepening of the sea towards the end
of the succession, suggest subsidence of the basin. The subsid-
ence model in this region is further elaborated by Pamiæ et al.
Fig. 6. Facies association of laminated siltstones with sandstone
intercalations. Horizontal lamination is very well developed in
siltstones. Sandstone intercalations are at the level of the hammer
(the hammer lenght is 31.5 cm).
Fig. 7. Mud rip-up clasts concentrated in the upper part of a
sandstone bed (facies association of laminated siltstones with
sandstone intercalations). The diameter of the lens cap is 5.5 cm.
Fig. 8. Trough cross-bedded sandstones, large forms.
EARLY TO MIDDLE MIOCENE FACIES SUCCESSION IN LACUSTRINE AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTS 441
(1992/1993), who pointed out that Lower Miocene tra-
chyandesites (shoshonites) of neighbouring Mt. Krndija,
have a postsubduction character and are related to the initial
phase of extension. Ottnangian volcanic activity during the
lacustrine sedimentation in the studied area (Jamièiæ et al.
1987), corresponds to the conclusion of Horváth (1995) that
the general rifting in the Pannonian Basin System began
by the appearance of the first tuff horizon of early Ottnangian
age. Taking into account the age of these events (Ottnangian
KarpatianEarly Badenian), they could generally fit into the
evolution of the Pannonian Basin System, which started to
form by extension in the Early and Middle Miocene (Sclater
et al. 1980; Horváth & Royden 1981; Horváth 1984, 1995;
Royden et al. 1983; Royden 1988; Royden & Dövényi 1988;
Kókai & Pogácsás 1991; Tari et al. 1992; Csató 1993).
Fig. 9. Horizontally laminated biocalcarenites are clearly defined
at the level of the hammer. A high content of shallow marine
skeletons produces the white colour of biocalcarenites. (Beds are
inclined due to the tectonics.)
Fig. 10. Facies association of planar cross-bedded sandstones and
conglomerates. Tangential cross-bedding is well developed. Total
thickness of the outcrop is approximately 5 m.
Fig. 11. Bed of massive marl overlain by biocalcarenite inter-
calations.
Fig. 12. Sections B (see Fig. 5) and C (see Fig. 4), and depositional
sequences related to marine sediments.
442 PAVELIÆ, MIKNIÆ and SARKOTIÆ LAT
Conclusion
In the Paratethys during the Karpatian, the isolated lake
which evolved in the Ottnangian, was gradually transformed
into a marine environment due to relative sea-level rise.
Although the salinity and biota changed, sedimentation
continued under the influence of the same depositional
processes, most probably in the offshore area. With the
proximity of land, grain size increases. The 63.5 m thick
succession of sediments belonging to the upper shoreface
indicates that sedimentation kept pace with the increase of
accommodation space. The analyzed succession is terminated
by sediments deposited in the offshore area.
In the study area, marine sediments are divided into two
depositional sequences. Offshore sediments which belong to
the Karpatian, represent a transgressive systems tract of the
first sequence. From offshore to stacked Gilbert-type fan
deltas, due the local decrease of tectonic subsidence on the
Karpatian/Early Badenian boundary rapid progradation
occurred, which is interpreted as a highstand systems tract.
The following shoreface sediments are interpreted as a part
of the shelf margin systems tract of the second sequence. The
offshore sediments at the end of the succession represent a
transgressive systems tract, as a result of the Early Badenian
sea-level rise in the Paratethys, and the increase of the
tectonic subsidence.
The vertical succession from the Ottnangian to the Early
Badenian, suggests subsidence of the basin. It corresponds to
the initial phase of the evolution of the Pannonian Basin
System.
Acknowledgments: This paper is based on research for the
leading authors Masters Thesis, carried out under the super-
vision of Joica Zupaniæ, for whose suggestions the authors
are deeply indebted. The review of the manuscript by Frank
Horváth is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank
the journal reviewers, Orsolya Sztanó, Ivan Baráth and an
anonymous reviewer for their careful revision of the manu-
script. The research of which this paper forms a part, was
funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Re-
public of Croatia.
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